1959 Atlantic hurricane season
1959 Atlantic hurricane season | |
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Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | May 28, 1959 |
Last system dissipated | October 21, 1959 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Gracie |
• Maximum winds | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 951 mbar (hPa; 28.08 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 15 |
Total storms | 14 |
Hurricanes | 7 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 2 |
Total fatalities | 58 direct, 6 indirect |
Total damage | At least $24 million (1959 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 1959 Atlantic hurricane season featured near normal
The most significant storm of the season was
Season summary
The 1959 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15, 1959, and it ended on November 15, 1959.
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 77,[5] which is slightly below the 1950–2000 average of 94.7.[4] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm status.[6]
Systems
Tropical Storm Arlene
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | May 28 – June 2 |
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Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 993 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave developed into the first tropical depression of the season on May 28, while located in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.[2][7] The depression strengthened and, early on the following day, was upgraded to Tropical Storm Arlene.[2] The storm slowly intensified and reached its peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) on May 29.[7] Rapid weakening took place as the storm approached land. By late on May 30, Arlene made landfall near Lafayette, Louisiana with winds of 45 mph (72 km/h).[2][7] Early on the following day the storm weakened to a tropical depression while barely inland.[7] The system eventually curved east-northeastward and meandered across the Southern United States until dissipating over South Carolina on June 2.[7]
In
Tropical Storm Beulah
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 15 – June 19 |
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Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); 985 mbar (hPa) |
A cold front became stationary as it began to move across the Gulf of Mexico on June 13. After the SS Hondo reported winds of 60 mph (97 km/h),
June hurricane
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 18 – June 19 |
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Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); 974 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression while situated in the central Gulf of Mexico on June 18. It headed rapidly northeastward and made landfall near the
The extratropical cyclone struck Atlantic Canada, making landfall in Nova Scotia and then in Newfoundland, before dissipating on June 21.[3] It caused significant damage across the region.. About 45 boats were in the Northumberland Strait between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, and they did not have radio to receive warning of the approaching storm. Rough seas of up to 49 ft (15 m) in height damaged or destroyed many boats. At least 22 fishing boats capsized over water with their crew, causing 35 deaths. High winds also disrupted communications in some areas, and several houses were damaged, with losses reaching about $781,000.[14] The New Brunswick Fishermen's Disaster Fund was created to assist victims. The fund raised $400,000 in a few months from donations from throughout Canada, as well as Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, the latter of whom was on a tour of the country at the time.[15]
Hurricane Cindy
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 4 – July 11 |
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Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 995 mbar (hPa) |
A
Overall structural damage from Cindy was minimal. One driver was killed in Georgetown, South Carolina after colliding with a fallen tree,[16] and five deaths were caused by poor road conditions wrought by the storm in New England.[17] Many areas experienced heavy rains, and several thousand people evacuated. Damage was mainly confined to broken tree limbs, shattered windows and power outages.[18] Cindy brought a total of eleven tornadoes with it, of which two caused minor damage in North Carolina.[19] The heaviest rainfall occurred in northern South Carolina, where rainfall amounted to 9.79 inches (249 mm).[20] Tides ranged from 1 to 4 feet (0.30 to 1.22 m) above normal along the coast. As drought-like conditions were present in The Carolinas at the time, the rain that fell in the area was beneficial.[21] After becoming extratropical over Atlantic Canada, the cyclone produced heavy rains and strong winds that sunk one ship.[22] Damage caused by Cindy was estimated at $75,000.[2]
Hurricane Debra
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 22 – July 27 |
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Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); 980 mbar (hPa) |
On July 23, interaction of a cold-core low and a tropical wave spawned a tropical depression located south of Louisiana.[7][2] The depression meandered westward while steadily intensifying, becoming a Tropical Storm on July 24. A turn towards the northwest became evident as it attained Category 1 hurricane status on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale on the following day.[7] Strength was maintained as the hurricane curved northward at a slow forward speed, and it approached the coast of Texas as a minimal hurricane. Debra made landfall between Freeport and Galveston, Texas early on July 25.[2] Debra rapidly weakened into a tropical storm and later a depression as it moved inland, and it dissipated on July 28.[7] The remnant moisture later sparked upper-level thunderstorms in late July and early August.[2]
Torrential rains were produced in southeastern Texas, peaking at 15.89 inches (404 mm) in
Early August tropical storm
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 2 – August 4 |
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Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); 999 mbar (hPa) |
A weakening cold front spawned a tropical depression on August 2 near the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The structure was broad, possibly akin to a subtropical cyclone. The storm quickly intensified based on ship reports, possibly to hurricane intensity, although the maximum sustained winds were estimated at 70 mph (110 km/h). An approaching frontal boundary caused the storm to accelerate northeastward, while also bringing drier air into the windfield, causing weakening. On August 4, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, and for two days drifted toward Atlantic Canada before dissipating. The storm was added to the Atlantic hurricane database in 2016.[3]
Tropical Storm Edith
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 18 – August 19 |
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Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 1007 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave was tracked east of the Lesser Antilles in mid-August. At 1530 UTC on August 17, a reconnaissance aircraft reported a weak center and winds of 35 mph (56 km/h).[2] Less than three hours later, a tropical depression developed while located east of the Windward Islands. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Edith early on August 18.[7] The storm moved west-northwestward at a relatively quick pace, striking Dominica with winds peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) on August 18.[3][7][2] By 1800 UTC on August 18, Edith peaked with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h). It curved westward and accelerated on August 19. Edith weakened to a tropical depression at 1200 UTC, hours before dissipating near the southern tip of Dominican Republic.[7] There was "considerable doubt" if a circulation ever existed.[2] Squally weather and gusty winds were reported in some areas, including Guadeloupe, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola.[27]
Late August tropical storm
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 28 – September 3 |
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Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 996 mbar (hPa) |
A dissipating cold front spawned a low pressure over the central Atlantic Ocean on August 26. Moving slowly northward, the system organized into a tropical storm on August 28, and a day later, an approaching cold front turned the storm to the east-northeast. Based on ship observations, it is estimated that the storm reached peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) on August 31. By September 3, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it interacted with the cold front, located halfway between Newfoundland and the Azores. A day later, the storm was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm southwest of Iceland. The storm was added to the Atlantic hurricane database in 2016.[3]
September tropical storm
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 9 – September 11 |
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Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa) |
On September 6, a broad low pressure area developed between the Bahamas and Bermuda. The system moved northward, organizing into a tropical storm on September 9. The system had a large wind field, and was likely a subtropical cyclone. Moving northwestward at first, the storm turned to the northeast ahead of a cold front, with sustained winds of around 45 mph (72 km/h). Nantucket island in Massachusetts reported sustained winds of 39 mph (63 km/h) during the storm's passage. On September 11, the storm interacted with the cold front, becoming an extratropical storm, which lasted until September 14. The storm was added to the Atlantic hurricane database in 2016.[3]
Hurricane Flora
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 9 – September 12 |
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Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 994 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave passed through the islands of Cape Verde on September 6 and tracked westward at about 19 mph (31 km/h).[2] Early on September 9, a tropical depression developed while located about midway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles. The depression moved northeastward and by September 10 it strengthened into Tropical Storm Flora.[7] A reconnaissance aircraft flight into the storm on September 11 recorded winds of 75 mph (121 km/h); thus, Flora became a hurricane.[2] Around the time, the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of the same velocity and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mbar (29.4 inHg). Flora then accelerated northeastward toward the Azores.[7] During another reconnaissance flight on September 12, no evidence of a tropical cyclone was reported.[2] Thus, Flora became extratropical at 1200 UTC that day.[7]
Hurricane Gracie
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 20 – September 30 |
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Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min); 950 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave spawned a tropical depression north of
Along the coast of South Carolina, the highest tide recorded was 9.7 feet (3.0 m) above mean low water at
Hurricane Hannah
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 27 – October 7 |
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Peak intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min); 959 mbar (hPa) |
After ships reported a low-level circulation,[2] it was estimated that a tropical depression developed at 26.8°N, 49.9°W on September 27. Early on the following day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Hannah.[7] Reconnaissance aircraft flew into the storm late on September 28 and indicated that Hannah intensified into a Category 1 hurricane.[2][7] Hannah moved generally westward at about 16 mph (26 km/h).[2] By September 30, the storm became a Category 2 hurricane, and it curved northwestward later that day. Hannah deepened to a Category 3 hurricane on October 1, hours before the storm reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 959 mbar (28.3 inHg). The storm maintained this intensity for about 48 hours and curved northeastward on October 2.[7]
Hannah began to weaken late on October 3. By the following day, the storm fell to Category 2 hurricane intensity.[7] It accelerated eastward or east-southeastward across the central Atlantic, starting on October 4.[2] Hannah re-strengthened slightly to a 110 mph (180 km/h) Category 2 hurricane on October 5, but then slowly began weakening again.[7] The final advisory on the storm was issued early on October 7, while it was centered about 200 miles (320 km) south-southwest of the Azores,[2] however Hannah remained a tropical cyclone and crossed through the Azores later that day.[7] No impact was reported in the islands.[2] It weakened to a Category 1 hurricane early on October 8, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the far northeastern Atlantic several hours later.[7]
Tropical Storm Irene
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 6 – October 9 |
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Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1000 mbar (hPa) |
In early October, a
The highest tides, 4.4 ft (1.3 m) above normal, were reported at
Hurricane Judith
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 14 – October 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); 988 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Judith on October 17, near the Yucatán Channel.[2][7] It strengthened quickly, and by early on October 18 the storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. However, six hours later Judith had weakened back to a tropical storm.[7] Around 1800 UTC on October 18 the storm made landfall near Boca Grande, Florida, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h).[7][2] After emerging into the Atlantic Ocean on the following day, Judith began re-strengthening while heading east-northeastward, reaching hurricane status several hours later. It peaked with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) early on October 20, before weakening back to a tropical storm again on October 21.[7] Judith weakened further, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone later that day.[2]
Impact from Judith was generally minor and limited mostly to
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1959.[38] This was a completely new set of names, and most names used this season were used for the first time, all except: Edith, Flora, and Irene.[39]
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See also
- 1959 Pacific hurricane season
- 1959 Pacific typhoon season
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 1959–60
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 1959–60
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1958–59 1959–60
References
- ^ a b "Hurricane Season Makes Official Arrival At Midnight". The Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. June 15, 1959. p. 9. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ S2CID 124901540.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sandy Delgado; Chris Landsea (July 2016). Reanalysis of 1956 to 1960 Atlantic hurricane seasons (PDF) (Report). NOAA Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Philip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (December 8, 2006). Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2007 (Report). Colorado State University. Archived from the original on December 18, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ Hurricane Research Division (March 2011). Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- ^ David Levinson (August 20, 2008). "2005 Atlantic Ocean Tropical Cyclones". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on December 1, 2005. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Storm Arlene, Losing Power, Hits La. Coast". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. May 31, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
- Ocala Star-Banner. Associated Press. June 1, 1959. p. 10. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
- ^ "Storm Arlene Dumps Heavy Rain on La". Aiken Standard and Review. United Press International. June 1, 1959.
- ^ David M. Roth (2010). Tropical Storm Arlene – May 30 – June 3, 1959 (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
- ^ Preliminary Report on Tropical Storm Beulah June 15–18, 1959. United States Weather Bureau (Report). National Hurricane Center. 1959. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). Storm Data. 1 (6). United States Department of Commerce. June 1959. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ 1959-NN-1 (Report). Environment Canada. September 14, 2010. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ Nicole Lang. The Escuminac Disaster (PDF) (Report). Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
- ^ "Weakened Cindy Crawling North". The Courier-News. Associated Press. July 9, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "New England Hit By A Soggy Cindy". The Miami News. United Press International. July 12, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Cindy Loses Punch". Sarasota Journal. United Press International. July 9, 1959. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- ISSN 1520-0493.
- ^ a b Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Preliminary Report on Hurricane Cindy, July 7–11, 1959 (GIF). Weather Bureau (Report). National Hurricane Center. July 1959. p. 2. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- Environment Canada. November 11, 2009. Archivedfrom the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- ^ a b c Roth, David M. (January 3, 2023). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Ernest Carson; James G. Taylor (1959). Tropical Hurricane Debra, July 24–25, 1959 (Report). United States Weather Bureau. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ a b Ernest Carson; James G. Taylor (1959). Tropical Hurricane Debra, July 24–25, 1959 (Report). United States Weather Bureau. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "Hurricane Debra Hits; Hundreds Flee Storm". The Telegraph-Herald. Associated Press. July 26, 1959. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ Report on Tropical Storm Edith August 17–19, 1959 (Report). National Hurricane Center. August 26, 1959. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ Cummings (September 29, 1959). Local Statement By Weather Bureau Charleston, South Carolina, Hurricane Gracie. Weather Bureau Office Charleston, South Carolina (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 30. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ a b Hurricane Gracie: Sep 29, 1959 (PDF). National Weather Service Charleston, South Carolina (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 1, 7, 9. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ Virginia's Weather History (Report). Virginia Department of Emergency Management. 2009. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- ^ Tropical Storm Irene – October 6–8, 1959. United States Department of Commerce (Report). Washington, D.C.: Weather Bureau. October 1959. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ David M. Roth (2012). Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ Butson, Keith (October 20, 1959). Office Memorandum – Tropical Storm Irene. State Climatologist's Office (Report). Gainesville, Florida: Weather Bureau. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ Staff writer (October 8, 1959). "Florida Resort Area Is Lashed By Storm Irene". Meriden Journal. Pensacola, Florida. Associated Press. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ Staff writer (October 8, 1959). "Beaches May Get More Dead Fish". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. St. Petersburg, Florida. Associated Press. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ a b Tropical Storm Judith, October 17–18, 1959, Lee County, Florida. Weather Bureau Office Fort Myers, Florida (Report). National Hurricane Center. October 23, 1959. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ "Names Ready". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. May 29, 1959. p. 24. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ Gary Padgett. "History of the Naming of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Part 1 – The Fabulous Fifties". Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
External links