Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
This article needs to be updated.(January 2023) |
Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine began at dawn of 24 February 2022,[1] with infantry divisions and armored and air support in Eastern Ukraine, and dozens of missile attacks across Ukraine.[2][3] The first fighting took place in Luhansk Oblast near the village of Milove on the border with Russia at 3:40 am Kyiv time.[4] The main infantry and tank attacks were launched in four spearhead incursions, creating a northern front launched towards Kyiv, a southern front originating in Crimea, a south-eastern front launched at the cities of Luhansk and Donbas, and an eastern front.[5][6] Dozens of missile strikes across Ukraine also reached as far west as Lviv.[7][8] Drones have also been a critical part of the invasion, particularly in regards to combined arms warfare.[9][10] Drones have additionally been employed by Russia in striking Ukrainian critical infrastructure,[11][12] and have been used by Ukraine to strike military infrastructure in Russian territory.[13][14]
Air forces
Ukrainian Air Force
The
After the beginning of the
Russian Aerospace Forces
The Russian Aerospace Forces, which consists of the Russian Air Force, the Air and Missile Defense Forces, and the Russian Space Forces, is currently led by Viktor Afzalov.[20] The Russian Aerospace Forces, formed in August 2015,[21] were previously headed by Sergey Surovikin, who was sacked from his position in August 2023 in the aftermath of the Wagner Group Rebellion.[22] As of 2021, Russia had 4,173 active aircraft, comprising 8% of the world share, according to data from Flight Global.[23]
Timeline
Initial invasion (24 February 2022 – 7 April 2022)
According to
Russian forces were unable to achieve air dominance over Ukraine in the early days of the war, which contributed to the Russian army failing to achieve its initial strategic objectives. Justin Bronk, a senior fellow at the Royal United Services Institute, attributed the failure to establish air superiority to a lack of early warning, coordination capacity and sufficient planning time. In addition, the Russian use of small jet formations and the U.S's fast delivery of anti-aircraft FIM-92 Stingers to Ukraine were also factors in Russia not achieving air superiority.[25] In addition, Ukraine successfully used anti-air systems against Russia, which meant that Russian aircraft could not freely operate over most of Ukrainian-controlled territory.[26] Due to the Russians having limited numbers of air resources for bombing, as well as Russian aircraft losses, Russian forces began to rely on missiles, which were often less accurate, instead of planes and helicopters.[27] During the first three months of the war, the Russians took an estimated 200 aircraft losses.[28]
At the opening stages of the war, Russia aimed to pin down Ukrainian air defenses by conducting ballistic and cruise missile strikes, and strike Ukrainian military infrastructure, arms, shipments from the West, fuel facilities, and bridges. During the first 21 days of the war, Russia launched over 1,100 missiles, and 2,125 over the first 68 days.[26] On the first day of the invasion alone, Russia launched 100 short-range ballistic missiles.[29] Russia faced problems in this campaign due to a lack of air supremacy, as well as logistics problems (such as running low on long range, precision guided missiles).[26] In addition, Ukraine was able to move most of their planes before Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian airfields began on February 24.[30]
The first major battle of the invasion,
In the first month of the war, multiple countries provided air components to Ukraine: the U.S. provided 1,400 Stinger anti-aircraft missile systems, 5,500 Javelin anti-tank missile systems, and 16
Southeastern front (8 April – 28 August 2022)
In April, after Russia abandoned the
During this period in the Battle of Donbas, fighting became increasingly dominated by the use of artillery. As this increased, the importance of target acquisition also increased. To help with target acquisition, both sides used a wide range of drones. In a study by the Royal United Services Institute covering the period of the war up to July 2022, it was assessed that around 90% of drones used by Ukraine during this time period were destroyed.[39]
From the last week of march to the end of April, Ukraine initiated helicopter raids to rescue members of the
On 14 April, Ukraine
By the summer of 2022, Russian attacks against civilians and the Ukrainian agricultural sector using long-range missiles had increased. The increase in civilian attacks happened at the same time that there were reports that Russia was running low on higher-end precision-guided missiles, such as the
On 28 June, Oleksii Reznikov, the defence minister of Ukraine, said that Ukraine had been given fifty Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones since the start of the invasion.[44]
On 9 August, Ukraine
2022 Ukrainian counteroffensives (29 August – 11 November 2022)
After Ukraine attacked the Kerch Straight Bridge on 8 October, Russia began a campaign to degrade Ukraine's electrical infrastructure through the use of missile and drone strikes. In the first week after having started these attacks, Russia struck about 30% of the power stations in Ukraine. While this campaign led to significant damage of Ukraine's energy infrastructure, Ukraine was able to avoid a complete collapse of its electrical grid.[46]
2023–2024 winter campaigns (1 December 2023 – present)
During the
Missile attacks and air war
On 24 February, Russian forces
On 1 March, Russia and the US established a
On 11 March, US officials said that Russian aircraft launched up to 200 sorties a day, most not entering Ukrainian airspace, instead staying in Russian airspace.
On 14 March, Russian forces conducted multiple
By June 2022, Russia had not achieved
An attack on Dnipro proper was carried out by Russian armed forces
Part of the rockets hit the "
In August the
On 19 September, US Air Force General
On 28 February 2023, the Ukrainian military attacked the
Violations of non-combatant airspaces
During the invasion, there have been several airspace violations of noncombatant countries, such as in Poland,[86] Moldova,[87] and Romania.[88] On 10 March 2022, an unmanned drone crashed in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, after flying through Hungarian and Romanian airspace.[89] On 15 November 2022, a stray Ukrainian air defense missile landed in Przewodów, Poland, killing two people.[90][91]
Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
Russia
According to the Ukrainian Air Force, 77 of 96 Russian missiles were shot down. A Pentagon official claims the Russian plan is to exhaust the Ukrainian air defenses. At one stage some 50 missiles were in combat "within minutes" near the Polish border.[97][98] Ukrainian officials report that electricity has already been restored to "nearly 100%" of Ukraine.[99][100] President Zelenskyy said that about half of the Ukrainian electricity infrastructure has been hit and some 10 million people are still without power.[101]
Ukrainian Storm Shadow Attacks
Ukraine was first reportedly supplied with U.K. made Storm Shadow missiles on 11 May 2023.[102] Since that time that have been used in a number of attacks by the Ukrainian Air Force on strategic targets as a part of the war effort. Key targets have been ammunition depots and transit hubs, as well as bridges, notably the Chonhar bridge which has been attacked by Storm Shadow missiles on two confirmed occasions, 22 June 2023 and 6 August 2023.[103] The aircraft commonly cited as being used to carry and fire Storm Shadow missiles is the Ukrainian Su-24M.[104][105][106]
Air defense systems
Initial Ukrainian sources claimed that, on 25 February 2022, the Su-27 of Ukrainian Colonel Oleksandr Oksanchenko was shot down by an S-400 over Kyiv.[107]
On 14 April 2022, the Russian Defence Ministry claimed that a Ukrainian
In August 2022, Ukraine claimed that a 92N6E radar used in the S-400 SAM system was destroyed in Kherson region.[110]
On 15 October 2022, a S-400 missile crashed or was shot down in the Grayvoronsky District of Belgorod Oblast, Russia.[111]
On 23 August 2023, GRU released a video of two alleged elements of an S-400 battery being destroyed in Olenivka, Crimea, 120 km (75 mi) south of Kherson, by a barrage of Ukrainian missiles.[112][113][114] Ukrainian forces, according to Ukrainian media, used a R-360 Neptune and a drone to destroy the missile's radar.[115] [116]
On 14 September 2023, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed a Russian S-400's radar near Yevpatoria, Crimea.[117] On 4 October 2023, Ukrainian kamikaze drone destroyed one radar and a missile launcher of S-400 system in Belgorod region.[118]
Drones
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, both Russia and Ukraine have heavily used drones in areas such as intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, reconnaissance, combined arms, air strikes, and electronic warfare.[119][120][121]
During the winter and fall of 2022-2023, Russia engaged in a campaign of striking Ukrainian infrastructure, which included a widespread use of drones,[122][123][124][125][126] resulting in significant damage to Ukraine's electrical grid.[127][128] This campaign was initiated in large part in an attempt to demoralize the Ukrainian population, an initiative that has been deemed to have failed.[129][130][131] Additionally, Russia has struck Ukrainian port and grain infrastructure with missiles and drones since its withdrawal from the Black Sea Grain Initiative in July 2023,[132][133] causing an estimated loss of 280,000 metric tons of grain.[134]
According to US officials,
Ukraine has used drones in strikes against Russian military infrastructure,[140][141][142] such as in the ongoing strikes against Crimea,[143] and has been accused by Russia of being responsible for the Kremlin drone attack and the 30 May 2023 Moscow drone strikes, but has denied responsibility in both cases.[144][145]
In October 2023,
In January 2024, Ukrainian drone operators told
Anti-ship aerial attacks
December 26, 2023, reportedly using air-launched cruise missiles, Ukraine's Air Force attacked the Novocherkassk, a major Russian landing craft docked in Feodosia, southern Crimea. Ukraine said the ship had launched cruise missiles against Ukrainian cities. The attack resulted in multiple explosions and fires. Ukraine said munitions aboard were detonated by the attack, and the ship was destroyed -- unlikely to return to service. Russian authorities and media confirmed the attack, but did not confirm the ship's loss, adding that two attacking aircraft were shot down. Independent analysts said the ship's loss would substantially impede future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast.[149][150][151]
See also
- List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
- Proposed no-fly zone in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
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