S-300 missile system

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"SA-10" redirects here. For the DEC computer interface, see Systems Concepts. For the Saturn launch vehicle, see AS-105. For other uses, see SA10 (disambiguation).

S-300 family
Almaz-Antey
:
NPO Almaz (lead designer)
NIIP (radars)
MKB Fakel (missile designer for S-300P series)
NPO Novator (missile designer for S-300V series)
MNIIRE Altair
(Naval version designer)
Designed1967–2005
MZiK[2]
Produced1975[3]–2011 (for PS and PM)[4]
Variantssee variants

The S-300 (NATO reporting name SA-10 Grumble) is a series of long-range surface-to-air missile systems developed by the former Soviet Union. It was produced by NPO Almaz for the Soviet Air Defence Forces to defend against air raids and cruise missiles. The S-300 is still regarded as one of the most potent anti-aircraft missile systems in active use.[5]

It is used by Russia, Ukraine, and other former Eastern Bloc countries, along with Bulgaria and Greece. It is also used by China, Iran, and other countries in Asia.

The system is fully automated, though manual observation and operation are also possible.[6] Each targeting radar provides target designation for the central command post. The command post compares the data received from the targeting radars and filters out false targets. The central command post has both active and passive target detection modes.[7][8] Missiles have a maximum range of 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the command post.

The successor to the S-300 is the S-400 (NATO reporting name SA-21 Growler), which entered service on 28 April 2007.

Variations and upgrades

There are currently three main variations of the S-300, named S-300V, S-300P, S-300F. The production of the S-300 started in 1975,[3] with the tests for the S-300P variant being completed in 1978. The tests for the S-300V variant were conducted in 1983, and its anti-ballistic capabilities were tested in 1987.[9] Numerous versions have since emerged with different missiles, improved radars, better resistance to countermeasures, longer range, and better capability at targeting aircraft flying at very low altitude as well as incoming munitions, such as anti-radiation missiles or glide bombs.

S-300 system family tree

S-300 Family
S-300VS-300PS-300F
S-300V1S-300V2S-300PTS-300PSFortRif
S-300VM
S-300PT-1S-300PMS-300PMUFort-MRif-M
Favorit-S
S-300VM1S-300VM2S-300PT-1AS-300PM1S-300PMU1
Antey 2500S-300PM2S-300PMU2Domestic Version
S-300V4FavoritExport Version
S-300VMD
S-400

S-300P (SA-10)

The total production for the S-300P systems was 3,000 launchers and 28,000 missiles through 2012.[10]

S-300P/S-300PT

The S-300P/S-300PT (Russian: С-300П/С-300ПТ, NATO reporting name SA-10A Grumble A[11]) is the original version of the S-300.[1] The P suffix stands for PVO-Strany (Russian: противовоздушная оборона–страны, or country air defence). In 1987, over 80 of these systems were active, mainly around Moscow. An S-300PT unit consists of a 36D6 (NATO reporting name Tin Shield) surveillance radar, a 30N6 (FLAP LID) fire control system, and 5P85-1 launch vehicles. The 5P85-1 vehicles are semi-trailer trucks. A 76N6 (CLAM SHELL) low-altitude detection radar is usually also a part of the unit.[12]

The S-300PT had a

hot launch system scorching the transporter erector launcher (TEL).[13]

It was originally intended to use a track-via-missile (TVM) guidance system. However, the TVM system had problems tracking targets below 500 metres (1,600 ft), allowing incoming SEAD aircraft to effectively utilize terrain masking to avoid tracking. To improve tracking of low-altitude targets, a command-guidance system was added to guide the missile for the initial part of the flight.[13] This allowed the minimum engagement altitude to be set to 25 metres (82 ft).

Improvements to the S-300P resulted in several sub-versions for both domestic and international markets. The S-300PT-1 and S-300PT-1A are incremental upgrades of the original S-300PT system, using a new 5V55KD missile and a

cold launch method. The time it took to set the system up was reduced to 30 minutes and trajectory optimizations allowed the 5V55KD to reach ranges up to 75 kilometres (47 mi).[13]

S-300PS/S-300PM

Two S-300PM missile TEL and a 'Flap Lid' radar

The S-300PS/S-300PM (Russian С-300ПC/С-300ПМ, NATO reporting name SA-10B Grumble B

30N6
. Also introduced with this version was the distinction between self-propelled and towed TELs. The towed TEL is designated 5P85T. Mobile TELs were the 5P85S and 5P85D. The 5P85D was a "slave" TEL, being controlled by a 5P85S "master" TEL. The "master" TEL is identifiable thanks to the large equipment container behind the cabin; in the "slave" TEL this area is not enclosed and is used for cable or spare tyre storage.

S-300PMU

Development of a modernized variant for export, called the S-300PMU (Russian: С-300ПМУ, NATO reporting name SA-10C Grumble C[11]), was completed in 1985.[14] The PMU variant was fielded with the 5V55K (range 45–47 kilometres (28–29 mi)) and 5V55R (range 75–90 kilometres (47–56 mi)) missiles.[15][16] Radars used for the S-300PMU complex included the 30N6 (NATO: "Flap Lid") target engagement radar, the 76N6 (NATO: "Clam Shell") low altitude detection radar, and the ST-68U (NATO: "Tin Shield") 3D search radar.[17] In addition, the 64N6 (NATO: "Big Bird") radar was used as a search radar at the regimental command post (an S-300PMU regiment typically consisted of three missile batteries).[16] The S-300PMU could engage targets with a radar cross section of at least 0.2 square metres (2.2 sq ft) and a maximum velocity of 1,300 metres per second (4,300 ft/s) at altitudes between 25 metres (82 ft) and 27,000 metres (89,000 ft).[18] It could also engage surface targets at ranges up to 30 kilometres (19 mi).[18][clarification needed]

S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20A/B)

S-300PMU-2 64N6E2 acquisition radar (part of 83M6E2 command post)

The S-300PMU-1 (Russian: С-300ПМУ-1, NATO reporting name SA-20A Gargoyle[11]) was also introduced in 1993, with the new and larger 48N6 missiles for the first time in a land-based system, and keeping all the same performance improvements from the S300PM version, including the increased speed, range, SAGG guidance, and ABM capability.[19] The warhead is slightly smaller than the naval version at 143 kg (315 lb). This version also saw the introduction of the new and more capable 30N6E TOMB STONE radar.

The S-300PMU-1 was introduced in 1993, using different missile types in a single system for the first time. In addition to the 5V55R and 48N6E missiles, the S-300PMU-1 can utilise two new missiles, the 9M96E1 and 9M96E2. Both are significantly smaller than the previous missiles, at 330 and 420 kg (730 and 930 lb), respectively, and carry a smaller 24 kg (53 lb) warhead. The 9M96E1 has an engagement range of 1–40 km (0.62–25 mi), and the 9M96E2 of 1–120 km (0.62–75 mi). They are still carried 4 per TEL. Rather than just relying on aerodynamic fins for manoeuvring, they use a gas-dynamic system which allows them to have an excellent probability of kill (Pk) despite the much smaller warhead. The Pk is estimated at 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile, for either missile. The S-300PMU-1 typically uses the 83M6E command-and-control system, although it is also compatible with the older Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E CCS command-and-control systems. The 83M6E system incorporates the 64N6E (BIG BIRD) surveillance/detection radar. The fire control/illumination and guidance radar used is the 30N6E(1), optionally matched with a 76N6 low-altitude detection radar and a 96L6E all-altitude detection radar. The 83M6E command-and-control system can control up to 12 TELs, both the self-propelled 5P85SE vehicle and the 5P85TE towed launchers. Generally, support vehicles are also included, such as the 40V6M tow vehicle, intended for lifting of the antenna post.[20]

China developed its own version of the S-300PMU-1, called HQ-15. Previously, the missile was referred to in a Western think tank[

which?] as the HQ-10, causing confusion with the unrelated HQ-10 short-range point-defense missile system.[21]

S-300PMU-2 vehicles. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL.

The S-300PMU-2 Favorit (Russian: С-300ПМУ-2 Фаворит, NATO reporting name SA-20B Gargoyle[11]), introduced in 1997 (presented ready 1996), is an upgrade to the S-300PMU-1 with a range of 195 km (121 mi) with the introduction of the 48N6E2 missile. This system is apparently capable against not just short-range ballistic missiles, but also medium-range ballistic missiles. It uses the 83M6E2 command and control system, consisting of the 54K6E2 command post vehicle and the 64N6E2 surveillance/detection radar. It employs the 30N6E2 fire control/illumination and guidance radar. Like the S-300PMU-1, 12 TELs can be controlled, with any mix of 5P85SE2 self-propelled and 5P85TE2 trailer launchers. Optionally it can make use of the 96L6E all-altitude detection radar and 76N6 low-altitude detection radar.[22][21]

S-300F

Sea-based S-300F (SA-N-6)

Close up view of SA-N-6 launchers on Marshal Ustinov

The S-300F Fort (

naval) version of the S-300P system developed by Altair, with the new 5V55RM missile with range extended to 7–90 km (4.3–56 mi; 3.8–49 nmi) and maximum target speed up to Mach 4, while the engagement altitude was reduced to 25–25,000 m (82–82,021 ft). The naval version utilises the TOP SAIL or TOP STEER, TOP PAIR, and 3R41 Volna (TOP DOME) radar, and utilises command guidance with a terminal SARH mode. Its first installation and sea trials were on a Kara-class cruiser and it is also installed on Slava-class cruisers and Kirov-class battlecruisers. It is stored in eight (Slava) or twelve (Kirov) 8-missile rotary launchers below decks. The export version of this system is known as Rif (Russian: Риф or reef). The NATO name, found also in colloquial use, is Grumble.[citation needed
]

Sea-based S-300FM (SA-N-20)

The S-300FM Fort-M (Russian: С-300ФМ, DoD designation SA-N-20) is another naval version of the system, installed only on the Kirov-class cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, and introducing the new 48N6 missile. It was introduced in 1990 and has a missile speed of approximately Mach 6 for a maximum target engagement speed of up to Mach 8.5, a warhead size of 150 kg (330 lb), an engagement range of 5–150 km (3.1–93 mi), and an altitude envelope of 10–27 km (6.2–16.8 mi). The new missiles also introduced a track-via-missile guidance method and the ability to intercept short-range ballistic missiles. This system makes use of the TOMB STONE MOD rather than TOP DOME radar. The export version is called the Rif-M. Two Rif-M systems were purchased by China in 2002 and installed on the Type 051C air-defence guided-missile destroyers.[citation needed]

S-300V (SA-12)

S-300V (SA-12A Gladiator)

The S-300V, starting with the 9M83 missile, entered service in 1983, and it was fully integrated in 1988.[8][23][24]

9S32 engagement radar

The 9K81 S-300V Antey-300 (

Antey rather than Almaz,[25] and its 9M82 and 9M83 missiles were designed by NPO Novator. The V suffix stands for Voyska (ground forces). It was designed to be the top-tier army air defence system, replacing the 2K11 Krug
, providing a defence against ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and aircraft. The 9M83 (SA-12A Gladiator) missiles have a maximum engagement range of around 75 km (47 mi), while the 9M82 (SA-12B Giant) missiles can engage targets out to 100 km (62 mi) and up to altitudes of around 32 km (20 mi). In both cases the warhead is around 150 kg (330 lb).

While it was created from the same project, hence sharing the common S-300 designation with the S-300P air defense family, the S-300V had different priorities that resulted in a different design. The S-300V system is carried on

tracked MT-T transporters, which gives it better cross-country mobility than the S-300Ps moving on 8×8 wheeled transporters. Its search, tracking, and command systems are more distributed than the S-300P's. For example, while both have mechanically scanning radar for target acquisition (9S15 BILL BOARD A), the battery level 9S32 GRILL PAN has an autonomous search ability and SARH delegated to illumination radar on transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles. The early 30N6 FLAP LID on the S-300P handles tracking and illumination, but is not equipped with an autonomous search capability (later upgraded). 9S15 can simultaneously carry out active (3 coordinates) and passive (2 positions) searches for targets.[8]

S-300V high altitude surface-to-air missile systems
9S15M Obzor-3 acquisition radar

The S-300V places a greater emphasis on the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) mission, with a dedicated 9M82 (SA-12B Giant) anti-ballistic missile. This missile is larger and only two can be on each TELAR. It also has a dedicated ABM radar: the 9S19 HIGH SCREEN phased-array radar at battalion level. A typical S-300V battalion consists of a target-detection-and-designation unit, a guidance radar, and up to 6 TELARs. The detection-and-designation unit consists of the 9S457-1 command post, a 9S15MV or 9S15MT BILL BOARD all-round surveillance radar, and a 9S19M2 HIGH SCREEN sector surveillance radar.[26] The S-300V uses the 9S32-1 GRILL PAN multi-channel guidance radar. Four types of missile-launcher vehicles can be used with the system:[26]

  • Transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles, which not only transport the missiles, but also fire and guide them (including radar illumination and targeting.[27]) There are two models: the 9A83-1 TELAR holding four 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A82 TELAR holding two 9M82 Giant missiles.[26]
  • Launcher/loader vehicles (LLV), which transport the missiles and can reload the TELARs, and also fire missiles under the control of a TELAR. There are two models: the 9A84 LLV holding two 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A85 LLV holding two 9M82 Giant missiles.

The target detection ranges for each radar vary based on the

radar cross-section of the target:[28]

A S-300V system may be controlled by the upper level

command post system 9S52 Polyana-D4 integrating it with the Buk missile system
into a brigade.

China has built its own version of the S-300V called HQ-18.[26]

S-300VM (SA-23)

Main article:
GRAU index of 9S32ME. The system can still employ up to six TELARs, the 9A84ME launchers (up to 4 9M83ME missiles), and up to 6 launcher/loader vehicles assigned to each launcher (2 9M83ME missiles each). An upgraded version, dubbed S-300V4, will be delivered to the Russian army in 2011.[citation needed
]

The Antey-2500 complex is the export version developed separately from the S-300 family and has been exported to Venezuela for an estimated export price of US$1 billion. The system has one type of missile in two versions, basic and amended, with a sustainer stage that doubles the range (up to 200 km (120 mi), according to other data, up to 250 km (160 mi)), and can simultaneously engage up to 24 aircraft or 16 ballistic targets in various combinations.

It became the first system in the world capable of simultaneously engaging cruise missiles, aircraft, and ballistic targets. It also contains a private-sector radar for countering targets when affected by interference.[31]

S-300V4

The S-300V4 is also called S-300VMD.[citation needed] It was developed to target high-value airborne targets, such as AWACS aircraft, at long distances.[32][33] Different versions of the NPO Novator 9M82MD[34] S-300V4 missiles have a range of 400 kilometres (250 mi) at Mach 7.5 or a range of 350 kilometres (220 mi) at Mach 9, and can destroy maneuvering targets even at very high altitudes.[35][36] An export version exists, marketed as the Antey-4000.[37]

S-400 (SA-21)

Main article: S-400 missile system

The S-400 Triumf (Russian: С-400 «Триумф», formerly known as the S-300PMU-3/С-300ПМУ-3, NATO reporting name SA-21 Growler) was introduced in 1999 and featured a new, larger missile and several upgrades and new features. The project encountered delays since its original announcement, and deployment only began on a small scale in 2006. With an engagement range of up to 400 km (250 mi), depending on the missile variant used, it was specifically designed to counter stealth aircraft.[dubious – discuss] It is by far the most advanced version, incorporating the ability to survive PGM threats and counter advanced jammers by using automatic frequency hopping.[38]

Specifications

S-300 variants will work together in various combinations, although interoperability between different variants is limited. Various higher-level mobile commands can coordinate certain variants at various locations into a single battery, and also integrate that battery with other air defence systems.[39] A management system, consisting of command control and radars allows for fully automatic initiation and effective management of up to one hundred targets located up to 30–40 kilometres (19–25 mi) from the base station. Many tasks – detection, tracking, target setting, target designation, target acquisition, missile guidance, and assessment of results – can be dealt with automatically. The operator controls the target detection and the launch of rockets. In a complex environment, manual intervention is possible. Few of the previous systems possessed such capabilities.

The S-300 is a multi-channel anti-aircraft missile system whose variants can engage ballistic missiles as well as aircraft and are able to allocate up to 12 missiles to up to 6 different targets. The system can destroy ground targets at a range of 120 kilometres (75 mi),[9][40] and when launched on a ballistic trajectory, can reach up to 400 kilometres (250 mi).[40] Its vertically-launched missiles allow for the engagement of flying targets in any direction without traversing the launcher.[31][41]

Early versions are guided by the 30N6 FLAP LID or naval 3R41 Volna (TOP DOME) radar using command guidance with terminal semi-active radar homing. Later versions use the 30N6 FLAP LID B or TOMB STONE radar to guide the missiles via command guidance/seeker-aided ground guidance (SAGG), similar to the U.S.-made Patriot's TVM guidance scheme. The earlier 30N6 FLAP LID A can guide up to four missiles at a time to up to four targets, and can track up to 24 targets at once. The 30N6E FLAP LID B can guide up to two missiles per target to up to six targets simultaneously. Early models can successfully engage targets flying at up to Mach 2.5, or around Mach 8.5 for later models, with one missile potentially being launched every three seconds. The mobile control centre is able to manage up to 12 TELs simultaneously.

The original warhead weighed 100 kg (220 lb), intermediate warheads weighed 133 kg (293 lb), and the latest warhead weighs 143 kg (315 lb). Each warhead is equipped with a

proximity fuse and a contact fuse. A warhead will expel from 19,000[40] to 36,000 metal fragments upon detonation, depending on missile type. The missiles themselves weigh between 1,450 and 1,800 kg (3,200 and 3,970 lb). Missiles are catapulted clear of the launching tubes before their rocket motors fire, and can accelerate at up to 100 g (1 km/s2). They launch straight upwards and then tip over towards their target, removing the need to aim the missiles before launch. The missiles are steered with a combination of control fins and thrust vectoring
vanes. The sections below give exact specifications of the radar and missiles in the different S-300 versions. Since the S-300PM, most vehicles are interchangeable across variations.

Radar

The 30N6 FLAP LID A is mounted on a small trailer. The 64N6 BIG BIRD is mounted on a large trailer along with a generator and is typically towed with the now familiar 8-wheeled truck. The 76N6 CLAM SHELL (5N66M[42] etc.) is mounted on a large trailer with a mast that is between 24 and 39 m (79 and 128 ft) tall. It is usually used with a mast. With the mast, it has a target detection range of 90 kilometres (56 mi) if altitude of the target is 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the ground.[42]

The original S-300P utilises a combination of the 5N66M continuous-wave radar Doppler radar for target acquisition and the 30N6 FLAP LID A I/J-band phased-array digitally-steered tracking-and-engagement radar. Both are mounted on trailers. In addition, there is a trailer-mounted command centre and up to twelve trailer-mounted erector/launchers with four missiles each. The S-300PS/PM is similar but uses an upgraded 30N6 tracking-and-engagement radar with an integrated command post and has truck-mounted TELs.

If the battery was employed in an anti-ballistic-missile or anti-cruise-missile role, the 64N6 BIG BIRD E/F-band radar would also be included. It is capable of detecting ballistic missiles up to 1,000 km (620 mi) away, travelling at up to 10,000 km/h (6,200 mph), and cruise missiles up to 300 km (190 mi) away. It also employs electronic-beam steering and performs a scan once every twelve seconds.

The 36D6 TIN SHIELD radar can also be used to augment the S-300 system to provide earlier target detection than the FLAP LID radar allows. It can detect a missile-sized target flying at an altitude of 60 metres (200 ft) at least 20 km (12 mi) away, at an altitude of 100 m (330 ft) at least 30 km (19 mi) away, and at high altitude up to 175 km (109 mi) away. In addition a 64N6 BIG BIRD E/F band target-acquisition radar can be used, which has a maximum detection range of 300 km (190 mi).

The S-300 FC Radar Flap Lid can be mounted on a standard pylon.

Surveillance radar
GRAU index
 NATO reporting name Specialisation Target detection range Simultaneously detected targets NATO frequency band First used with Notes
36D6 TIN SHIELD – 180–360 km (110–220 mi) 120 E/F S-300P Industrial designation: ST-68UM
350 kW to 1.23 MW power
76N6 CLAM SHELL Low altitude detection I S-300P
76N6 CLAM SHELL Low altitude detection 120 km (75 mi) 180 I S-300PMU 1.4 kW FM continuous wave
64N6 BIG BIRD Regiment radar 300 km (190 mi) 300 C S-300PMU-1
96L6E CHEESE BOARD All altitude detection 300 km 100 S-300PMU-1
9S15 BILL BOARD – 250 km (160 mi) 250 S S-300V
9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector tracking 16 S-300V
MR-75[a] TOP STEER Naval 300 km D/E S-300F
MR-800 Voskhod[a] TOP PAIR Naval 200 km (120 mi) C/D/E/F S-300F
Target tracking/missile guidance
GRAU index NATO reporting name NATO frequency band Target detection range Simultaneously tracked targets Simultaneously engaged targets First used with Notes
30N6 FLAP LID A I/J 4 4 S-300P
30N6E(1) FLAP LID B H-J 200 km (120 mi) 6 6 S-300PMU Phased array
30N6E2 FLAP LID B I/J 200 km 6 6 S-300PMU-2
9S32-1 GRILL PAN Multi-band 140–150 km (87–93 mi) 6 6 S-300V
3R41 Volna TOP DOME I/J 100 km (62 mi) S-300F

Missiles

48N6E2 and 9M96E missiles for the Russian S-300PMU-2 (SA-20B Gargoyle) air defence system
Missile specifications
GRAU index Year of initial production Range Maximum velocity Maximum target Speed Length Diameter Weight Warhead Guidance First used with
5V55K[43] 1975[44] 47 km (29 mi)[44] 2,000 m/s (7,200 km/h; 4,500 mph)[44] 1,160 m/s (4,200 km/h; 2,600 mph)[44] 7.25 m (23.8 ft)[44] 514 mm (20.2 in)[44] 1,480 kg (3,260 lb)[44] 130 kg (290 lb)[44] Command[45] S-300P
5V55R[46] 1981[44] 75 km (47 mi)[44] 2,000 m/s (7,200 km/h; 4,500 mph)[44] 1,200 m/s (4,300 km/h; 2,700 mph)[44] 7.25 m (23.8 ft)[44] 514 mm (20.2 in)[44] 1,665 kg (3,671 lb)[44] 130 kg (290 lb)[44] Track-via-missile[45] S-300P
5V55KD[47] after 1982[46] 75–90 km (47–56 mi)[citation needed] 1,900 m/s (4,250 mph)[citation needed] 1,150 m/s (2,572 mph)[citation needed] 7 m (23 ft)[citation needed] 450mm[citation needed] 1,450 kg (3,200 lb)[citation needed] 133 kg (293 lb)[citation needed] Command S-300PT[citation needed]
5V55RUD[47] Track-via-missile
5V55U[citation needed] 1992 150 km (93 mi) 2,000 m/s (4,470 mph) 7 m (23 ft) 450mm 1,470 kg (3,240 lb) 133 kg (293 lb) SAGG S-300PT
48N6 1990[44] 150 km (93 mi)[44] 1,900 m/s (6,800 km/h; 4,300 mph)[44] 2,800 m/s (10,000 km/h; 6,300 mph)[44] 7.5 m (25 ft)[44] 519 mm (20.4 in)[44] 1,799 kg (3,966 lb)[44] 143 kg (315 lb)[44] S-300PM[48]
48N6P-01[citation needed] 1992 195 km (121 mi) 2,000 m/s (4,470 mph) 2,800 m/s (6,415 mph) 7.5 m (25 ft) 519mm 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) 150 kg (330 lb) SAGG S-300PMU
9M82 13–100 km (8.1–62.1 mi)[citation needed]
30 km (98,000 ft) alt[citation needed]		 2,600 m/s (5,800 mph)[49] 9.9 m (32 ft)[citation needed] 1215mm 4,685 kg (10,329 lb)[49] 150 kg (330 lb)[50] Semi-active radar homing/Command[50] S-300V
9M83 1985[49] 6–75 km (3.7–46.6 mi)[citation needed]
25 km (82,000 ft) alt[citation needed]		 1,700 m/s (3,800 mph)[51] 7.9 m (26 ft)[citation needed] 915mm[citation needed] 2,290 kg (5,050 lb)[49] 150 kg (330 lb)[51] Semi-active radar homing/Command[51] S-300V
9M83ME[citation needed] 1990 200 km (120 mi) S-300VM
9M96E1 1999 40 km (25 mi) 900 m/s[52] (2,010 mph) 4,800–5,000 m/s
(10,737–11,185 mph)		 330 kg (730 lb) 24 kg (53 lb) Active radar homing S-300PMU
9M96E2 1999 120 km (75 mi) 1,000 m/s[52] (2,240 mph) 4,800–5,000 m/s
(10,737–11,185 mph)		 240mm 420 kg (930 lb) 24 kg (53 lb) Active radar homing S-300PMU
40N6 2018[44] 400 km (250 mi)[53] Active radar homing S-400

Means of camouflage and protection

Decoys - sometimes equipped with additional devices to simulate electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, optical, and radar - are used for imitating components of S-300 system.[54]

Additional means of masking are used, such as MKT-2, MKT-3 and Volchitsa-KR camouflage nets.

34Ya6E Gazetchik-E system might be used for protection against anti-radiation missiles.[55] A combined MAWS/decoy/aerosole/chaff system is claimed by the developer to have the 85% to 95% probability to defeat a single attacking HARM missile. SPN-30 and Pelena-1 radar jamming systems are also used against airborne radars.[56]

When using a prepared position for prolonged time, revetments might be used for TELs and additional equipment.[57]

Comparison with other systems

Official designation of unit S-300PMU[58] S-300PMU1[59] S-300PMU2 [39] S-300VM[39]/S-300V4[36] Patriot PAC-2[citation needed] Patriot PAC-3[citation needed]
Range of,
km 		aerodynamic target 5–90 5–150 3–200 200 (400)[60] 3–160 15, at most 20[61] / 0.3–20[62]
ballistic targets at most 35 at most 40 5–40 40 20 15–45[citation needed] (20)[63] possible max 50[62]
Height defeat,
km 		aerodynamic target 0.025–27 0.01–27 0.01–27 0.025–30 /?-37 0.06–24 15
better source needed
]
ballistic targets (?) (?) 2–25 1–30 3–12[64] 15(?).[63] 15, possible max 20.[61]
Maximum target speed, m/s 1,150, at most 1,300 (for the escort 3000)[64] at most 2,800 (for the escort 10000 km/h)[59][64] at most 2,800 4,500 of ballistic targets[39] at most 2,200[64] at most 1,600
better source needed
]
Maximum speed of the rocket complex, m/s at most 2,000
better source needed
]		 2000[59] 1,900 2,600 and 1,700[63]/7.5M or 9M (more 3000) and (?) 1,700[65] (?) approximately 1,500[62][citation needed]
Number of simultaneously guided anti-aircraft missiles by one unit at most 12 at most 12 at most 72[66] at most 48[citation needed] at most 9 [citation needed]
Number of simultaneously engaged targets by one unit at most 6 at most 6 at most 36[66] at most 24[67] at most 9[citation needed] at most 9
Mass of a rocket, kg 1,400–1,600 (?) 330–1,900 (?) 900 312
Warhead weight, kg 150 (?) 180[68] (?) 91 74
Minimum time between missile launches, seconds 3–5 3–5 3 (0 at start from different

CARRIERS MISSILES)

1.5 (0 at start from different

CARRIERS MISSILES)

3–4 (1[65] at start from different

CARRIERS MISSILES)

(?)
Set up time and clotting time of starting complex, minutes 5 5 5 5 15/30[64] 15/30(?)
Means of transportation Wheeled Wheeled Wheeled tracked semi trailer semi trailer

Operational history

Russian officials have stated that the system has performed well in real-world exercises.[69] In 1991, 1992, and 1993, various versions of the S-300 destroyed ballistic missiles and other objects in exercises, with a high success rate (90% or more if 1 missile interceptor is used).[69][70][71][72]

In 1995, it was the first system to destroy a R-17 Elbrus Scud missile in the air.[72] China is to test the S-300PMU2's effectiveness in destroying targets in real exercises. The planned targets include a UAV (4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi)), a simulated strategic bomber (186 kilometres (116 mi)), tactical missiles (range of the system to the point of interception 34 kilometres (21 mi) and a height of 17.7 kilometres (11.0 mi)), and pinpoint missiles. In April 2005, NATO held a combat exercise in France and Germany called Trial Hammer 05 to practice Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses missions. The Slovak Air Force brought an S-300PMU along, providing an opportunity for NATO to become familiar with the system.[73][74]

Israel's purchase of

F-35 Lightning II fighters was allegedly intended in part to nullify the threat of S-300 missiles that were, at the time the fighters were initially sought, part of a potential arms sale to Iran.[75]

In 2010, Russia announced that its military had deployed the S-300 systems in breakaway Abkhazia in 2008, leading to condemnation from the government of Georgia.[76]

Syria

Main article:
Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war

After a Russian

shot down over Syria in November 2015, Russia deployed S-300 and S-400 systems to the region – some to the Khmeimim Air Base, some with the Russian cruiser Moskva.[77]

On 17 September 2018, a Syrian

S-200 system downed a Russian military plane, killing 15 Russian service members. Moscow accused Israel of indirectly causing this incident, and announced that to keep its troops safe, it would supply Syria with modern S-300 anti-missile rocket systems.[78][79] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu objected to the move in a telephone call with Russian president Vladimir Putin, stating that the delivery of S-300 anti-missile rocket systems to "irresponsible players" would be dangerous for the region.[80]

In 2020, Syrian military officials criticized the S-300 air defense systems supplied by Russia, saying they failed to protect Syrian sites from Israeli strikes.[81] One official criticized the detection abilities of the system's radar.[82]

On 17 May 2022, Israel said that a Russian-operated S-300 missile system fired a missile at a F-16 operated by the IAF. If confirmed, it would be the first time Russian forces have fired on Israeli jets.[83] According to Channel 13 news, Russia fired 13 missiles at an Israeli F-16, but none of the jets were intercepted by the missile salvos.[84][85] On 26 July, Israeli Defence Minister Benny Gantz confirmed the initial report of one missile being fired by a Russian-operated S-300 system. However, he downplayed the incident as a "one-off", further stating that "our jets weren't even in the area". As the missile had not locked on, it was no threat to Israeli jets. It still remains the first use of a S-300 against the Israeli Air Force.[86]

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Main article:
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

During the

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the S-300 system took active part in an armed conflict for the first time, different versions being listed in the active inventory of both sides. The Armenian systems were initially deployed around Yerevan
. On 29 September 2020, Azerbaijan reported that Armenia was moving its S-300 systems closer to the conflict zone,[87] and vowed their destruction.[88] On 30 September 2020, Azerbaijani Armed Forces claimed the destruction of an Armenian S-300 system without providing further details.[89][90] The first alleged combat firing of the S-300 happened during the night between 1 and 2 October when the Armenian Ministry of Defense claimed that Armenian S-300s had downed three Azerbaijani drones (not missiles as initially claimed) bound for Yerevan.[91][92]

On 17 October 2020, Azerbaijani Armed Forces claimed the destruction of two radar elements[93] that were part of an active Armenian S-300 SAM site being hit by a Bayraktar TB2 UCAV.[94][95]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main article:
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

At the time of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Ukraine had around 100 active S-300 batteries with as many as 300 launchers inherited upon the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. By 8 April, the Russians had knocked out at least 21 of the S-300 launchers that outside analysts confirmed with photos or videos, with the actual total of destroyed launchers likely higher. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, in his message of 16 March to the U.S. Congress, had consequently asked specifically for help acquiring more of the long-range missiles. "You know what kind of defense systems we need: S-300 and other similar systems", Zelenskyy said.[96]

The United States and its allies tried to figure out how to deliver S-300s to Ukraine. One plan was for Slovakia to transfer to Ukraine its single battery of S-300s, in exchange for the United States or some other country supplying Slovakia with a new air-defense system, such as the American-made Patriot. A few days after Zelenskyy asked for S-300s, Germany agreed to deploy some of its Patriots to Slovakia, as part of a NATO battlegroup.[96]

On 30 March, Prime Minister Eduard Heger of Slovakia told CNN that he supported sending some of his country's own S-300s to Ukraine "because this is the equipment that Ukraine needs the most". On 8 April, U.S. President Joe Biden confirmed that Slovakia had transferred a Soviet-era S-300 system to Ukraine and said that the U.S. would reposition an American Patriot missile system to Slovakia in return.[97] It appears that only one battery that was donated, which was a system that Slovakia inherited from the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993.[98]

On 11 April, the Associated Press reported Russia's claims to have destroyed several air defense systems in Ukraine over the previous two days, indicating a renewed push to gain air superiority and take out weapons Kyiv described as crucial, ahead of a broad new Russian offensive in the east. Moscow claimed to have hit four S-300 missile launchers provided by a European country it did not name, but never showed any concrete evidence of that. Slovakia had given Ukraine such a system the previous week, but denied that it had been destroyed. Russia previously reported two strikes on similar systems in other places.[citation needed]

In early April, Iran also reportedly returned a large number of S-300 systems, for use against Ukraine, which it had purchased from Russia in 2007, along with a quantity of its own Iranian-made version, the Bavar-373, which has similar capabilities.[99] Iran Foreign Minister Amir Abdolhainnan refuted allegations of arms transfers to Russia in a call with Ukraine Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba.[100]

On 8 July, the governor of the Mykolaiv Oblast, Vitaly Kim, claimed that Russia had been using S-300 missiles in a land-attack role by fitting them with GPS guidance and that some 12 missiles were fired using such guidance.[101] On 30 September, The Wall Street Journal reported the claim of Kyrylo Tymoshenko, an adviser to President Zelenskyy, that 16 Russian S-300 missiles configured for ground-attack struck near Zaporizhzhia, killing at least 30 civilians and wounding 50 others.[102] Debris from S-300 missiles was found after having struck buildings in Kharkiv on 8 October.[103] Analysts from McKenzie Intelligence Services and the Center for Strategic and International Studies said that these missiles were likely from Russian systems repurposed for ground attack due to the dwindling stock of more precise dedicated anti-surface missiles.[103]

Stationary surface targets do not necessarily require retrofitting, as the original design accommodates them – particularly those that emit radiation, such as radars, which S-300 missiles can target precisely with

Przewodow in Poland, killing 2.[104][105]

On 14 April 2023, Sloviansk was hit by seven S-300 missiles, which killed at least 11 people.[106] Russian S-300 strikes in Pokrovsk Raion on 6 January 2024 killed 11 and injured 8 according to local officials.[107]

Operators and other versions

Map with S-300 operators in blue and former operators in red
An S-300 of the Armenian Air Force during the parade in 2016
An S-300 of the Bulgarian Air Force
Russian S-300PMU2 during the Victory Day Parade 2009

The S-300 is mainly used in Eastern Europe and Asia, although sources are inconsistent about which countries possess the system.[108]

  •  Algeria – 8 regiments of S-300PMU2[109][110]
  •  Armenia – 50 systems, unknown variant[111]
  •  Azerbaijan bought two S-300PMU2 (SA-20B) SAM battalions for US$300 million in 2010, delivered in 2011[112]
  •  Belarus – S-300PS systems delivered from Russia in 2007 to replace older S-300 model in the Belarusian inventory.[113] Four divisions of S-300 missiles to be delivered in 2014.[citation needed]
  •  Bulgaria – 10 S-300 launchers, divided into two units with five launchers each.[114]
  •  
    HQ-15 with the maximum range upgraded from 150 to 200 km (93 to 124 mi). The total number of the S-300PMU/1/2 and HQ-15/18 batteries in the PLA are approximately 40 and 60, respectively, as of 2008. The total number of the missiles is well above 1,600, with about 300 launcher platforms.[117] Five such SAM battalions are deployed and in active duty around the Beijing region, six battalions are in the Taiwan strait region, and the rest are in major cities such as Shanghai, Chengdu, and Dalian. Two Rif (SA-N-6) systems were purchased in 2002 for the Chinese Navy's Type 051C destroyers. By 2011, China had obtained 15 battalions (4 systems) of the S-300PMU-2.[citation needed
    ]
  •  Egypt – The S-300VM "Antey-2500" missile system was ordered in 2014, as part of a billion-dollar Egyptian-Russian arms deal signed later that year.[118][119] The $1 billion contract comprises 4 batteries, a command post and other external elements.[120][121] In 2015, Russia started delivering the system components, and Egyptian soldiers began their training in Russian training centers.[citation needed] By the end of 2017, all batteries had been delivered to Egypt.[122] Russia is in talks with Egypt on the delivery of additional Antey-2500 systems.[123]
  •  
    Patriot missile system. Additionally stating that: "The same procedure applies to any other Russian made air defense system that they may want to send to Ukraine."[128] However, ultimately, the Greek PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis denied Greece's preparedness to send the S-300 to Ukraine for concerns that this move would create a gap in Greece's air defence.[129][130]
  •  
    Bavar 373
    systems, on which it began development during the Russian embargo and which entered service in 2019.
  •  Kazakhstan[10][132] – 10 battalions after the refurbishment (PS – version)[133] (2009 or later), 5 free of charge (2014),[134] and 5 free of charge (2015).[135]
  •  North Korea – North Korea has conducted tests with a system called KN-06.[136]
  •  Russia – All variations. (1900 (S-300PT/PS/PMU, 200 S-300V/S-300V1 in 2010)),[137] 2000 total launchers.[138] All production in 1994 (actually 1990) or older, all the S-300PM complexes have been repairing and upgrading (Favorit-S).[139] The S-300P/PT has been retired before 2008, some S-300PS are in service, but were to be retired in 2012–2013. Modernization of all S-300P units to the S-300PM1 version was to end in 2014. The useful life of each was increased by 5 years. PM 1 was upgraded to version PM 2. By 2015, the S-300V4 was to have been delivered. Modernization of all S-300Vs to S-300V4s was to end in 2012.[140][141]
  •  
    S-200 system (for which Russia held Israel responsible), Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu on 24 September said that within two weeks, the Syrian Army would receive S-300 systems. Though the S-300 variant was not specified, the stated range of the system was to be 250 kilometres (160 mi).[146][147][148][149][150] On 2 October 2018, Shoigu told President Putin during a broadcast meeting that the delivery of the S-300 system to Syria had been completed a day prior.[151][152] On 8 October 2018, the Russian news agency TASS reported that three S-300PM battalions had been given to Syria free of charge, citing "On 1 October three battalion sets of S-300PM systems of eight launchers each were delivered to Syria". According to the source, the deliveries also included more than 100 surface-to-air missiles for each battalion.[153] It is operated by the Syrian Air Defense Force
    .
  •  
    2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the country had around 100 batteries.[158][159] It received an additional battery from Slovakia in April 2022.[160]
  •  
    S-300VM "Antey-2500", which were delivered in May 2012.[161][162]
  •  Vietnam – Bought two S-300PMU-1 systems (12 launchers) for nearly $300 million[163] and RLS 96L6 after 2009.[164] The systems were likely upgraded to the S-300PMU2 standard.[165]

Former operators

Evaluation-only operators

  •  United States – S-300P, devoid of electronics, purchased from Belarus in 1994.[172] S-300V was purchased in Russia officially in the 1990s[clarification needed] (complete set (except for 9S32 GRILL PAN multi-channel guidance radar)).[173]

Cancelled

  •  
    Cyprus Missile Crisis and operated by the HAF on Crete
    .

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Not a GRAU index. GRAU indices only apply to land-based versions.
  2. ^ Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the acceleration of highly advanced Russian weapons supplies to Syria. Referring to S-300 anti-air systems and the nuclear-capable 9K720 Iskander (NATO reporting name SS-26 Stone) surface missiles. Since Syrian Air Defense Force teams have already trained in the Russian Federation on the handling of the S-300 interceptor batteries, they can go into service as soon as they are landed by one of Russia's daily airlifts to Syria. Russian air defence officials will supervise their deployment and prepare them for operation.[143] According to President Vladimir Putin, components of the S-300 have been delivered to Syria but the delivery has not been completed.[144] 2 SA-20B (4 batalions), contract 2010, fully prepared in 2012. Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade (armstrade.org/english.shtml) SA-20B actually received in 2013[145]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Almaz/Antei Concern of Air Defence S-300P (NATO SA-10 'Grumble') family of low to high-altitude surface-to-air missile systems". Jane's. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.[permanent dead link]
  2. DEBKAfile. 21 August 2008. Archived from the original
    on 23 August 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Кремль опроверг информацию о готовности РФ поставить Ирану С-300". KM.RU (in Russian). 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  4. ^ "Прекращение производства ЗРС С-300 касается систем С-300ПС и С-300ПМ" [The cessation of production of the S-300 air defense system applies to the S-300PS and S-300PM systems]. armstrade.org (in Russian). 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  5. ^ Kopp, Carlo (25 February 2006). "Almaz S-300 – China's 'Offensive' Air Defense". Strategycenter.net. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  6. ^ "Комплекс С-300В впервые поразил мишени-имитаторы ОТБР" [The S-300V complex for the first time hit OTBR imitators]. army-news.ru (in Russian). 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  7. ^ "Зенитно ракетный комплекс С-300 ПМУ-1" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-300 PMU-1]. kapyar.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d "Зенитно-ракетная система С-300В (СССР/Россия)" [S-300V anti-aircraft missile system (USSR/Russia)]. modernarmy.ru (in Russian). 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Система С-300П" [S-300P system]. soldiering.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  10. ^ a b Berezovsky, Peter F. "Russian Anti-Aircraft Missiles & Systems". Independent Belorussian Site (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e Worldwide Equipment Guide – Volume 2: Airspace and Air Defense Systems (PDF). United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. December 2011. pp. 6-76–6-78, 6-79–6-80 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
  12. ^ "S-300". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  13. ^ a b c Ochsenbein, Adrian (May 2007). "Das Boden- Luft Lenkwaffensystem SA-10 Grumble" (PDF) (in German). Defense Threat Information Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
  14. ^ Biedermann, Gebbert & Kerner 2012, p. 25.
  15. ^ Biedermann, Gebbert & Kerner 2012, p. 62.
  16. ^ a b "S-300PMU". Federation of American Scientists. 30 June 2000. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  17. ^ Biedermann, Gebbert & Kerner 2012, pp. 60–61, 65–67.
  18. ^ a b Biedermann, Gebbert & Kerner 2012, p. 60.
  19. Jane's. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.[permanent dead link
    ]
  20. ^ "5P85 TEL S-300 system SA-10 GRUMBLE (1979)". truck-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  21. ^ a b "HQ-15". Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance. 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018.
  22. ^ "FAVORIT S-300 PMU2 Surface-to-Air Missile System". raspletin.ru. Archived from the original on 27 January 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  23. ^ Ptichkin, Sergey (18 December 2014). "Ракетный комплекс С-300В4 пополнит ВС России" [The S-300V4 missile system will replenish the Russian Armed Forces]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  24. ^ "Зенитная Ракетная Система 9К81 С-300В (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator)" [Anti-aircraft Missile System 9K81 S-300V (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator)]. Vestnik PVO (in Russian). 17 July 2006. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  25. Jane's. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.[permanent dead link
    ]
  26. ^ a b c d "S-300V SA-12A Gladiator and SA-12B Giant, HQ-18". Federation of American Scientists. 30 June 2000. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  27. ^ "Зенитная Ракетная Система 9К81 С-300В (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator)" [Anti-aircraft Missile System 9K81 S-300V (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator)]. Vestnik PVO (in Russian). 11 February 2001. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  28. ^ Damantsev, Evgeny (1 October 2014). "Перевес стратегического баланса сил на Ближнем Востоке снова стремится к России". army-news.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  29. ^ "Зенитная Ракетная Система 9К81 С-300В (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator) – Многоканальная станция наведения ракет 9С32" [Anti-aircraft Missile System 9K81 S-300V (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator) - Multi-channel missile guidance station 9S32]. Vestnik PVO (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  30. ^ Vasily, Nikolay Yakovlevich; Gurinovich, Alexander Leonidovich (2001). Зенитные Ракетные Комплексы [Anti-Aircraft Missile Systems] (PDF) (in Russian). p. 271.
  31. ^ a b "Зенитно-ракетная система С-300В / С-300ВМ Антей-2500" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-300V / S-300VM Antey-2500] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  32. ^ "Модернизация до уровня ЗРС С-300В4 ПВО сухопутных войск полностью завершится в 2012 году" [Modernization to the level of the S-300V4 air defense system of the ground forces will be fully completed in 2012] (in Russian). 28 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  33. ^ Valagin, Anton (19 May 2016). "С-300 обновили до С-400" [С-300 обновили до С-400]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  34. ^ Plopsky, Guy (19 January 2017). "Are Russia's Lethal S-400 SAMs Equipped with the Latest Long-Range Missiles?". The National Interest. Center for the National Interest. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  35. ^ "Задача трудная, но решаемая" [The task is difficult, but solvable]. vko.ru (in Russian). 7 February 2015. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  36. ^ a b "МО РФ: ЗРС С300В4 подтвердила способность поражать цели до 400 км" [Russian Defense Ministry: S300V4 air defense system confirmed the ability to hit targets up to 400 km] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  37. ^ Ptichkin, Sergey (6 October 2016). "Создана новая зенитная система 'Антей-4000'" [Created a new anti-aircraft system 'Antey-4000']. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  38. ^ Kopp, Carlo (April 2012). "Almaz-Antey 40R6 / S-400 Triumf Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-21 Самоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 40Р6 / С-400 "Триумф"". Air Power Australia. p. 1. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  39. ^ a b c d "Зенитные ракетные системы и комплексы" [Anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes] (in Russian). Almaz-Antey Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  40. ^ a b c d Alesin, Alexander (17 October 2011). "С-300 способны бить по наземным целям. Но белорусы их этому не учили" [S-300s are capable of hitting ground targets. But the Belarusians did not teach them this]. Belorusskiye Novosti (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  41. ^ "Зенитные ракетные системы ряда С-300П" [Anti-aircraft missile systems of the S-300P series]. raspletin.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 May 2013.
  42. ^ a b Kopp, Carlo (May 2011). "76N6 Clam Shell Low Altitude Acquisition Radar". Air Power Australia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  43. ^ "Зенитная Ракетная Система С-300П (SA-10B GRUMBLE) – Зенитный ракетный комплекс С-300ПТ 'Бирюса'" [S-300P Anti-Aircraft Missile System (SA-10B GRUMBLE) – S-300PT 'Biryusa' Anti-Aircraft Missile System]. Vestnik PVO (in Russian). 2 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Zaloga 2023, p. 21
  45. ^ a b Zaloga 2023, p. 10
  46. ^ a b "Зенитная Ракетная Система С-300П (SA-10B GRUMBLE)" [S-300P Anti-Aircraft Missile System (SA-10B GRUMBLE)]. Vestnik PVO (in Russian). 2 March 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  47. ^ a b Zaloga 2023, p. 13
  48. ^ Zaloga 2023, p. 17
  49. ^ a b c d Zaloga 2023, p. 38
  50. ^ a b Zaloga 2023, pp. 36, 40
  51. ^ a b c Zaloga 2023, p. 36
  52. ^ a b Ochsenbein, Adrian (May 2006). "Das Boden- Luft Lenkwaffensystem SA-21 Growler" (PDF) (in German). Defense Threat Information Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2006.
  53. ^ Zaloga 2023, p. 28
  54. ^ "Надувные макеты на службе армии" [Inflatable dummies in the service of the army]. army-news.ru (in Russian). 25 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  55. ^ Kopp, Carlo (10 June 2009). "Air Defence System Defensive Aids". Air Power Australia. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  56. ^ Kopp, Carlo (27 May 2009). "Russian/Soviet/WarPac Ground Based ECM Systems". Air Power Australia. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  57. ^ O'Connor, Sean (4 January 2010). "Soviet/Russian SAM Site Configuration Part 2". Air Power Australia. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  58. ^ a b "Зенитно-ракетная система C-300ПС (C-300ПМУ)" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-300PS (S-300PMU)]. new-factoria.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  59. ^ a b c "Зенитно-ракетная система C-300 ПМУ-1" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-300 PMU-1] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  60. ^ "Air defense missile systems and complexes". Almaz-Antey Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  61. ^ a b "Зенитный ракетный комплекс Patriot PAC-3" [Anti-aircraft missile system Patriot PAC-3] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  62. ^ a b c "Характеристики cеверокорейской РН "Ынха-3" и фото спутника "Кванменсон-3"" [Characteristics of the North Korean launch vehicle 'Eunha-3' and a photo of the satellite 'Kwangmenson-3'] (in Russian). 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  63. ^ a b c d e Parsch, Andreas (25 June 2009). "Lockheed Martin Patriot PAC-3". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  64. ^ a b c d e "Сравнение характеристик ЗРК С-300 ПМУ-1 и Пэтриот" [Comparison of the characteristics of the S-300 PMU-1 and Patriot air defense systems] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  65. ^ a b "Пэтриот" [Patriot] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  66. ^ a b "S-300PMU-2 Favorit". military-today.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  67. ^ "S-300V". military-today.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  68. ^ "Зенитно-ракетная система C-300 ПМУ-2 'Фаворит'" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-300 PMU-2 'Favorite'] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  69. ^ a b "С-300 (SA-10, Grumble), зенитная ракетная система и ее модификации" [S-300 (SA-10, Grumble), anti-aircraft missile system and its modifications]. arms-expo.ru (in Russian). 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  70. ^ Ptichkin, Sergey (21 February 2013). "20 лет назад Вооруженные силы России потрясли мировое сообщество" [20 years ago, the Russian Armed Forces shocked the world community]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  71. ^ "Зенитно-ракетная система С-300В / С-300ВМ Антей-2500" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-300V / S-300VM Antey-2500]. new-factoria.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  72. ^ a b "Зенитная ракетная система С-400 'Триумф' в 3 раза эффективнее аналогов" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-400 'Triumph' is 3 times more effective than analogues]. Rosbalt (in Russian). 3 August 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  73. Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original
    on 10 June 2007.
  74. ^ "Словацкие радары ЗРК С-300ПМУ примут участие в учениях НАТО" [Slovak S-300PMU radars will take part in NATO exercises]. Vestnik PVO (in Russian). 22 July 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  75. ^ "Israel 'close to deal on F-35'". United Press International. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  76. ^ "U.S.: 'Russia has had S-300 in Abkhazia for Past 2 Years'". Civil Georgia. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  77. ^ Karnozov, Vladimir (25 November 2015). "Turkey Takes Action Against Russia's Syrian Air War". Aviation International News. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  78. ^ "Russia Begins Missile System Delivery to Syria, Warns West on Peace Talks". Voice of America. Reuters. 28 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  79. ^ Irish, John; Nichols, Michelle (28 September 2018). "Russia begins missile system delivery to Syria, warns West on peace talks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  80. ^ Nikolskaya, Polina; Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (25 September 2018). "Russia to give Syria S-300 air defense after accusations against Israel". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  81. ^ Egozi, Arie (9 June 2020). "Unanswered Israeli Air Strikes Against Syria Raise S-400 Questions". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  82. ^ "Syria says Russian missile defence system 'ineffective'". Middle East Monitor. 1 May 2020.
  83. ^ Rogoway, Tyler; Parsons, Dan (16 May 2022). "S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile Fired At Israeli Jets Over Syria For First Time: Report". The Drive. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  84. ^ "In First, Russia's S-300 Fired 13 Missiles At Israeli F-16I Over Syrian Airspace, All 13 Missiles Failed!". Global Defense Corp. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  85. ^ Shoval, Lilach (17 May 2022). "Report: In first, Russian S-300 battery fires at Israeli jets over Syria". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  86. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (26 July 2022). "Russia fired S-300 at Israeli jets over Syria in 'one-off' incident, Gantz confirms". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  87. ^ Aliyev, Jeyhun (29 September 2020). "Armenia moving S-300 missile systems to border areas". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020.
  88. ^ "Baku vows to destroy Armenian S-300 missile systems if they turn up in Nagorno-Karabakh". TASS. 29 September 2020.
  89. ^ "Azerbaijani forces claim destruction of Armenian air missile system in Karabakh". TASS. 30 September 2020.
  90. ^ Rehimov, Ruslan (30 September 2020). "Azerbaijan neutralizes 2,300 Armenian soldiers". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
  91. ^ Demourian, Avet (1 October 2020). "Armenia says it shot down Azerbaijani drone near capital". CTV News. Associated Press.
  92. ^ Trevithick, Joseph (2 October 2020). "Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia". The Drive.
  93. Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan
    . 18 October 2020.
  94. ^ "Armenia's S-300 anti-aircraft missile system destroyed – VIDEO". Defence.az. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  95. ^ "Azerbaycan, Ermenistan'a ait S-300 uçaksavar füze sistemini yerle bir etti" [Azerbaijan destroys Armenian S-300 anti-aircraft missile system]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). Demirören News Agency. 17 October 2020.
  96. ^ a b Axe, David (8 April 2022). "Ukraine Is Losing Several S-300 Anti-Air Launchers A Week. But It Still Has Hundreds Left". Forbes. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  97. ^ Chalfant, Morgan (8 April 2022). "US to send Patriot system to Slovakia to offset S-300 transfer to Ukraine". The Hill. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  98. ^ Muller, Robert (8 April 2022). "Slovakia sends its air defence system to Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  99. ^ Venckunas, Valius (12 April 2022). "Russia sees return of Iran's S-300s to use in Ukraine – reports". Aerotime. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  100. ^ Kuleba, Dmytro [@DmytroKuleba] (13 April 2022). "Call with FM Hossein Amir Abdollahian. Iran stands against Russia's war on Ukraine, supports a diplomatic solution. Grateful to FM Abdollahian for refuting allegations of arms transfers to Russia with the help of Iranian companies, as well as for the medical team sent to Ukraine" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  101. ^ Newdick, Thomas (8 July 2022). "Russia Now Firing S-300 Surface-To-Air Missiles At Land Targets In Ukraine: Official". The Drive. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  102. ^ Malsin, Jared (30 September 2022). "Ukrainian Forces Move to Surround Russian Troops in Key City as Putin Lays Claim to Regions". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  103. ^ a b Cheetham, Josh; Partridge, Chris; Spencer, Thomas; Horton, Jake; Palumbo, Daniele (14 October 2022). "War in Ukraine: Is Russia's stock of weapons running low?". BBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  104. ^ "Biden said Ukraine air defence missile responsible for Poland blast - NATO source". Reuters. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  105. ^ "Russia says Ukraine's S-300 air defence missile behind Poland blast". South China Morning Post. Reuters. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  106. ^ Pfaffenbach, Kai (15 April 2023). "Eleven killed in Russian strike, Ukraine rescue teams sift through wreckage". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  107. ^ Voitovych, Olga (6 January 2024). "Eleven killed including five children in Russian strikes on eastern Ukrainian town". CNN. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  108. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from the original
    on 10 November 2010.
  109. ^ Kopp, Carlo (June 2011). "Proliferation of Advanced Surface to Air Missiles". Air Power Australia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  110. ^ "S-300P (SA-10 Grumble)". MissileThreat.com. Claremont Institute. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  111. Azatutyun. Archived
    from the original on 24 August 2023.
  112. ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  113. Jane's. 14 June 2006. Archived from the original
    on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  114. ^ Michaletos, Ionannis (12 November 2005). "Balkan Defence Overview: Developments and Prospects". Balkanalysis.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  115. ^ Gao, Charlie (15 June 2021). "HQ-9: China's Alternative to Russia's S-300 Missile Defense System". The National Interest.
  116. ^ "Hongqi-10 (HQ-10)". MissileThreat.com. Claremont Institute. 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  117. ^ "S-300PMU (SA-10) Air Defence Missile System". SinoDefence.com. 5 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  118. ^ Nkala, Oscar (24 November 2015). "Egypt, Russia Negotiating Missile Sale". Defense News. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  119. ^ Nikolsky, Alexey (24 September 2014). "'Рособоронэкспорт' поставит в Египет зенитные системы С-300ВМ" [Rosoboronexport to supply S-300VM anti-aircraft systems to Egypt]. Vedomosti (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  120. ^ "Источник: Россия поставит Египту полк систем ПВО 'Антей-2500' до конца 2016 года" [Source: Russia to supply Egypt with Antey-2500 air defense system regiment by the end of 2016] (in Russian). TASS. 6 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  121. ^ "В вооружениях не стесняться". Kommersant (in Russian). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  122. ^ "'Те, кто сегодня критикует Иран, будут бороться за него'". Kommersant (in Russian). 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  123. ^ "Россия ведет с Турцией и Египтом переговоры по продаже С-400" [Russia in talks with Turkey and Egypt for the sale of the S-400] (in Russian). NEWSru. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  124. ^ "S-300 PMU1". Hellenic Air Force. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  125. ^ "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  126. ^ "Βολή Οπλικού Συστήματος S-300 – AT 103/2013" [Firing of S-300 Weapon System - AT 103/2013]. Hellenic Airforce (in Greek). 13 December 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  127. ^ "Greece conducts first test launch of S-300 missile system". Airforce Technology. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  128. ^ Iddon, Paul (19 December 2022). "Ukraine May Finally Get Greece's Russian S-300 Missiles". Forbes. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  129. ^ "Μητσοτάκης: Δεν θα στείλουμε S-300 στην Ουκρανία" [Mitsotakis: We will not send S-300 to Ukraine]. Proto Thema (in Greek). [The Prime Minister replied categorically, saying that there is no question of sending the S-300 air defence missile systems to Ukraine and added that any support to Ukraine would not be at the expense of the country's defence.]
  130. ^ Nedos, Vassilis (22 February 2023). "No transfer of S-300s to Ukraine". Ekathimerini. Retrieved 3 March 2024. Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis expressed Greece's clear refusal to the possibility of sending Russian-made S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems to Ukraine during a dinner in honor of US Secretary of State Antony Blinken's visit to Athens on Monday evening.
  131. ^ O'Connor, Sean (13 July 2017). "Iran deploys S-300 to Bushehr". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  132. ^ "Казахстан получит бесплатно до десяти комплексов С-300" [Kazakhstan will receive up to ten S-300 complexes free of charge] (in Russian). Vesti.kz. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  133. ^ Kovalenko, Olga (4 March 2009). "Казахстан и РФ подписали контракт на поставку дивизионов С-300" [Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract for the supply of S-300 divisions] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  134. ^ "Россия безвозмездно поставит Казахстану пять дивизионов ЗРС С-300" [Russia will supply Kazakhstan with five divisions of S-300 air defense systems free of charge] (in Russian). Interfax. 31 January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  135. ^ "Минобороны РФ безвозмездно передало Казахстану пять зенитно-ракетных комплексов" [The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation donated five anti-aircraft missile systems to Kazakhstan] (in Russian). TASS. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  136. ^ "N.Korea 'Successfully Test Fired Short-Range Missile'". The Chosun Ilbo. 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  137. ISSN 0459-7222
    .
  138. ^ "SA-20 GARGOYLE / S-300 /PMU/2/3". Warfare.be. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  139. ^ "Россия прекращает выпуск ракетных комплексов С-300 и готовится участвовать в евроПРО с новейшими С-500" [Russia stops production of S-300 missile systems and prepares to participate in European missile defense with the latest S-500] (in Russian). NEWSru. 15 August 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  140. ^ Zaremba, Stakhiy (28 March 2012). "Модернизация до уровня ЗРС С-300В4 ПВО сухопутных войск полностью завершится в 2012 году" (in Russian). Оружие России. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  141. ^ "Минобороны РФ подписало трехлетний контракт на поставку ЗРС С-300В4" [The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation signed a three-year contract for the supply of S-300V4 air defense systems] (in Russian). Warsonline.info. 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  142. ^ "В Дамаске будут следить за переговорами Путина и Кэмерона" [Damascus to monitor talks between Putin and Cameron] (in Russian). Russia-24. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  143. ^ Walker, Shaun; McDonald-Gibson, Charlotte; Morris, Nigel (29 May 2013). "Russia stokes fears of an arms race with threat to deliver anti-aircraft missiles to Syria's Assad regime". The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  144. ^ "Putin warns West on Syria". POLITICO. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  145. ^ "ЦАМТО: Сирийские ЗРС С-300 достигнут боеготовности не ранее конца 2014 года" [TsAMTO: Syrian S-300 air defense systems will reach combat readiness no earlier than the end of 2014]. Vzglyad (in Russian). 4 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  146. ^ "Syria to get Russia's S-300 air-defense missile system within two weeks". TASS. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018.
  147. ^ "Гутенев: реакция Израиля на инцидент с Ил-20 вынудила РФ на поставки С-300 в Сирию - ТАСС" [Gutenev: Israel's reaction to the Il-20 incident forced Russia to supply S-300s to Syria] (in Russian). TASS. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018.
  148. ^ "Россия передаст Сирии С-300 в течение двух недель" [Russia to hand over S-300 to Syria within two weeks]. Kommersant (in Russian). 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018.
  149. ^ "Путин обсудил с Асадом поставки российских комплексов С-300 в Сирию" [Putin discussed the supply of Russian S-300 systems to Syria with Assad] (in Russian). TASS. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018.
  150. ^ "Израиль может попытаться помешать поставке С-300 в Сирию, считает эксперт" [Israel may try to prevent the supply of S-300 to Syria, expert says] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018.
  151. ^ "Russia completes delivery of S-300 system to Syria". Reuters. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  152. ^ Binnie, Jeremy; Ripley, Tim (5 October 2018). "Russia announces Syrian S-300 delivery". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  153. ^ "Three Russian S-300PM battalion sets delivered to Syria free of charge – source". TASS. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  154. ^ "Air defense machinery and equipment". Ukrspecexport. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020.
  155. ^ "Украинская рулетка: 20-летние С-300 попадают в цель один раз из четырех | Ракетная техника" [Ukrainian roulette: 20-year-old S-300s hit the target once in four] (in Russian). 22 December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  156. UNIAN. 6 September 2016. Archived
    from the original on 7 September 2016.
  157. ^ "Путин рассказал про украинские С-300 в Крыму. Что с ними стало?" [Putin spoke about Ukrainian S-300s in Crimea. What happened to them?]. Moskovskij Komsomolets (in Russian). 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  158. ^ "Boosting Ukraine's anti-air batteries proves easier said than done". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  159. ^ Episkopos, Mark (24 March 2022). "Russia Claims Another Kill on Ukrainian S-300 Air Defense Systems". The National Interest. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  160. ^ "Slovakia says it has given S-300 air defence system to Ukraine". Al Jazeera English. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  161. ^ Kroth, Olivia (22 June 2012). "Venezuela's partnership with Russia: An emblematic step". Pravda.ru. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012.
  162. ^ "Indigo Guevara Venezuela receives its First S-300VM". Jane's Defence Weekly. 10 April 2013. p. C 6.
  163. ^ Blagov, Sergei (5 September 2003). "Russian missiles to guard sky over Vietnam". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  164. ^ "96Л6-1 / 96Л6Е Всевысотный обнаружитель" [96L6-1 / 96L6E All-altitude detector]. militaryrussia.ru (in Russian). 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  165. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (10 August 2016). "Vietnam Deploys Precision-Guided Rocket Artillery in South China Sea". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  166. ^ "Wojska Rakietowe Obrony Powietrznej Czechosłowacji" [Air Defense Missile Forces of Czechoslovakia] (in Polish). March 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  167. ^ Biedermann, Gebbert & Kerner 2012, pp. 19, 117–120.
  168. ^ Biedermann, Gebbert & Kerner 2012, pp. 144–151.
  169. ^ Biedermann, Gebbert & Kerner 2012, pp. 20, 151.
  170. ISSN 1336-1910. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  171. ^ Muller, Robert (8 April 2022). "Slovakia gives S-300 air defence system to Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  172. ^ "Продажа комплекса С-300: расследование" [Sale of the S-300 complex: investigation]. Kommersant (in Russian). 9 March 1995. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  173. ^ "Соло на органе из ракетных труб" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 20 September 2006. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2015.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to S-300.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S-300_missile_system&oldid=1220042189"