Ibn Abbas

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(Redirected from
Abd Allah ibn Abbas
)
Not to be confused with Abbas ibn Ali.
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās
عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن عَبَّاس
TitleHabr Al-Ummah
Personal
Born
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās

c. 619 CE
Masjid Abdullah ibn Abbas, At-Ta'if
ReligionIslam
Known forInterpretation of the Qur'an
Other names
  • Al-Hibr ("The Doctor")
  • Al-Bahr ("The Sea")
OccupationExpert in Tafsir, with interests in the Qur'an, Sunnah, Hadith and Tafsir[1] during the Islamic golden age
Relatives
List
(cousin)
Influences
Muhammad
Influenced
Muslim leader
Disciple of
concubine
)
Children
Sons:
  • Al-Abbas
  • Ali
  • Muhammad
  • Ubayd Allah
  • Al-Fadl
  • Sa'd

Daughters:

  • Lubabah
  • Asma (the latter's mother was the concubine)
Parents

ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās (

Arabic: عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن عَبَّاس; c. 619 – 687 CE), also known as Ibn ʿAbbās, was one of the cousins of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is considered to be the greatest mufassir of the Qur'an.[7][8]

He was the son of

Muhammad's wife. During the early struggles for the caliphate he supported Ali, and was made governor of Basra. He withdrew to Mecca shortly afterwards. During the reign of Mu'awiya I he lived in Hejaz and often travelled to Damascus. After Mu'awiya I died in 680 CE he fled to At-Ta'if, where he died in around 687 CE.[7][9]

'Abd Allah ibn Abbas was highly regarded for his knowledge of traditions and his critical interpretation of the Qur'an. From early on, he gathered information from other

companions of Muhammad and gave classes and wrote commentaries.[7]

Biography

Masjid Abdullah bin Abbas (21°16′13.31″N 40°24′30.48″E / 21.2703639°N 40.4084667°E / 21.2703639; 40.4084667) in the Hejazi city of At-Ta'if

Family

He was the third son of a wealthy merchant, Al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, thus he was called Ibn Abbas (the son of Abbas). His mother was

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad's wife.[10]

The father of Ibn Abbas and the father of Muhammad were both sons of

Shaiba ibn Hashim, better known as 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib. Shaiba bin Hashim's father was Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, the progenitor of the clain of Banu Hashim of the tribe of Quraysh in Mecca.[citation needed
]

619–632: Muhammad's era

Ibn Abbas was born in 3 BH (619–620 C.E.) and his mother took him to Muhammad before he had begun to suckle. This event represented the beginning of a close relationship between them.[1]

As he grew up, he was by Muhammad's side doing different services like fetching water for

his teaching.[1]

Muhammad's statement

Main article:
Hadith of the pen and paper

In AH 10 (631/632), Muhammad fell into his last illness. During this period, the Hadith of the pen and paper was reported, with Ibn Abbas as the first-level narrator, at that time about twelve years old.[13] Days after that, Abbas and Ali supported Muhammad's weight on their shoulder, as Muhammad was too weak to walk unaided.[14]

632–634: Abu Bakr's era

Inheritance from Muhammad

Main article: Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance

Ibn 'Abbas was thirteen years old when Muhammad died. After Abu Bakr came to power, Ibn Abbas and his father were among those who unsuccessfully requested part of Muhammad's inheritance.[citation needed] Abu Bakr said that he had heard Muhammad say that prophets do not leave inheritance behind as a divine rule.[citation needed]

Continued education

After Muhammad's era, he continued to collect and learn Muhammad's teaching from Muhammad's companions (

Sahaba), especially those who knew him the longest. He would consult multiple Sahaba to confirm narrations, and would go to as many as thirty Companions to verify a single matter,[1] once he heard that a Sahaba knew a hadith unknown to him:[1]
A
Abd Allah ibn Abbas reports:[citation needed
]

...I went to him during the time of the afternoon siesta and spread my cloak in front of his door. The wind blew dust on me (as I sat waiting for him). If I wished I could have sought his permission to enter and he would certainly have given me permission. But I preferred to wait on him so that he could be completely refreshed. Coming out of his house and seeing me in that condition he said, 'O cousin of the Prophet! What's the matter with you? If you had sent for me I would have come to you.' 'I am the one who should come to you, for knowledge is sought, it does not just come,' I said. I asked him about the hadith and learnt from him.


In addition to his own scholarship, Ibn Abbas was a teacher. His house from where he taught became the equivalent of a university.[1]

One of his companions described a typical scene in front of his house:

I saw people converging on the roads leading to his house until there was hardly any room in front of his house. I went in and told him about the crowds of people at his door and he said: 'Get me water for wudu.'

He performed wudu and, seating himself, said: 'Go out and say to them: Whoever wants to ask about the Qur'an and its letters (pronunciation) let him enter.'

This I did and people entered until the house was filled. Whatever he was asked, Abdullah was able to elucidate and even provide additional information to what was asked. Then (to his students) he said: 'Make way for your brothers.'

Then to me he said: 'Go out and say: Who wants to ask about the Quran and its interpretation, let him enter'.

Again the house was filled and Abdullah elucidated and provided more information than what was requested.[1]

He held classes on one single subject each day. His classes covered topics such as tafsir,

Arabic language and etymology.[1]

634–644: Umar's era

Advising Umar

Umar often sought the advice of Ibn Abbas on important matters of state and described him as a "young man of maturity":[1]

A

Sahih reports:[citation needed
]

Abd-al-Rahman ibn Awf[15]
) felt it (did not like that) and said to Umar: "Why do you bring in this boy to sit with us, while we have sons like him?"

Umar replied "Because of what you know of his position" (i.e. his religious knowledge).

One day Umar called me and made me sit in the gathering of those people, and I think that he called me just to show them (my religious knowledge). 'Umar then asked them in my presence: 'What do you say about the interpretation of the statement of Allah'.

When comes help of God, and the conquest...

Some of them said: "We are ordered to praise God and ask for His forgiveness, when God's help and the conquest comes to us". Some others kept quiet and did not say anything. On that Umar asked me: "Do you say the same, O Ibn Abbas?" I replied: "No". He said: "What do you say then?" I replied: "That is the sign of the death of Prophet Muhammad, which God informed him of. God said:

(O Muhammad) when comes the help of God (to you against your enemies) and the conquest (which is the sign of your death) – you should celebrate the praises of your Lord and ask for His forgiveness, and He is the One who accepts the repentance and forgives". On that Umar said: "I do not know anything about it other than what you have said".


The Sahaba

Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas
said:

I have never seen someone who was quicker in understanding, who had more knowledge and greater wisdom than Ibn Abbas. I have seen Umar summon him to discuss difficult problems in the presence of veterans of Badr from among the Muhajirin and Ansar. Ibn Abbas would speak and Umar would not disregard what he had to say.[1]

656–661: Ali's era

Battle of Siffin

Main article: Battle of Siffin

Ibn Abbas remained a staunch supporter of his cousin Ali ibn Abu Talib during his war with Muawiyah, including at the Battle of Siffin. He had also been given the position of governor of Basra during Ali's reign as Caliph.[citation needed]

A large group of Ali's army were discontented with the outcome of Ali's war with Muawiyah, and broke off into a separate group that became known as the Khawarij or

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.[1]

680–683: Yazid's era

Sunnis believe that ibn Abbas was in favour of the unity of the Muslims and hence did not revolt against rulers. He advised Husayn ibn Ali against his proposed expedition to Kufa that ended at Karbala.

Wives and children

By a Yemenite princess named Zahra bint Mishrah, Ibn Abbas had seven children:

  1. Al-Abbas, the first born, who was childless.
  2. Umayyads
    as rulers of Caliphate in 750.
  3. Muhammad, who was childless.
  4. Ubaydullah, who was childless.
  5. Al-Fadl, who was childless. (Riverine Sudanese trace their ancestry to al-Fadl through a son named Saeed, whose mother is said to be from the Ansar).
  6. Saad had two children
  7. Lubaba, who married Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Jaafar and had descendants.

He had another daughter, Asma, by a concubine; she married her cousin Abdullah ibn Ubaydullah ibn Abbas and had two sons.[16]

Hadith transmitted

Ibn Abbas narrated that Muhammad said, "Two favours are treated unjustly by most people: health and free time." (from

Tirmidhi, ibn Majah and al-Nasa'i)[citation needed
]

Ibn Abbas reported: Muhammad said, "He who does not memorize any part from the Qur'an, he is like the ruined house." (from Tirmidhi)[citation needed]

On the authority of Ibn Abbas, who said, "One day I was behind (i.e. riding behind him on the same mount) the Prophet and he said to me: 'Young man, I shall teach you some words (of advice). Be mindful of Allah, and Allah will protect you. Be mindful of Allah, and you will find Him in front of you. If you ask, ask of Allah; if you seek help, seek help of Allah. Know that if the nations were to gather together to benefit you with anything, they would benefit you only with something that Allah had already prescribed for you, and if they gather together to harm you with anything, they would harm you only with something Allah had already prescribed for you. The pens have been lifted and the pages have dried." (from Tirmidhi)

Al Hakim records on the authority of ibn Abbas that Muhammad advanced, carrying upon his back

Hassan ibn Ali, and a man met him and said, 'an excellent steed thou ridest, lad!'. Muhammad replied, 'and he is an excellent rider.'[citation needed
]

Ali ibn Husam Adin (commonly known as al-Mutaki al-Hindi) records that ibn Abbas narrated that Muhammad said the following about his deceased aunt Fatima, the mother of Ali: "I (Muhammad) put on her my shirt that she may wear the clothes of heaven, and I lay in her grave that I may lessen the pressure of the grave. She was the best of Allah’s creatures to me after Abu Talib".[citation needed]

Legacy

Masruq ibn al Ajda said of him:

Whenever I saw Ibn Abbas, I would say: He is the most handsome of men. When he spoke, I would say: He is the most eloquent of men. And when he held a conversation, I would say: He is the most knowledgeable of men."

Ibn Abbās, which subsequently became widely accepted.[17][18]

Descendants

Quraysh tribe
Waqida bint AmrAbd Manaf ibn QusaiĀtikah bint Murrah
Muṭṭalib ibn Abd Manaf
HashimSalma bint Amr
Umayya ibn Abd ShamsʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib
Abū Lahab
ʿAbd Allāh
ʿAli ibn ʿAbdallāh
Marwanids
 al-Ḥasan
Abbasids
)
al-Saffāḥ
al-Mansur

Views

Ibn Abbas viewed that Tafsir can be divided in four categories:[19]

  • The category the Arabs knew because of its language
  • Those of ignorance, of which no one will be excused
  • Those the scholars know
  • Those no one knows except
    Arabic
    : الله Allāh)

Sunni view him as the most knowledgeable of the

two Sahihs.[1][20][page needed
]

Regarding Ibn Abbas giving verdicts (

Hadith of Ibn al-Zubayr and Mut'ah.[21]

Sunnis describe thus:

... the courageous Abdullah showed that he preferred peace above war, and logic against force and violence. However, he was not only known for his courage, his perceptive thought and his vast knowledge. He was also known for his great generosity and hospitality. Some of his contemporaries said of his household: "We have not seen a house with more food or drink or fruit or knowledge than the house of Ibn Abbas."

He had a genuine and abiding concern for people. He was thoughtful and caring. He once said: "When I realize the importance of a verse of God's Book, I would wish that all people should know what I know.

"When I hear of a Muslim ruler who deals equitably and rules justly, I am happy on his account and I pray for him...

"When I hear of rains that fall on the land of Muslims, that fills me with happiness..."

Abdullah ibn Abbas was constant in his devotions. He kept voluntary fasts regularly and often stayed up at night in Prayer. He would weep while praying and reading the Quran. And when reciting verses dealing with death, resurrection and the life hereafter his voice would be heavy from deep sobbing.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q biography Archived 2009-05-28 at archive.today on the MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts
  2. ^ "PAR246 Hadith Criticism". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  3. Jewish Encyclopedia [1]
  4. ^ Media Monitors Network, A Few Comments on Tafsir of the Quran, Habib Siddiqui October 2004
  5. ^ Mashahir, 99-Too; Ghaya, 1. 283; Abu Nuʿaym, II. 105-19; Kashif, I. 235; Ibn Marthad 41-3
  6. ^ usulgloss2 Archived November 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8
    .
  8. ISBN 0810861615
    .
  9. ^ There is uncertainty as to the actual year of his death. Some sources state either 687 or 688.
  10. ^ Marriage to a 'past': Parents should not reject a proposal without a good reason – and being a revert with a past is not an acceptable one
  11. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 9:92:375
  12. ^ Sahih Muslim (#6523)
  13. ^ Regarding Omar's Refusal to Give the Prophet a Pen to Write his Will!!![permanent dead link]
  14. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:197, 1:11:634, 3:47:761,5:59:727
  15. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:821
  16. ^ Tabari, vol. 39, pp. 54-55.
  17. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
    , Vol. 1
  18. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, Vol. 1, Brill
  19. ^ Interpreting The Text
  20. ^ Reliance of the Traveller by Ahmad al-Misr, (A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law), translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, published by Amana publications, Beltsville, Maryland, USA 1991
  21. Muhammad ash-Shawkani
    , Sharh Hidaya Volume 3 p. 51

External links

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