Mawlid
Mawlid | |
---|---|
Na`at (religious poetry), family and other social gatherings, decoration of streets and homes | |
Date | 12 Rabi' al-awwal |
Frequency | once every Hijri year |
Part of a series on |
Muhammad |
---|
Mawlid (
The history of this celebration goes back to the early days of Islam when some of the
Most denominations of Islam approve of the commemoration of Muhammad's birthday;[6][7] The Mawlid observance is generally approved of across the four Sunni schools of law, Shi'ism, and by mainstream Islamic scholarship.[8] Mawlid is recognized as a national holiday in most of the Muslim-majority countries of the world except Saudi Arabia and Qatar which are officially Salafi.[9][10][11] Some denominations including
Etymology
Mawlid is derived from the Arabic root word ولد, meaning to give birth, bear a child, descendant.[13] In contemporary usage, Mawlid refers to the observance of the day of birth of Muhammad.[14] Along with being referred to as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad, the term Mawlid refers to the 'text especially composed for and recited at Muhammad's nativity celebration' or "a text recited or sung on that day".[15] The term Mawlid is also used in some parts of the world, such as Egypt, as a generic term for the day someone was born celebrations of other historical religious figures such as Sufi saints.[5]
Date
According to the majority of
History
In early days of Islam, observation of
The early celebrations, included elements of Sufi influence, with animal sacrifices and torchlight processions along with public sermons and a feast.[6][30] The celebrations occurred during the day, in contrast to modern day observances, with the ruler playing a key role in the ceremonies.[31] Emphasis was given to the Ahl al-Bayt with presentation of sermons and recitations of the Qur'an.[32]
The exact origins of the Mawlid is difficult to trace.
According to the hypothesis of Nico Kaptein of
It has been suggested that the celebration was introduced into the city Ceuta by Abu al-Abbas al-Azafi as a way of strengthening the Muslim community and to counteract Christian festivals.[43][44]
Start of a public holiday
In 1207, the Turkic general
Country | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | National | [48] |
Algeria | National | [49] |
Australia | Regional ( Cocos (Keeling) Islands) | [50] |
Bahrain | National | [51] |
Bangladesh | National | [52] |
Brunei | National | [53] |
Chad | National | [54] |
Comoros | National | [55] |
Djibouti | National | [56] |
Egypt | National | [57] |
Ethiopia | National | [58] |
Gambia | National | [59] |
Guinea | National | [60] |
India | Regional ( Tamil Nadu) | [61] |
Indonesia | National | [62] |
Iran | National | [63] |
Iraq | National | [64] |
Ivory Coast | National | [65] |
Jordan | National | [66] |
Kuwait | National | [67] |
Lebanon | National | [68] |
Libya | National | [69] |
Malaysia | National | [70] |
Maldives | National | [71] |
Mali | National | [72] |
Mauritania | National | [73] |
Morocco | National | [74] |
Niger | National | [75] |
Nigeria | National | [76] |
Oman | National | [77] |
Pakistan | National | [78] |
Palestine | National | [79] |
Senegal | National | [80] |
Sierra Leone | National | [81] |
Somalia | National | [82] |
Sudan | National | [83] |
Syria | National | [84] |
Tanzania | National | [85] |
Tunisia | National | [86] |
UAE | National | [87] |
Yemen | National | [88] |
Observances
Where
Mawlid is celebrated in almost all Islamic countries, and in other countries that have a significant Muslim population, such as Ethiopia, India, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Iraq, Iran, Maldives, Morocco, Jordan, Libya, Russia[89] and Canada.[90] Hari Maulaud Nabi is a public holiday in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.[91]
In the last decades of the late 20th century there has been a trend to "forbid or discredit" Mawlid because of the rise of
Sunni celebration
The first Sunni mawlid celebration that we have a detailed description of was sponsored by Saladin's general, Muzaffar al-Din Kokburi (Gökböri) and included the slaughtering of thousands of animals for a banquet which is believed to have cost 300,000 dirhams.[94]
The presence of guests and the distribution of monetary gifts at mawlid festivals had an important social function as they symbolized "concretizing ties of patronage and dramatizing the benevolence of the ruler" and also held religious significance, as "issues of spending and feeding were pivotal both to the religious and social function of the celebration."[95][page needed]
Often organized in some countries by the Sunni Sufi orders,
Theological pros and cons
Early fatwas and criticisms of the mawlid have taken issue with the "possibility of coerced giving" as hosts often took monetary contributions from their guests for festival costs.[95][page needed]
Jurists often conceptualized the observance of Muhammad's day of birth as a "form of reciprocation for God's bestowal of the Prophet Muhammad" as a way of justifying celebrations.
By country
Pakistan
During Pakistan's Mawlid, the day starts with a 31-gun salute in federal capital and a 21-gun salute at the provincial capitals and religious hymns are sung during the day.[99]
Indonesia
In many parts of
Tunisia
In Qayrawan, Tunisia, Muslims sing and chant hymns of praise to Muhammad, welcoming him in honor of his birth.[102] Also, generally in Tunisia, people usually prepare Assidat Zgougou to celebrate the Mawlid.[103]
Turkey
In Turkey, Mawlid is widely celebrated. It is referred to as Mevlid Kandili in Turkish, which means "the candle feast for the Prophet's day of birth".[104] Traditional poems regarding Muhammad's life are recited both in public mosques and at home in the evening.[105] The most celebrated of these is the Mawlid of Süleyman Çelebi.[106][107][108] Plenty of other mawlids were written in Ottoman times.[109]
India
Among non-Muslim countries, India is noted for its Mawlid festivities.[110] The relics of Muhammad are displayed after the morning prayers in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir at the Hazratbal Shrine, where night-long prayers are also held.[111] Hyderabad Telangana is noted for its grand milad festivities. Religious meetings, night-long prayers, rallies, parades and decorations are made throughout the city.[112]
Mawlid texts
Along with being referred to as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad, the term Mawlid also refers to the 'text especially composed for and recited at Muhammad's nativity celebration' or "a text recited or sung on that day".[15] Such poems have been written in many languages, including Arabic, Kurdish and Turkish.[113] These texts contain stories of the life of Muhammad, or at least some of the following chapters from his life, briefly summarized below:[15]
- The Ancestors of Muhammad
- The Conception of Muhammad
- The Birth of Muhammad
- Introduction of Halima
- Life of Young Muhammad in Bedouins
- Muhammad's orphanhood
- Abu Talib's nephew's first caravan trip
- Arrangement of Marriage between Muhammad and Khadija
- Al-Isra'
- Al-Mi'radj, or the Ascension to heaven
- Al-Hira, first revelation
- The first converts to Islam
- The Hijra
- Muhammad's death
These text are only part of the ceremonies. There are many different ways that people celebrate Mawlid, depending on where they are from. There appears to be a cultural influence upon what kind of festivities are a part of the Mawlid celebration. In Indonesia, it is common the congregation recite Simthud Durar, especially among Arab Indonesians.[citation needed]
Permissibility
Among Muslim scholars, the legality of Mawlid "has been the subject of intense debate" and has been described as "perhaps one of the most polemical discussions in Islamic law".
Support
Examples of historic Sunni scholars who permitted the Mawlid include the
He stated that:
My answer is that the legal status of the observance of the Mawlid – as long as it just consists of a meeting together by the people, a recitation of apposite parts of the Qur'an, the recounting of transmitted accounts of the beginning of (the biography of) the Prophet – may God bless him and grant him peace – and the wonders that took place during his birth, all of which is then followed by a banquet that is served to them and from which they eat-is a good innovation (bid'a hasana), for which one is rewarded because of the esteem shown for the position of the Prophet – may God bless him and grant him peace – that is implicit in it, and because of the expression of joy and happiness on his – may God bless him and grant him peace – noble birth.[124]
Al-Suyuti thought that the Mawlid could be based on the fact that Muhammad performed the sacrifice for his own birth after his calling to be a prophet.[125] He said that Abu Lahab, who he called an unbeliever, had been condemned by what was revealed in the Quran but was rewarded in the fire "for the joy he showed on the night of the birth of the Prophet" by releasing from slavery Thuwayba when she had informed him of the birth of Muhammad.[126] Therefore, he talked about what would happen to a Muslim who rejoiced in his birth and loved him.[127]
In response to al-Fakihani, al-Suyuti said a few things. He said that "because a matter is not known it does not necessarily follow that the matter does not exist nor ever has existed."[128] He also said that a "learned and judicious ruler introduced it," in responding to al-Fakihani's statement that "on the contrary, it is a bida that was introduced by idlers... nor the pious scholars..."[128] Al-Suyuti also said in response to "Nor is it meritorious, because the essence of the meritorious is what the Law demands," that "the demands of meritorious are sometimes based on a text and sometimes on reasoning by analogy."[128] Al-Suyuti said that bidas are not restricted to forbidden or reprehensible, but also to the permitted, meritorious, or compulsory categories in response to al-Fakihani's statement that "according to the consensus of the Muslims innovation in religion is not permitted."[129] In response to al-Fakihani's statement that "This, not withstanding the fact that the month in which he… is born namely Rabi'I, is exactly the same as the one in which he died. Therefore joy and happiness in this month are not any more appropriate than sadness in this month,"[128]> al-Suyuti said that "birth is the greatest benefaction which has ever befallen us, but his death the greatest calamity that has been visited upon us."[130] He said that the law allows expression of gratitude for benefactions, and that Muhammad had prescribed the sacrifice after the birth of a child because this would express gratitude and happiness for the newborn.[130] Indeed, al-Suyuti said that the principles of the law say it is right to express happiness at Muhammad's birth.[130]
The Shafi'i scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d 852 A.H.) too approved of the Mawlid[131] and states that:
As for what is performed on the day of the Mawlid, one should limit oneself to what expresses thanks to God, such as the things that have already been mentioned: [Qur'anic] recitation, serving food, alms-giving, and recitation of praise [poems] about the Prophet – may God bless him and grant him peace – and asceticism which motivate people to perform good deeds and act in view of the next world.[132]
The
This is a night of exceeding virtue and what follows from an increase in virtue is an increase in the thanks that it merits through the performance of acts of obedience and the like. [However], some people, instead of increasing thanks, have increased innovations on it.[136]
Likewise, the Shafi'i Egyptian scholar
In the Muslim world, the majority of Sunni Islamic scholars are in favor of the Mawlid.
Opposition
Taj al-Din al-Fakihani (d. 1331), an Egyptian
Fellow Egyptian Maliki
In 1934, the minister of education in Egypt criticized the "useless stories" which filled Mawlid poetry, as he believed these were incompatible with a modern and scientific viewpoint that represented Muhammad on a more sober level.[161] Similar criticism arose in 1982 when a chairman of the Mecca-based Orthodox Muslim Organization Rabita declared celebrations of Mawlid an "evil innovation."[161]
While the Ahmadiyya deem the perpetual commemoration of Muhammad's life as highly desirable and consider the remembrance of him as a source of blessings, they condemn the common, traditional practices associated with the Mawlid as blameworthy innovations,[117][118][162] Gatherings limited to the recounting of Muhammad's life and character and the recitation of poetry eulogising him, whether held on a specific date of Rabi' al-awwal or in any other month, are deemed permissible.[118][163] Formal gatherings called Jalsa Seerat-un-Nabi commemorating Muhammad's life and legacy, rather than specifically his birth, are frequently held by Ahmadis and are often oriented towards both Muslim and non-Muslim audiences. These gatherings could be held in the month of the Mawlid but are promoted often throughout the year.[164][163]
Ambiguity
The position of
Skaykh al-Islam, Abu I-Fadl ibn Hajar, who was "the (greatest) hafiz of this time,"[176] said that the legal status of the Mawlid was that it was a bida, which was not transmitted on the authority of one of the pious ancestors.[176] However, he said that it comprised both good things, as well as the reverse, and that if one strove for good things in practicing it and evaded bad things, the Mawlid was a good innovation, and if not, then not.[176] He said that the coming of Muhammad was a good benefaction, and said that only the day ought to be observed.[177] He said that "it is necessary that one restricts oneself to that which expresses gratitude to God… namely by reciting the Quran, the giving of a banquet, almsgiving, declamations of some songs of praise for the Prophet and some ascetic songs of praise, which stimulate the hearts to do good and to make efforts to strive for the Hereafter."[125] He also said that the "sama and the entertainment and the like" may have been in line with the joyous nature of the day, but said that “what is forbidden or reprehensible, is, of course, prohibited. The same holds true for what is contrary to that which is regarded as the most appropriate."[125]
Other uses
In some countries, such as Egypt and Sudan, Mawlid is used as a generic term for the celebration of the day of birth of local Sufi saints and not only restricted to the observance of the birth of Muhammad.[178] Around 3,000 Mawlid celebrations are held each year. These festivals attract an international audience, with the largest one in Egypt attracting up to three million people honouring Ahmad al-Badawi, a local 13th-century Sufi saint.[5]
Gallery
-
Mawlid an-Nabawi celebrations in Cairo in 1878
-
TheLibyan city of Benghazi
-
Mawlid celebration in 2007 in India
See also
- Bayt al-Mawlid, the housewhere Muhammad is believed to have been born
- Durood
- Hamd
- Haḍra
- Madih nabawi
- Mawsim
- Mehfil
- Na'at
- Mawlid al-Barzanjī
- Islamic poetry
- Mid-Sha'ban
- Tweeza
- Ya Muhammad
References
- ^ "12 Rabi ul Awal 2019 – When is Eid Milad un Nabi 2021". IslamicFinder. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ "Islamic Supreme Council of America – Islamic Supreme Council of America".
- ISBN 9780313336713.
- ISBN 978-3-531-90213-5page 351
- ^ a b c "In pictures: Egypt's biggest moulid". BBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- ^ .
- ^ ISBN 9781101014691.
- ^ Rabbani, Faraz (25 November 2010). "Innovation (Bid'a) and Celebrating the Prophet's Birthday (Mawlid)". SeekersHub.org. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
Again, if we follow the recourse that Allah Most High has given us: returning matters we're not clear of to the people of knowledge, then we see that the mawlid, for example, has been carefully considered and generally approved of right across the four schools of mainstream Islamic law. In Singapore, it was a national holiday once but it was removed from Singapore holidays to improve business competitives.If someone doesn't feel comfortable with that, it is fine, but condemning a mainstream action approved by mainstream Islamic scholarship is the basis of division, and contrary to established principles.
- ISBN 9781136988998. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ISBN 9781137394934.
- ISBN 9789400700567.
- Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid.
- ^ قاموس المنجد – Moungued Dictionary (paper), or online: Webster's Arabic English Dictionary Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mawlid. Reference.com
- ^ a b c d e Knappert, J (1988). "The Mawlid". Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica. 19: 209–215.
- ^ a b Mahjubah, vol. 16, 1997, p. 8
- ^ ISBN 978-0691134840
- ISBN 9781908229144
- ISBN 978-0-19-506613-5
- ^ The Sealed Nectar.
- ^ Mohsen Kadivar, روز میلاد پیامبر بازگشت به رای متقدم تشیع, archived from the original on 21 December 2019, retrieved 21 December 2019
- ^ Rasool Jafariyan, ولادت رسول خدا (ص) در دوازدهم یا هفدهم ربیع الاول؟
- ISBN 9789004153585.
- ^ Annemarie Schimmel (1994). Deciphering the signs of God: a phenomenological approach to Islam (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 69.
- ISBN 9780029098004.
- ^ ISBN 9781610691789.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 21.
- ISSN 1573-3912.
- ^ "Mawlid an-Nabi: Celebrating Prophet Muhammad's (s) Birthday". The Islamic Supreme Council of America. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
- ^ "Mawlid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 30
- JSTOR j.ctt5hgz34.11, retrieved 28 October 2020
- ^ ISBN 9781610691789
- ISBN 9780582361966
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 2:On the basis of this data, Kaptein hypothesizes that the celebration of the mawlid was initiated by the Fatimid dynasty and spread to Syria and the Jazira by the time of its fall.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 3
- ISBN 978-0-8078-4128-0.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 113
- ^ a b c Mawlid, Encyclopædia Britannica, 29 September 2023
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 50
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 67
- ISBN 9789751605719.
- ^ Kaptein (1991), Mawlid, 3. In the Mag̲h̲rib..
- ^ "mawlid | Meaning, Importance, Celebration, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "Eid-e-Milad-Un-Nabi 2020: Date, history and importance". The Indian Express. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ISBN 9780313336713.
- ISBN 978-3-531-90213-5page 351
- ^ "National Holidays in Afghanistan in 2022". 15 February 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Algeria in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "Cocos (Keeling) Islands Public Holidays 2018". regional.gov.au.
- ^ "National Holidays in Bahrain in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Bangladesh in 2022". 21 February 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Brunei in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Chad in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Comoros in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Djibouti in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Egypt in 2022". 6 January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Ethiopia in 2022". 7 January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Gambia in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Guinea in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "Public Holidays in India in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Indonesia in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Iran in 2022". 6 January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Iraq in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Ivory Coast in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Jordan in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Kuwait in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Lebanon in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Libya in 2022". 17 February 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Malaysia in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Maldives in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Mali in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Mauritania in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Morocco in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Niger in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Nigeria in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Oman in 2022". March 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Pakistan in 2022". 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Public Holidays in Palestine in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Senegal in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Sierra Leone in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Somalia in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Sudan in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "Public Holidays in Syria in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Tanzania in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Tunisia in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in United Arab Emirates in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "National Holidays in Yemen in 2022". January 2022.
- ^ "Mawlid celebration in Russia". Islamdag.info. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^
- "q News". q News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- "Arts Web Bham". Arts Web Bham. 14 August 1996. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- "Buildings of London". Buildings of London. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- Js Board Archived 17 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- "United Kingdom". Sunni Razvi Society. Archived from the original on 25 February 2001.
- Bednikoff, Emilie. "Montreal Religious Sites Project". Mrsp.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- "Muslim Media Network". Muslim Media Network. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- Canadian Mawlid Archived 9 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- "Religion & Ethics – Milad un Nabi". BBC. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ "Notice - Proclamation - Special Public & Bank Holidays 2022 Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands" (PDF). Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts. 27 July 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ISBN 9780827610491.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 184.
- ^ Katz (2007), Kindle Location 2069.
- ^ a b c d e Katz (2007).
- ^ "Festivals in India". Festivals in India. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ Pakistan Celebrate Eid Milad-un-Nabi with Religious Zeal, Fervor Archived 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pakistan Times. 2 April 2007.
- ^ a b Schielke, Samuli (2012). "Habitus of the authentic, order of the rational: contesting saints' festivals in contemporary Egypt". Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies. 12 (2).
- ^ Pakistan with Muslims world-over celebrate Eid Milad-un-Nabi tomorrow Archived 4 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bulan Maulid Memuat Nilai Nilai dan Sejarah Penting Umat Islam, Dawuh Guru Media. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Herman Beck, Islamic purity at odds with Javanese identity: the Muhammadiyah and the celebration of Garebeg Maulud ritual in Yogyakarta, Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour, eds Jan Platvoet and K. van der Toorn, BRILL, 1995, pg 262
- .
- ^ How Does Tunisia Celebrate Al Mawlid? Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Tunisia Live
- ISBN 0-8078-1639-6.
- ISBN 9781443864534p. 231
- . Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "The Mawlid". Muhammad (pbuh) - Prophet of Islam. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "Süleyman Çelebi | Turkish poet | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ISBN 978-975-19-6600-1.
- ^ "Milad Celebrated". The Times of India. 14 May 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ TajaNews Archived 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Celebrating the prophet: Religious nationalism and the politics of Milad-un-Nabi festivals in India". ResearchGate. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ISBN 9781443864534p. 231
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 169
- ^ "Mawlid: The conservative view".
- ^ "Mawlid al-Nabi: Celebrations across the Middle East". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- ^ a b A Guide to Shariah Law and Islamist Ideology in Western Europe 2007–2009, Centre for Islamic Pluralism (2009), p.84
- ^ a b c "True Commemoration of the blessed life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh)", Al Islam Online
- ISBN 9781426933936.
- ISBN 9789004364998p. 101
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 45.
- ^ a b c Kaptein (1993), p. 47.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 48.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 49
- ^ a b c Kaptein (1993), p. 64.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), pp. 64–65.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e Kaptein (1993), p. 54.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 55.
- ^ a b c Kaptein (1993), p. 57.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 108
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 64
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 63
- ^ Ukeles (2010), p. 328
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 58
- ^ Katz 2007, Kindle locations 1936–1940.
- ^ ISBN 9781438453729.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 170
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 112
- ^ Katz 2007, p. 102: "there is no doubt that the Prophet's (s) recompense to someone who does something for him will be better, more momentous, more copious, greater and more abundant than [that person's] action, because gifts correspond to the rank of those who give them and presents vary according to their bestowers; it is the custom of kings and dignitaries to recompense small things with the greatest of boons and the most splendid treasures, so what of the master of the kings of this world and the next?
- ^ Katz 2007, p. 109: "If Abu Lahab, the unbeliever whose condemnation was revealed in the Qur'an, was rewarded (juziya) in hell for his joy on the night of the Prophet's birth, what is the case of a Muslim monotheist of the community of Muhammad the Prophet who delights in his birth and spends all that he can afford for love of him? By my life, his reward (jaza ') from the Beneficent God can only be that He graciously causes him to enter the gardens of bliss!"
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 169: "In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the celebration of the Prophet's (s) birthday and the recitation of mawlid texts were ubiquitous practices endorsed by the majority of mainstream Sunni scholars... by the modern period the celebration of the Mawlid was overwhelmingly accepted and practiced at all levels of religious education and authority. Prominent elite scholars continued to contribute to the development of the tradition."
- ISBN 9781891785443.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 253
- ^ a b c Ukeles (2010), p. 322
- ^ Shaykh Qardawi Approves of Celebrating Mawlid. Yusuf Al-Qardawi.
- ^ "Shaykh Qardawi Approves of Celebrating Mawlid". www.sunnah.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ [1][permanent dead link]
- ISBN 9781908229144.
- ^ a b "Milad-un-Nabi gets colourful, elaborate". The Times of India. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ "Mass Moulood celebrated in Green Point | IOL". IOL. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 203
- ^ a b c d e f Kaptein (1993), p. 52.
- ^ a b c Kaptein (1993), p. 53.
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 71
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 201
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 65
- ^ Katz (2007), p. 73
- ^ Katz (2007), pp. 159–160.
- ^ Katz (2007), pp. 203–204.
- ^ a b Annemarie Schimmel (1985). And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety. The University of North Carolina Press.
- ^ "Does “Milad” Have Any Validity Whatsoever in the Holy Qur’an?" Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha'at-e-Islam
- ^ a b "Rabīʿ al-Awwal (I): The Blessed month of the Blessed Prophet (saw)", MuslimSunrise
- ^ "Videos". Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b Katz (2007), p. 117
- ^ Ukeles (2010), pp. 324–325: "At the same time, Ibn Taymiyya recognizes that people observe the mawlid for different reasons and should be recompessed [recompensed?] according to their intentions. Some, for example, observe the mawlid out of a desire to imitate the Christian celebration of Jesus's birthday on Christmas. This intention is reprehensible"
- ISBN 9789004265196.
Not only does Ibn Taymiyyah recognize the pious elements within devotional innovations, but he asserts that sincere practitioners of these innovations merit a reward. As I argue elsewhere, Ibn Taymiyyah's paradoxical position stems from a practical awareness of the way that Muslims of his day engaged in devotional practices. Ibn Taymiyya states that: "There is no doubt that the one who performs these [innovated festivals], either because of his own interpretation and independent reasoning or his being a blind imitator (muqallid) of another, receives a reward for his good purpose and for the aspects of his acts that confirm with the lawful and he is forgiven for those aspects that fall under the scope of the innovated if his independent reasoning or blind obedience is pardonable."
- ^ Ukeles (2010), p. 320: "At the same time he recognized that some observe the Prophet's (s) birthday out of a desire to show their love of the Prophet and thus deserve a great reward for their good intentions."
- ISBN 9789400700567.
The Mawlid is among the most commonly mentioned examples of praiseworthy innovation. This view is shared even by some of the most strident opponents of most other modalities of popular Islam. Ibn Taymiyyah, the Kurdish reformer who most Indonesian and other Islamists take as their spiritual ancestor and mentor, was subdued in his critique of the Mawlid. His position was that those who performed it with pious intent and out of love for the Prophet Muhammad (s) would be rewarded for their actions, and forgiven any sin from bid'ah that they might incur.
- ^ a b c Kaptein (1993), p. 58.
- ^ a b Kaptein (1993), p. 59.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 60.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), pp. 60–61.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), p. 61.
- ^ a b Kaptein (1993), p. 62.
- ^ a b c Kaptein (1993), p. 63.
- ^ Kaptein (1993), pp. 63–64.
- ^ Kaptein (1991)
Bibliography
- Kaptein, N. J. G. (1991). "Mawlid". In ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
- Kaptein, N. J. G. (1993). Muḥammad's Birthday Festival: Early History in the Central Muslim Lands and Development in the Muslim West Until the 10th/16th Century. Brill. ISBN 978-9-0040-9452-9.
- Katz, Marion Holmes (2007). The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. ISBN 978-1-1359-8394-9.
- Ukeles, Raquel (2010). "The Sensitive Puritan? Revisiting Ibn Taymiyya's Approach to Law and Spirituality in Light of 20th-century Debates on the Prophet's Birthday (mawlid al-nabī).". In Youssef Rapport; Shahab Ahmed (eds.). Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 319–337. ISBN 9780199402069.
Further reading
- Hagen, Gottfried (2014). "Mawlid (Ottoman)". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
- Malik, Aftab Ahmed (2001). The Broken Chain: Reflections Upon the Neglect of a Tradition. Amal Press. ISBN 0-9540544-0-7.
- Picken, Gavin (2014). "Mawlid". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
- Tahir-ul-Qadri, Muhammad (2014). Mawlid al-Nabi: Celebration and Permissibility. Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications. ISBN 978-1908229144.