Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid, BWV 3

Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid
Thomaskirche, Leipzig 1885
Occasion	Second Sunday after Epiphany
Chorale	"Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid" by Martin Moller
Performed	14 January 1725 (1725-01-14): Leipzig
Movements	6
Vocal	SATB soloists and choir
Instrumental	horn trombone 2 oboes d'amore 2 violins viola continuo

Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid (Oh God, how much heartache),^[1] BWV 3, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig for the Second Sunday after Epiphany and first performed it on 14 January 1725. It is based on the hymn published by Martin Moller in 1587.

Bach composed the cantata in his second year as

, strings and continuo, with an added trombone to support the bass in the first movement, and a horn to support the soprano in the last movement.

History and words

Bach composed the cantata in his second year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig as part of his second annual cycle, planned to consist only of chorale cantatas based on Lutheran hymns.^[2] He wrote the cantata for the Second Sunday after Epiphany.^[3] The prescribed readings for the Sunday were taken from the Epistle to the Romans (we have several gifts – Romans 12:6–16) and from the Gospel of John (the Wedding at Cana from John 2 (  John 2:1–11)).^[3]

The cantata is a chorale cantata based on the hymn "Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid" in 18 stanzas attributed to Martin Moller (1587). It is a paraphrase of the Latin "Jesu dulcis memoria", a medieval hymn attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux,^[4] a meditation on Jesus as a comforter and helper in distress.^[3][5] The unknown librettist retained the words of stanzas 1, 2 and 18 as movements 1, 2 and 6. In movement 2, stanza 2 is expanded by paraphrases of stanzas 3–5, while movement 3 is a paraphrase of stanza 6; movement 4 incorporates ideas from stanzas 7–14, and movement 5 relies on stanzas 15 and 16. In movement 2, stanza 2 is expanded by paraphrases of stanzas 3–5. Movement 3 is a paraphrase of stanza 6. Movement 4 incorporates ideas from stanzas 7–14. Movement 5 relies on stanzas 15 and 16.^[3] The poet did not relate his text to the reading from John 1:2.^[2]

Bach led the first performance of the cantata on 14 January 1725.^[3]

Scoring and structure

Bach structured the cantata in six movements. An opening chorus and a closing chorale frame a sequence of alternating recitatives and arias. The first recitative is unusual: the chorus sings one line of the hymn's four lines, continued each time by a soloist in words of the poet.^[6] The last aria is a duet. Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T), bass (B)), a four-part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of horn (Co) to double the cantus firmus in the closing chorale, trombone (Tb) to reinforce the bass in the opening chorus, two oboes d'amore (Oa), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo.^[4][7] The autograph score bears the title: "Dominica 2 post Epiphanias / Ach Gott! Wie manches Hertzeleyd. / à / 4 Voci. / 2 Hautb: d'Amour / 2 Violini / Viola. / e Continuo / di J. S. Bach", which means "Sunday 2 after Epiphany ... for four voices, 2 oboes d'amore, 2 violins, viola and continuo by J. S. Bach".^[8]

In the following table of the movements, the scoring and keys follow the

The continuo, played throughout, is not shown.

Movements of Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid

No.	Title	Text	Type	Vocal	Winds	Strings	Key	Time
1	Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid	Moller	Chorus	SATB	Tb 2Oa	2Vl Va	A major
2	Wie schwerlich läßt sich Fleisch und Blut	Moller anon.	Recitative and chorale	T S A B			A major
3	Empfind ich Höllenangst und Pein	anon.	Aria	B			F-sharp minor	3/4
4	Es mag mir Leib und Geist verschmachten	anon.	Recitative	T
5	Wenn Sorgen auf mich dringen	anon.	Aria Duetto	S A	2Oa	Vl (unis.)	E major
6	Erhalt mein Herz im Glauben rein	Moller	Chorale	SATB	Co 2Ob	2Vl Va	A major

Music

Bach uses a melody of "Herr Jesu Christ, meins Lebens Licht"[4] which appeared first in the Lochamer-Liederbuch. The melody appears in the opening chorus, sung by the bass as a cantus firmus, in the second movement, as a four-part setting with interspersed recitatives, and in the closing chorale.^[2]

1

Bach Cantata Pilgrimage

, in 2007

In the opening chorus, "Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid" (Ah, God, how much heartache),

2

The recitative, "Wie schwerlich läßt sich Fleisch und Blut" (How difficult it is for flesh and blood),[1] combines the hymn tune sung by the four-part choir, with interpolated text sung by the soloists in turn.^[2] The lines of the hymn are separated by a joyful ostinato motif derived from the chorale tune.^[9] The musicologist Julian Mincham writes that the "hybrid recitative provides an excellent example of Bach's experiments of investing long texts with sustained musical interest".^[6]

3

The bass aria, "Empfind ich Höllenangst und Pein" (Although I experience the fear and torment of Hell),^[1] is accompanied by the continuo. It expresses the contrast of Höllenangst (hell's anguish) and Freudenhimmel (heaven of joy), with inestimable sorrows (unermessnen Schmerzen) disappearing into light mist (leichte Nebel).^[1][4]

4

A tenor recitative, "Es mag mir Leib und Geist verschmachten" (My body and spirit might despair),^[1] expresses trust in Jesus to overcome despair.^[3]

5

In the

6

The closing chorale, "Erhalt mein Herz im Glauben rein" (If my heart remains pure in faith),[1] is a four-part setting. The choral melody, now in the soprano, is reinforced by a horn.^[3]

Recordings

The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach-Cantatas website.^[10]

Recordings of Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid

Title	Conductor / Choir / Orchestra	Soloists	Label	Year	Instr.
Bach Aria Group – Cantatas, Arias & Choruses	Brian Priestman Bach Aria Group Chorus & Orchestra	Lois Marshall Maureen Forrester Richard Lewis Norman Farrow	Vox	1960s?
J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 1	Nikolaus Harnoncourt Wiener Sängerknaben Chorus Viennensis Concentus Musicus Wien	soloist of the Wiener Sängerknaben Paul Esswood Kurt Equiluz Max van Egmond	Teldec	1970 (1970)	Period
Die Bach Kantate Vol. 22	Helmuth Rilling Gächinger Kantorei Bach-Collegium Stuttgart	Arleen Augér Gabriele Schreckenbach Lutz-Michael Harder Philippe Huttenlocher	Hänssler	1980 (1980)
Bach Edition Vol. 12 – Cantatas Vol. 5	Holland Boys Choir Netherlands Bach Collegium	Ruth Holton Sytse Buwalda Knut Schoch Bas Ramselaar	Brilliant Classics	1999 (1999)	Period
Bach Cantatas Vol. 19: Greenwich/Romsey	John Eliot Gardiner Monteverdi Choir English Baroque Soloists	Joanne Lunn Richard Wyn Roberts Julian Podger Gerald Finley	Soli Deo Gloria	2000 (2000)	Period
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 15	Ton Koopman Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir	Sandrine Piau Bogna Bartosz Paul Agnew Klaus Mertens	Antoine Marchand	2001 (2001)	Period
J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 29	Masaaki Suzuki Bach Collegium Japan	Dorothee Mields Pascal Bertin Gerd Türk Peter Kooy	BIS	1996 (1996)	Period

References

External links

• Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid, BWV 3: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid BWV 3; BC A 33 / Chorale cantata (2nd Sunday of Epiphany) Bach Digital
• BWV 3 Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid English translation. University of Vermont
• Luke Dahn: BWV 3.6 bach-chorales.com