Alameda Creek

Coordinates: 37°33′48″N 122°7′51″W / 37.56333°N 122.13083°W / 37.56333; -122.13083
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alameda Creek
Spanish: Arroyo de la Alameda
Alameda Creek at Niles, Fremont
Alameda Creek watershed (Interactive map)
EtymologySpanish
Location
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
RegionAlameda County, Santa Clara County
CityUnion City, California
Physical characteristics
SourcePackard Ridge in the Diablo Range
 • location12 miles (19 km) east of San Jose
 • coordinates37°23′16″N 121°36′44″W / 37.38778°N 121.61222°W / 37.38778; -121.61222[1]
 • elevation2,950 ft (900 m)
MouthSan Francisco Bay
 • location
Fremont
 • coordinates
37°33′48″N 122°7′51″W / 37.56333°N 122.13083°W / 37.56333; -122.13083[a]
 • elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Length45 mi (72 km)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftCalaveras Creek
 • rightSan Antonio Creek, Arroyo de la Laguna

Alameda Creek (

flood control channel.[1][b] Along its course, Alameda Creek provides wildlife habitat, water supply, a conduit for flood waters, opportunities for recreation, and a host of aesthetic and environmental values. The creek and three major reservoirs in the watershed are used as water supply by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Alameda County Water District and Zone 7 Water Agency. Within the watershed can be found some of the highest peaks (Mount Isabel and Mount Hamilton) and tallest waterfall (Murietta Falls) in the East Bay, over a dozen regional parks, and notable natural landmarks such as the cascades at Little Yosemite and the wildflower-strewn grasslands and oak savannahs of the Sunol Regional Wilderness
.

After an absence of half a century, ocean-run

steelhead trout are able to return to Alameda Creek to mingle with remnant rainbow trout populations. Completion of a series of dam removal and fish passage projects, along with improved stream flows for cold-water fish and planned habitat restoration, enable steelhead trout and Chinook salmon to access up to 20 miles (32 km) of spawning and rearing habitat in Alameda Creek and its tributaries.[3] The first juvenile trout migrating downstream from the upper watershed through lower Alameda Creek toward San Francisco Bay was detected and documented in April 2023.[4]

History

Whereas other Bay Area streams flow down from, or around, mountain ranges, Alameda Creek is unique in that it cuts across the Diablo Range at

antecedent stream that existed prior to the rise of the East Bay hills about a million years ago. As the mountain range was lifted by tectonic forces, the creek kept pace by eroding the canyon, which continues to this day. The large alluvial fan under Fremont, Newark, and Union City which juts into San Francisco Bay is further evidence that this creek has been in place for a very long time.[5]

Five Spanish expeditions led by

Secularization Order liquidated mission lands in 1834. Alameda Creek was the boundary of the mission lands and the 17,000-acre (69 km2) Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda granted to Jose de Jesus Vallejo, who built a flour mill
near the mouth of Niles Canyon. The mill and the importance of the canyon as a passage through the hills led to growth of Niles (which in 1956 became part of Fremont, California) in the 1850s. A favorable climate, excellent soils, and a fast-growing population helped agriculture to boom. Early roads led to landings where small ships would load grain and other foodstuffs for transport to market.

Alameda Creek is the most important stream in Alameda County, which was named after it. It was the boundary between Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties between 1850, when Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties were formed, to 1853, when Alameda County was carved from the two counties. The portion of Alameda County south of Alameda Creek is the only part of Alameda County that is not derived from Contra Costa County.[6]: 17, 26 

Central Pacific Railroad, and Alameda Creek. Stereo photo taken between 1867 and 1869.

Completion of the Central Pacific Railroad through Niles Canyon in 1869 was essential to completion of First transcontinental railroad that terminated at Alameda Terminal and Oakland Long Wharf that same year. The Western Pacific was also routed through Niles Canyon, connecting Sacramento, California and San Jose, California in 1906.[7]

The creek bed had once been used as a

gravel quarry.[8] When the gravel pits were flooded by water purchased by the public for groundwater recharge of the Niles Cone, the gravel harvesters began to daily pump out enough water to meet the needs of 30,000 people down the creek into San Francisco Bay.[9] After the pumping was declared to be an illegal waste the Alameda County Water District acquired the quarry in 1975.[10]

In May 2015, vandals damaged an inflatable dam across the creek in Fremont, releasing 50 million gallons (190 million litres) of drinking water into San Francisco Bay.[11]

Alameda Creek watershed

Alameda Creek at the flats of Niles where it has emerged from the Niles Canyon

Alameda Creek is the largest

San Antonio Reservoir and Calaveras Reservoir.[13]

The Alameda Creek Watershed can be divided into six major reaches:

A more comprehensive list inclusive of minor as well as major named tributaries includes (from top of mainstem heading downstream) Valpe Creek (right), Bear Gulch (right), Whitlock Creek (right), Calaveras Creek (left), Leyden Creek (left), Indian Joe Creek (right), Welch Creek (right), Haynes Gulch (left), Pirate Creek (left), San Antonio Creek (right), Arroyo de la Laguna (right), Stonybrook Canyon (right) and Dry Creek (right). Alameda Creek now runs through the man-made Alameda Creek flood channel near the Bay, the latter is parallel to and south of the old Alameda Creek channel. Ward Creek is a tributary to old Alameda Creek.[14]

Ecology, past and present

Alameda Creek in Niles Canyon.

Alameda Creek historically supported spawning runs of at least three salmonid species:

anadromous form of the coastal rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus),[15] coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)[16] and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).[17]

Steelhead

Alameda Creek is considered a potential ‘anchor watershed’ for steelhead, regionally significant for restoration of the threatened trout to the entire Bay Area, although by the late 1950s the

California Department of Fish and Game decided the steelhead run was no longer viable due to numerous man-made barriers to fish runs. By the early 1970s the Army Corps of Engineers channeled and rip-rapped the lower 12 miles (19 km) of the creek.[18] The last steelhead and coho salmon runs in the 20th century were seen in the lower creek in 1964, the latter confirmed by photographic records.[16]

Confirmation that adult steelhead captured attempting to migrate into the Alameda Creek watershed, and the rainbow trout sampled in the upper watershed (trapped above complete migration barriers), were native fish associated with the federally threatened steelhead

Endangered Species Act in 1997, numerous organizations, including the Alameda Creek Alliance, and governmental agencies have cooperated on restoration projects to allow migratory fish from the Bay to reach spawning habitat in upper Alameda Creek, beginning in 1999.[19] This coalition of agencies and organizations is called the Alameda Creek Fisheries Restoration Workgroup.[20]

In 2009, the Alameda County Water District removed a rubber dam that blocked trout passage in the lower creek, adjacent to Quarry Lakes Regional Park. In June, 2010 environmentalists and water district officials celebrated the removal of a dam on Alameda Creek in Fremont, and the planned installation of fish ladders to allow salmonids to bypass two other dams on the lower creek.[19] At the same time, PG&E worked to modify a cement barrier farther upstream in Sunol to help steelhead swim farther into the watershed, water officials said. Ground was broken on the first ladder the Alameda County Water District was building in April 2018, just west of the Mission Boulevard overcrossing in the Niles district of Fremont, allowing passage around a rubber dam. The second ladder, which was planned to start construction in 2019, is about a mile downstream at the concrete structure, called a weir. The two ladders were funded by nearly $10 million in grants from several agencies, including $5.36 million from the California Wildlife Conservation Board and $3 million from the California Natural Resources Agency.[21] The goal was that when those projects were completed in 2021, steelhead would be able to migrate upstream to spawning habitats in the Sunol Valley for the first time in a half-century.[19]

In April 2023, one juvenile steelhead was found in the creek.[22] The following year, monitoring by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission recorded 50 tagged steelhead making the migration up Alameda Creek to the San Francisco Bay.[20]

Other fish

California's archaeological record has contributed to knowledge of the prehistoric distribution of fishes in Alameda Creek and its tributaries including

Hitches (Lavinia exilicauda), Hardheads (Mylopharodon conocephalus), Sacramento blackfish, and Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis).[17] Recent physical evidence has proved that the southern limit of coastal Chinook salmon included the southernmost tributaries of South San Francisco Bay.[23] Many of these fishes still occupy the creek, although the number of introduced exotic fishes continues to increase. Exotic fish species such as the largemouth and Smallmouth basses (Micropterus salmoides and Micropterus dolomieui) respectively, were introduced to Alameda Creek (and the Napa River) by Livingston Stone in 1874.[24]

Beaver

A view of the Mission Blvd bridge at Alameda Creek.

There is historical evidence of beaver in the Alameda Creek watershed. In 1828 fur trapper Michel La Framboise travelled to "the missions of San José, San Francisco Solano and San Rafael Arcángel. La Framboise stated that "the Bay of San Francisco abounds in beaver", and that he "made his best hunt in the vicinity of the missions".[25] Alexander Roderick McLeod reported on the progress of the first Hudson's Bay Company fur brigade sent to California in 1829, "Beaver is become an article of traffic on the Coast as at the Mission of St. Joseph alone upwards of Fifteen hundred Beaver Skins were collected from the natives at a trifling value and sold to Ships at 3 Dollars".[26] In the 1840s Kit Carson was granted rights to trap beaver on Alameda Creek in the East Bay where they "abounded...from the mouth of its canyon to the broad delta on the bay".[27][28] Physical evidence of beaver include faunal remains in the Arroyo de la Laguna tributary recovered in an archaeological site west of Interstate 680.[29] Beaver may be beneficial to efforts to restore salmonids in Alameda Creek as beaver ponds benefit oversummering salmonid smolts by raising the water table which then recharges streams in the dry summer season and also by providing perennial deep pools when streams are only seasonal.[30][31]

Conservation

In January, 2011, the

CEQA.[34]

Downstream of San Francisco's dams, the Alameda Creek Alliance has helped to initiate the removal of 11 barriers to fish passage since 2001.[32] In 2019, Alameda County Water District (ACWD) completed a fish ladder at an inflatable rubber dam one mile upstream of the BART weir in the flood control channel. This left one remaining barrier to spawning runs of steelhead trout and Chinook salmon into the watershed at the BART weir and a second inflatable rubber dam. In April 2022, the AWCD and Alameda County Flood Control District finished construction of the Alameda Creek Flood Control Drop Structure Fish Ladder, enabling salmonids to surmount the 12-foot cement drop structure at the BART weir and eliminating the final barrier to their in-migration into the watershed after half a century.[35]

Alameda Creek Regional Trail

The Alameda Creek Regional Trail runs along Alameda Creek for 12 miles (19 km). The trail starts in the Niles neighborhood of Fremont and continues westward to the San Francisco Bay through the cities of

bicyclists. The path on the north side of the creek is unpaved, and can be used by pedestrians, bicyclists, and equestrians. The trail provides direct access to Coyote Hills Regional Park and Quarry Lakes Regional Recreation Area.[7] A connection to the Bay Area Ridge Trail is planned.[36]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ These are the coordinates of the southern mouth, which as of 2023 is the creek's primary outflow. The coordinates listed by USGS are for the northern mouth in Hayward.
  2. ^ One source describes Packard Ridge as being a few miles north of Mount Hamilton and a few miles east of Rattlesnake Butte.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Alameda Creek
  2. ^ Clark, William Otterbein. "Ground Water in Santa Clara County, California." p. 11. (1924). U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Supply Paper 519. Accessed August 1, 2017.
  3. ^ "Alameda Creek Watershed Overview". Alameda Creek Coalition. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  4. ^ "Steelhead Get Boost in Alameda Creek Thanks to Restoration Efforts". sfpuc.org. April 24, 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  5. ISBN 978-0-520-24126-8
    .
  6. ISBN 0913548340
    .
  7. ^ a b "Alameda Creek Regional Trail" (PDF). East Bay Regional Park District. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  8. ^ Chen, E., McMahon, P., Shorno, A., By, F., Bautista, J., Goza, G., ... & Inn, S. D. (2012). Alameda County Water District, Engineering Department, Groundwater Resources Division.
  9. ^ Victor E. Gleason, Water Projects Go Underground, 5 Ecology L.Q. (1976) discussing Niles Sand & Gravel v. Alameda County Water Dist., 37 Cal. App. 3d 924, 112 Cal. Rptr. 846 (Ct. App. 1974).
  10. ^ "Quarry Lakes Recreation Area". East Bay Regional Park District.
  11. ^ "East Bay Loses 50 Million Gallons of Water After Vandals Destroy Dam". 23 May 2015.
  12. ^ Robert A. Leidy (April 2007). Ecology, Assemblage Structure,Distribution, and Status of Fishes in Streams Tributary to the San Francisco Estuary, California (Report). San Francisco Estuary Institute. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  13. ^ a b c Andrew J. Gunther; Jeffrey Hagar; Paul Salop (2000-02-07). An Assessment of the Potential for Restoring a Viable Steelhead Trout Population in the Alameda Creek Watershed (PDF) (Report). Alameda Creek Fisheries Restoration Workgroup. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  14. ^ "Ward Creek". Oakland Museum. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
  15. ^ Leidy, R.A.; G.S. Becker; B.N. Harvey (2005). "Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California" (PDF). Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration. Oakland, CA. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  16. ^ a b Robert A. Leidy; Gordon Becker; Brett N. Harvey (2005). "Historical Status of Coho Salmon in Streams of the Urbanized San Francisco Estuary, California" (PDF). California Fish and Game. 91 (4): 219–254. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  17. ^
    doi:10.1577/T02-084.1
    . Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  18. ^ Wes Bowers (2010-06-24). "Water district dedicates two projects along Fremont creek". Fremont Bulletin. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
  19. ^ a b c Matthew Artz (2010-06-24). "Steelhead trout, salmon closer to Alameda Creek return". Oakland Tribune. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
  20. ^ a b Stein, Carolyn (June 28, 2024). "'Phenomenal': Species rebounds in Bay Area creek". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  21. ^ Joseph Geha (April 26, 2018). "Work begins on $10 million Alameda Creek fish ladders". East Bay Times. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  22. ^ Jeanita Lyman (2023-05-04). "Rainbow trout in Alameda Creek signals return of normal migration". Pleasanton Weekly. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  23. PMID 33857143
    .
  24. ^ John E. Skinner (1962). Skinner, John E. (ed.). "The Freshwater Fish and Fisheries of the San Francisco Bay Area". An Historical Review of the Fish and Wildlife Resources of the San Francisco Bay Area. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  25. JSTOR 25155808
    .
  26. ^ Nunis, Doyce (1968). A. R. McLeod, Esq. to John McLoughlin, Esq.Dated Fort Vancouver 15 Feby. 1830, in The Hudson's Bay Company's First Fur Brigade to the Sacramento Valley: Alexander McLeod's 1829 Hunt. Fair Oaks, California: The Sacramento Book Collectors Club. p. 34.
  27. ^ Bruce A. MacGregor (1976). The Centennial History of Newark. Newark Days Bi-Centennial Committee. p. 13.
  28. ISBN 978-0-520-08878-8
    . Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  29. ^ Lanman CW, Lundquist K, Perryman H, Asarian JE, Dolman B, Lanman RB, Pollock MM (Fall 2013). "The historical range of beaver (Castor canadensis) in coastal California: an updated review of the evidence". California Fish and Game. 99 (4): 199. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  30. doi:10.1577/M03-156.1
    . Retrieved Feb 28, 2010.
  31. ^ Pollock, Michael M.; Morgan Heim; Danielle Werner (2003). "Hydrologic and geomorphic effects of beaver dams and their influence on fishes" (PDF). American Fisheries Society Symposium. 37: 213–233. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved Jan 17, 2010.
  32. ^ a b "Calaveras Dam Project Revised, Future Operations Could Help Restore Alameda Creek" (PDF). Alameda Creek Alliance. 2011-01-25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  33. ^ Kelly Zito (2011-01-28). "Calaveras Dam rebuilding projected approved". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  34. ^ SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION SUNOL/NILES DAM REMOVAL PROJECT, State Clearinghouse No. 2004072049, February 24, 2006. EIR Certification Date: March 16, 2006. http://sfwater.org/Files/Reports/1_53_SunolNilesDamRmvl_RTC201591a.pdf Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Joseph Geha, Dai Sugano (April 25, 2022). "A historic win for spawning salmon, trout in Alameda Creek". Mercury News. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  36. ^ "Bay Area Ridge Trail: Garin Regional Park to Niles Canyon | East Bay Parks".
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