Albertosaurus
Albertosaurus | |
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Mounted cast in the Milwaukee Public Museum | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | Saurischia |
Clade: | Theropoda |
Family: | †Tyrannosauridae |
Subfamily: | †Albertosaurinae |
Genus: | †Albertosaurus Osborn, 1905 |
Species: | †A. sarcophagus
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Binomial name | |
†Albertosaurus sarcophagus Osborn, 1905
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Synonyms | |
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Albertosaurus (
As a tyrannosaurid, Albertosaurus was a
Since the first discovery in 1884,
History of discovery
Naming
Albertosaurus was named by
Early discoveries
The
Shortly later, Osborn pointed out that D. incrassatus was based on generic tyrannosaurid teeth, so the two Horseshoe Canyon skulls could not be confidently referred to that species. The Horseshoe Canyon skulls also differed markedly from the remains of D. aquilunguis, type species of Dryptosaurus, so Osborn gave them the new name Albertosaurus sarcophagus in 1905. He did not describe the remains in any great detail, citing Lambe's complete description the year before.[3] Both specimens, the holotype CMN 5600 and the paratype CMN 5601, are stored in the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa. By the early twenty-first century, some concerns had arisen that, due to the damaged state of the holotype, Albertosaurus might be a nomen dubium that could only be used for the type specimen itself because other fossils could not reliably be assigned to it. However, in 2010, Thomas Carr established that the holotype, the paratype, and comparable later finds all shared a single common unique trait, or autapomorphy. The possession of an enlarged pneumatic opening in the back rim of the side of the palatine bone proves that Albertosaurus is a valid taxon.[11]
Dry Island bone bed
On August 11, 1910, American paleontologist
Other discoveries
In 1911, Barnum Brown, during the second year of the American Museum of Natural History's operations in Alberta, uncovered a fragmentary partial Albertosaurus skull at the Red Deer River near Tolman Bridge (specimen AMNH 5222).[15]
William Parks described a new species in 1928, Albertosaurus arctunguis, based on a partial skeleton lacking a skull that was excavated by Gus Lindblad and Ralph Hornell near the Red Deer River in 1923,[16] but this species has been considered identical to A. sarcophagus since 1970.[17] Parks' specimen (ROM 807) is housed in the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto.[6]
No Albertosaurus fossils were found from 1926 to 1972, but there has been an increase in findings since then. Apart from the Dry Island bonebed, six more skulls and skeletons have since been discovered in Alberta and are housed in various Canadian museums. Specimen RTMP 81.010.001 was found in 1978 by amateur paleontologist Maurice Stefanuk. RTMP 85.098.001 was found by Stefanuk on June 16, 1985. RTMP 86.64.001 was found in December 1985. RTMP 86.205.001 was found in 1986. RTMP 97.058.0001 was found in 1996 and then there is CMN 11315. Unfortunately, none of these skeletons were found with complete skulls.[6] Fossils have also been reported from the American states of Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Missouri, but they are doubted to be from A. sarcophagus and may not even belong to the genus Albertosaurus.[18][5]
Two specimens from "cf Albertosaurus ".sp" have been found in Mexico (Packard Formation and Corral de Enmedio Formation).[1]
Gorgosaurus libratus
In 1913,
In 2003,
Other species
In 1930, Anatoly Nikolaevich Riabinin named Albertosaurus pericolosus based on a tooth from China that probably belonged to
On two occasions, species based on valid Albertosaurus material were reassigned to a different genus, Deinodon. In 1922, William Diller Matthew renamed A. sarcophagus into Deinodon sarcophagus.[28] In 1939, German paleontologist Oskar Kuhn renamed A. arctunguis into Deinodon arctunguis.[29]
Description
Albertosaurus was a fairly large bipedal predator, but smaller than Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex. Typical Albertosaurus adults measured up to 8–9 m (26–30 ft) long[17][18][30] and weighed between 1.7 and 3.0 metric tons (1.9 and 3.3 short tons) in body mass.[31][30][32][33]
Albertosaurus shared a similar body appearance with all other tyrannosaurids, Gorgosaurus in particular. Typical for a theropod, Albertosaurus was bipedal and balanced its large, heavy head and
Two skin impressions from Albertosaurus are known, and both show
Skull and teeth
The massive
In 2001,
Classification and systematics
Albertosaurus is a member of the theropod family Tyrannosauridae, specifically the subfamily Albertosaurinae. Its closest relative is the slightly older Gorgosaurus libratus (sometimes called Albertosaurus libratus; see below).[40] These two species are the only described albertosaurines, but other undescribed species may exist.[5] Thomas Holtz found Appalachiosaurus to be an albertosaurine in 2004,[18] but his more recent unpublished work places it as a basal eotyrannosaurian just outside of Tyrannosauridae,[41] in agreement with other authors.[21]
The other major subfamily of tyrannosaurids is Tyrannosaurinae, which includes members like
Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the
Tyrannosauridae |
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Palaeobiology
Growth pattern
Most age categories of Albertosaurus are represented in the
During growth, thickening of the tooth morphology changed so much that, had the association of young and adult skeletons on the Dry Island bonebed not proven that they belonged to the same taxon, the teeth of juveniles would likely have been identified by statistical analysis as those of a different species.[45]
Life history
Most known Albertosaurus individuals were aged 14 years or older at the time of death. Juvenile animals are rarely fossilized for several reasons, mainly
A hypothesis of Albertosaurus life history postulates that hatchlings died in large numbers, but have not been preserved in the fossil record because of their small size and fragile construction. After just two years, juveniles were larger than any other predator in the region, aside from adult Albertosaurus, and more fleet-footed than most of their prey animals. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in their mortality rate and a corresponding rarity of fossil remains. Mortality rates doubled at age twelve, perhaps the result of the physiological demands of the rapid growth phase, and then doubled again with the onset of sexual maturity between the ages of fourteen and sixteen. This elevated mortality rate continued throughout adulthood, perhaps due to the high physiological demands of procreation, including stress and injuries received during intraspecific competition for mates and resources, and the eventual, ever-increasing effects of senescence. The higher mortality rate in adults may explain their more common preservation. Very large animals were rare because few individuals survived long enough to attain such size. High infant mortality rates, followed by reduced mortality among juveniles and a sudden increase in mortality after sexual maturity, with very few animals reaching maximum size, is a pattern observed in many modern large mammals, including elephants, African buffalo, and rhinoceros. The same pattern is also seen in other tyrannosaurids. The comparison with modern animals and other tyrannosaurids lends support to this life history hypothesis, but bias in the fossil record may still play a large role, especially since more than two-thirds of all Albertosaurus specimens are known from the exact same locality.[4][20][47]
Pack behaviour
The Dry Island bonebed discovered by Barnum Brown and his crew contains the remains of 26 Albertosaurus, the most individuals found in one locality of any large Cretaceous theropod and the second-most of any large theropod dinosaur behind the
The near-absence of herbivore remains and the similar state of preservation common to the many individuals at the Albertosaurus bonebed quarry led Currie to conclude that the locality was not a predator trap, such as the La Brea Tar Pits in California, and that all of the preserved animals died at the same time. Currie claims this as evidence of pack behavior.[12] Other scientists are skeptical, observing that the animals may have been driven together by a drought, flood, or other reasons.[4][46][48]
There is plentiful evidence for gregarious behaviour among herbivorous dinosaurs, including
Currie has also speculated on the pack-hunting habits of Albertosaurus. The leg proportions of the smaller individuals were comparable to those of
Palaeopathology
In 2009, researchers hypothesized that smooth-edged holes found in the fossil jaws of
In 2001, Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for
In 2010, the health of the Dry Island Albertosaurus assembly was reported upon. Most specimens showed no sign of disease. On three phalanges of the foot, strange bony spurs that consisted of abnormal ossifications of the tendons, so-called enthesophytes, were present, but their cause is unknown. Two ribs and a belly-rib showed signs of breaking and healing. One adult specimen had a left lower jaw showing a puncture wound and both healed and unhealed bite marks. The low number of abnormalities compares favourably with the health condition of a Majungasaurus population of which it was established, in 2007, that 19% of individuals showed bone pathologies.[60]
Palaeoecology
Most fossils of Albertosaurus sarcophagus are known from the upper
The
See also
References
- ^ a b Listed as "cf. Albertosaurus sp." "Corral De Enmedio and Packard Formations, Cabollona Group, Sonora, Mexico," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 16.
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- ^ a b c d Currie, Philip J. (2003). "Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurids from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (2): 191–226. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
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External links
- Media related to Albertosaurus at Wikimedia Commons