Andreas Gryphius
Andreas Gryphius | |
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German Baroque | |
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Rosina Deutschländer
(m. 1649) |
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Andreas Gryphius (
Gryphius was born and raised in Glogau (
Life
Early life
Andreas Gryphius was the son of Paullus Gryphius, a respected clergyman and a Lutheran archdeacon of Glogau, originally from Uthleben and Paullus' third wife,[1] Anna (née Eberhardin),[2] who was 32 years younger than her husband, the daughter of a businessman from Fraustadt, the councilor Jonas Deutschländer the Elder (died in 1661) and Anna Sachse.[3] He was born in Großglogau (Głogów). The family name was originally "Greif" and had been Latinised to "Gryphius" by Andreas' paternal great-grandfather (Peter Greif von Heringen).[4] Left early an orphan and driven from his native town by the troubles of the Thirty Years' War, he received his schooling in various places, but notably at Freistadt (Polish: Wschowa), where he enjoyed an excellent classical education.[5]
Career in poetry
In 1634 he went to Danzig (Polish: Gdańsk) where he met professors Peter Crüger and Johann Mochinger at the Danzig Gymnasium, who introduced Gryphius to the new German language poetry. Crüger had for years close contacts to Martin Opitz, who became known as the 'father of German poetry'. Greatly influenced by Crüger, he is the only one Gryphius dedicated poems to. Gryphius wrote Latin language poetry, German poems and sonnets.
The same year that Gryphius arrived, the printer Andreas Hünefeld published Martin Opitz's Buch von der deutschen Poeterey (Book of German Poetry). The same publisher printed Opitz's translation Tetrastichen des Pibrac (Tetrasticha of Pibrac, or four verse) and Antigone. Among Gryphius' benefactors was the city's secretary Michael Borck, who wrote a German version of the life of Jesus Christ. Borck's illustrated book is still at the Gdańsk library. Coming from war riddled Silesia, taking refuge at the big international harbor and a Polish city, greatly stimulated Gryphius. In 1635 he published his second epos of Herodes, Dei Vindicis Impetus et Herodis Interitus. He dedicated this to the city state council.
In 1636, while still in Danzig, he published the Parnassus renovatus in praise of his mentor and patron, the eminent
While staying with Schönborner, Gryphius completed his first collection of poems, Sonnete ("Sonnets"), which was published in 1637 by Wigand Funck in Lissa (today Leszno, Poland), and is also known as the Lissaer Sonettbuch, after the town.[11] The collection of 31 sonnets includes some of his best known poems, such as "Vanitas vanitatum, et omnia vanitas", later titled "Es ist alles eitel" (All is vanity), about the effects of war and the transitoriness of human life; "Menschliches Elende" (Human misery); and "Trawrklage des verwüsteten Deutschlandes" (Lament of devastated Germany).[12]
In 1632, he had witnessed the pillaging and burning of the Silesian town of Freystadt by Swedish troops, and immortalized the event in his poem Fewrige Freystadt.[citation needed] Also in 1637 he went to continue his studies at Leiden, where he remained for six years, both hearing and delivering lectures. Here he fell under the influence of the great Dutch dramatists, Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft and Joost van den Vondel, who largely determined the character of his later dramatic works.[5]
In 1635 with the Prager Frieden (
Travel and dramatic work
After travelling in
Gryphius grew up during the
Works
Latin
- Herodis Furiae et Rachelis lachrymae, Głogów 1634
- Dei Vindicis Impetus et Herodis Interitus, Gdańsk 1635
- Parnassus renovatus, Gdańsk 1636
- Epigrammata liber I, Leiden 1643
- Olivetum Libri three, Florence 1646
Lyric
- Sonette (Lissaer Sonette), Lissa 1637
- Son- und Feyrtags-Sonette, Leiden 1639
- Sonette Das erste Buch, Leiden 1643
- Oden Das erste Buch, Leiden 1643
- Epigrammata. Das erste Buch, Leiden 1643
- Gedanken über den Kirchhof und Ruhestätte der Verstorbenen, Wrocław 1657
Tragedies
- Ein Fürsten-Mörderisches Trawer-Spiel / genant. Leo Armenius, Frankfurt am Main 1650
- Katharina von Georgien Oder Bewehrete Beständigkeit. Tragedy, Wrocław 1657
- Cardenio vnd Celinde, Oder Unglücklich Verliebete. Tragedy, Wrocław 1657
- Ermordete Majestät. Oder Carolus Stuardus König von Groß Britannien. Tragedy, Wrocław 1657; Very revised and expanded version: Breslau 1663
- Großmüttiger Rechts-Gelehrter / Oder Sterbender Aemilius Paulus Papinianus. Tragedy, Wrocław 1659
Comedies
- Absurd Comic oder Herr Peter Squenz / Schimpff-Spiel, Wrocław 1658
- Horribilicribrifax Teutsch, Wrocław 1663
- Verlibtes Gespenste / Gesang-Spil. Die gelibte Dornrose / Schertz-Spil in Silesian dialect (double drama), Wrocław 1660
Prose
- Fewrige Freystadt, Lissa 1637
- Mumiae Wratislavienses, Wrocław 1662
- Funeral Dissertationes. Oder Leich-Abdanckungen, Leipzig 1667
- A French paperback—A play in five acts, composed in 1659 by the master of the German baroque theater. It shows the failure of the cynicism of Machiavelli's political theories. [see here, can be later used as reference—[13]
Drama
- Cardenio and Celinde (1647) – tragedy
- Leo Arminius (1650) – historical tragedy
- Carolus Stuardus (1657 – first version; 1663 – second version) – historical tragedy
- Katharina von Georgien (1657) – historical tragedy
- Absurda Comica oder Herr Peter Squenz (1658) – comedy
- Papinianus (1659) – historical tragedy
- The Beloved Rose with a Thorn (1661) – comedy
- Horribilicribrifax (1663) – comedy
Notes
- ^ Zedler & Ludovici 1735, p. 1159.
- ^ Budde 1730, p. 668.
- ^ Spahr 1996, pp. 131–144.
- ^ Monath, Wolfgang (1966). "Gryphius, Andreas" (in German), in: Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 242–246; here: p. 242. Online version retrieved 2017-05-28. The entry begins with information about Gryphius's family in abbreviated form: "V[ater] Paul (1560–1621) ... (E[nkel] d[es] Pastors Peter in Heringen, der seinen Namen Greif latinisierte)" [English translation: "father Paul (1560–1621) ... (grandson of Pastor Peter in Heringen, who Latinized his name, which was 'Greif')"].
- ^ a b c d public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gryphius, Andreas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–643. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Bach 2014, p. 148.
- ^ Monath (1966), p. 242.
- ^ a b Palm, Hermann (1879). "Gryphius, Andreas" (in German), in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 10. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. p. 73–82; here: pp. 74–75. Online version retrieved 2017-05-28.
- ^ Monath (1966), pp. 242–243.
- ^ Palm (1879), p. 75.
- ^ Spahr 1996, pp. 131, 135–136.
- ^ Spahr 1996, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Raffy 1993, p. ?.
References
- Bach, Oliver (2014). Zwischen Heilsgeschichte und säkularer Jurisprudenz: Politische Theologie in den Trauerspielen des Andreas Gryphius [Between history of salvation and secular jurisprudence: political theology in the tragedies of Andreas Gryphius] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-035916-9.
- Budde, Johann Franz (1730). Allgemeines Historisches LEXICON (in German). Leipzig: Thomas Fritsch.
- von Faber du Faur, Curt (1959). "Andreas Gryphius, der Rebell" [Andreas Gryphius, the rebel]. PMLA (in German). 74 (1): 14–27. S2CID 251028659.
- Gillespie, Gerald, ed. 1992. German Theater Before 1750. The German Library 8. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0703-X.
- Goedeke, Karl; Tittmann, Julius (1880). Deutsche Dichter des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts und Lyrische Gedichte [German poets of the seventeenth century and Lyrical poems] (in German). Leipzig: F. M. Brockhaus.
- Müller, Wilhelm (1822). Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts [Library of German poets of the seventeenth century] (in German) (2nd ed.). Leipzig: Johann Christoph Fritsche.
- Monath, Wolfgang (1966). "Gryphius, Andreas" (in German), in: Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 242–246 (online version).
- Palm, Hermann (1879). "Gryphius, Andreas" (in German), in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 10. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 73–82.
- Gryphius, Andreas (1993). Le Légiste magnanime ou la mort d'Emilien Paul Papinien : tragédie = Grossmütiger Rechtsgelehrter oder Sterbender Aemilius Paulus Papinianus: Trauerspiel [The magnanimous lawyer or The death of Émilien Paul Papinien] (in French). Translated by Raffy, Jean-Louis. [Paris]: Aubier. ISBN 2700711017.
- Spahr, Blake Lee (1996). German Baroque writers, 1580-1660. Vol. 164. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research. pp. 131–144. ISBN 081039359X.
- Spahr, Blake Lee (1996). "Andreas Gryphius (2 October 1616 – 16 July 1664)." In James N. Hardin (Ed.), German Baroque Writers, 1580–1660. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 164. Detroit, Mich.: Gale. pp. 131–144.
- Szyrocki, Marian (1964). Andreas Gryphius: Sein Leben und Werk. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer. Google Books (snippet view)
- Williams, Simon (2000). "Gryphius, Andreas", in: Martin Banham (Ed.), The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Reprinted with corrections; first published 1995. ISBN 0-521-43437-8. p. 457.
- Szyrocki, Marian, de Gruyter, Walter, (2013), Sonette - Gesamtausgabe der deutschsprachigen Werke ISBN 978-3-11-092697-2
- Zedler, Johann Heinrich; Ludovici, Carl Günther (1735). Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, welche bisshero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden [Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts, which have been invented and improved by human mind and wit] (in German). Vol. 11th vol. Halle and Leipzig: Johann Heinrich Zedler.
External links
- Media related to Andreas Gryphius at Wikimedia Commons
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 226–227. .
- Andreas Gryphius: All poems
- Andreas Gryphius on Project Gutenberg
- An archive of his sonnets
- Works by or about Andreas Gryphius at Internet Archive
- Works by Andreas Gryphius at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)