Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–1940
- Non-violent -
- Violent - Riots, Stone throwing
- Resignation of the Government (1939)
- Withdrawal of the order by Madras Governor Lord Erskine (1940)
Electoral parties All-India Muslim League Non-electoral organizations Tamil scholars, Saivite scholars, industrialists and general public |
Government of Madras (1937-39) Electoral parties Non-electoral organizations * Hindustani Seva Dal * Hindustani Hitashi Sabha |
- "Periyar" E. V. Ramasamy
- C. N. Annadurai
- Moovalur Ramamirtham
- S. Dharmambal
- Pattukkottai Alagiri
- Meenambal Shivaraj
- Rama Subbaiah
- M. S. Purnalingam
- Maraimalai Adigal
- Somasundara Bharathiar
- T. V. Umamaheswaran
- K. A. P. Viswanatham
- K. Appadurai
- K. Vellaivaarananaar
- K. M. Balasubramaniam
- S. Ilakkuvanar
- Mudiyarasan
- W. P. A. Soundarapandian
- G. D. Naidu
- L. Natarajan †
- Thalamuthu †
- Palladam Ponnusamy
- Stalin Jagadeesan
- N. Sankaraiah
- M. Karunanidhi
Annadurai (4 months)
Palladam Ponnusamy (6 weeks)
The anti-Hindi imposition agitation of 1937–1940 refers to a series of protests that happened in
Background
The Republic of India has hundreds of languages. According to the Census of 2001, there are 1,635 rationalized mother tongues and 122 languages with more than 10,000 speakers.
The Indian National Congress won the
Support for the agitation
The anti-Hindi agitation was backed by Periyar's
Fasts
On 1 May 1938, a young man named Stalin Jagadeesan went on a fast demanding the withdrawal of compulsory Hindi teaching. He became a symbol for the anti-Hindi agitators. In an interview published in Periyar's magazine Viduthalai he declared that his fast was to prove that Tamil Thai (lit. Mother Tamil) still had loyal sons. On 1 June, another man named Ponnusamy began a fast in front of Rajaji's house. Periyar did not approve of fasting as a form of protest. But other leaders of the agitation like C. N. Annadurai used Jagadeesan as an example. Annadurai declared in an anti-Hindi meeting that "If Jagadeesan dies, I am ready to take his place, and die along with ten others. As soon as Jagadeesan dies, you should also be prepared to die". Jagadeesan's fast was called off after ten weeks.[18][20]
Picketing and processions
A major feature of the agitation was the picketing of government offices and the schools where Hindi was being taught compulsorily. A boycott committee was formed on 1 June 1938 to coordinate the picketing. Rajaji's house in
Tamil brigade
In August–September 1938, a protest march was jointly organised by the Self-Respect movement and the Muslim league. It was flagged of by Periyar and Khaliffullah. The marchers who called themselves Tamilar Padai (lit. Tamil brigade), started from
Natarajan and Thalamuthu
Two persons died during the agitation and were claimed as martyrs by the agitators. Their deaths fueled the protests further. L. Natarajan was arrested On 5 December 1938. He was admitted to the hospital on 30 December and died on 15 January 1939. On 13 February 1939, Thalamuthu was arrested with others for picketing the Hindu Theological High School in Madras. While imprisoned, he fell ill on 6 March and died on 11 March. The government claimed that his death was due to
When the issue was raised in the Assembly, Rajaji dismissed it casually. The agitators were incensed by the government attitude and turned the dead men into martyrs. Their funeral processions in Madras were attended by hundreds of mourners and witnessed fiery speeches denouncing the government. Annadurai proclaimed that Natarajan's name and deeds should be inscribed in gold in the history of the world. The agitators praised their sacrifices and claimed that the dead men had refused early release in exchange for ending their activities. In an interview given to the Sunday Observer on 27 January 1939, Natarajan's father K. Lakshmanan said when his son was hospitalized he refused to apologize to get an early release.[18][21][22]
Anti Brahminism
The anti-Hindi movement viewed the Hindi legislation as an attempt by
Periyar, who had been arrested in November 1938, sent an address from jail which was read out in a rally organised on 29 December 1938. In it he called the Brahmins 'mosquitos', 'bugs' and 'Jews', and said that the abolition of the reign of priests was more urgent than the abolition of zamindari. Kumararajah Muthiah Chettiar, the leader of the opposition, claimed at the rally that Periyar's arrest had "awakened the masses"; Panneerselvam called Brahmins interlopers in the Tamil land, separating them from Tamils. The Hindu referred to "a hymn of hate" in their report of the rally.[28]
Government response
C. Rajagopalachari |
---|
|
The ruling Congress Party was divided on the Hindi issue. While Rajaji and his supporters stuck to their position,[29] Sathyamurti and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan were against it. They wanted Rajaji to make Hindi optional or to provide a conscience clause for allowing parents to withhold their children from Hindi Classes. Satyamurti also disagreed with the use of Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1932 against the anti-Hindi agitators.[30] In a letter written to Mahatma Gandhi on 7 July 1938, he wrote:
I personally believe that where a parent or guardian swears an affidavit before a magistrate stating his reasons that it is against his conscience that his boy or girl should learn Hindustani compulsorily, the child may be exempted. I personally believe very few parents or guardians will claim this exemption. This will expose the hollowness of the agitation and kill it. I wish you to write to Sri. C. Rajagopalachari suggesting this to him. Moreover, I am not very happy over the use by the Madras Government of the Criminal Law Amendment Act against these picketers.[30]
Rajaji defended his action in another G.O. issued on 14 June 1938:
The attainment by our Province of its rightful place in the national life of India requires that our educated youth should possess a working knowledge of the most widely spoken language in India. Government have therefore decided upon the introduction of Hindustani in the secondary school curriculum of our province. Government desire to make it clear that Hindi is not to be introduced in any elementary school whatsoever, the mother tongue being the only language taught in such schools. Hindi is to be introduced only in secondary schools and there too only in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd forms, that is to say in the 6th, 7th and 8th years of school life. It will not therefore interfere in any way with the teaching of the mother tongue in the secondary schools....Hindi will be compulsory only in the sense that attendance in such classes will be compulsory and pupils cannot take Hindi as a substitute for Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam or Kannada, but must learn Hindi only in addition to one of these languages.[2]
He refused to give in to the demands of the agitators. He claimed they were motivated by their "prejudices of anti-aryanism" and "hatred of the Congress".
Cancellation
On 29 October 1939, Rajaji's Congress Government resigned protesting the involvement of India in the Second World War. Madras provincial government was placed under Governor's rule. On 31 October, Periyar suspended the agitation and asked the Governor to withdraw the compulsory Hindi order.[31] On 21 February 1940, Governor Erskine, issued a press communique withdrawing compulsory Hindi teaching and making it optional.[34]
Impact
The anti-Hindi agitations of 1937-40 led to a change of guard in the Madras Province. The main opposition party to the Indian National Congress in the state, the Justice Party, came under Periyar's leadership on 29 December 1938.
[The anti-Hindi agitations knit] together diverse, even incompatible, social and political interests... Their common cause against Hindi had thrown together religious revivalists like Maraimalai Atikal (1876-1950) with avowed atheists like Ramasami and
See also
- Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
- Dravidian parties
- Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu
References
- ^ "Census of India 2001 - General Note". Department of Education, Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ramaswamy 1997, ch. 4.21 (Battling the Demoness Hindi)
- ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal; Gandhi, Mohandas (1937). The question of language: Issue 6 of Congress political and economic studies. K. M. Ashraf.
- ^ Guha 2008, pp. 128–131
- ISBN 978-81-7023-369-5.
- ^ Saraswathi, Srinivasan (1994). Towards self-respect: Periyar EVR on a new world. Institute of South Indian Studies. pp. 88–89.
- ^ a b c d e f g More 1997, pp. 156–159
- ^ Venu, E.Es. (1979). Why South opposes Hindi. Justice Publications. p. 54.
- ^ Ravichandran & Perumal 1982, p. 174
- ^ a b Baliga, B. S. (2000). Madras district gazetteers, Volume 10, Part 1. Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 244.
- ^ More 1997, p. 172
- ^ Irschick 1986, pp. 212–20
- OCLC 46735231.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-253-22049-3.
- ^ Ravichandran & Perumal 1982, p. 175
- ^ Ramaswamy 1997, ch. 5.22 (The Woman Devotee)
- ISBN 978-81-86706-50-3.
- ^ a b c d Ramaswamy 1997, Chapter 5.30
- ^ a b c d Irschick 1986, pp. 220–226
- ^ Kannan 2010, p. 52
- ISBN 978-81-85604-37-4.
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- ^ Kannan 2010, pp. 50–51
- ISBN 978-0-7619-9439-8.
- ISBN 81-87477-05-9.
- ^ Ramaswamy 1997, ch. 5.24 (The Brahman Devotee)
- ^ a b Kannan 2010, p. 53
- ISBN 978-93-85890-33-8.
- ^ "Aran International e-Journal of Tamil Research | அரண் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்வு மின்னிதழ்". aranejournal.com. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-317-1684-7.
- ^ a b c Ravichandran & Perumal 1982, p. 176
- ^ Baliga, B. S. (2000). Tamil Nadu district gazetteers, Volume 2. Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 85.
- ^ Thirunavukkarasu, K (September 2008). "The son who named his mother". Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
- ^ Sundarajan, Saroja (1989). March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947. Lalitha Publications. p. 546.
- ^ Kandasamy & Smarandache 2005, p. 109
- ^ "Prof. Sumathi Ramaswamy Faculty Webpage". Department of History, Duke University. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ISBN 9780199267484.
- ]
- ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
- Irschick, Eugene F. (1986). Tamil revivalism in the 1930s (PDF). Madras: Cre-A. OCLC 15015416. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- Kandasamy, W. B. Vasantha; ISBN 9781931233002.
- Kannan, R. (2010). Anna: The life and times of C. N. Annadurai. ISBN 978-0-670-08328-2.
- More, J.B.P (1997). Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamil Nadu and Madras 1930–1947. ISBN 978-81-250-1192-7.
- Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997). Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970. OCLC 36084635.
- Ravichandran, R; Perumal, C. A. (1982). "5". Dravidar Kazhagam - A political study (PDF). Madras: Madras University. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2010.