Bashkir alphabet
The Bashkir alphabet (
History
Early period
Until the mid-19th century,
The first attempts to create a writing system that fully represented the Bashkir language began in the middle of the 19th century, with writers attempting to adapt the Cyrillic alphabet. One such proponent was turkologist and linguist Nikolay Ilminsky, in his work Introductory Reading in the Turkish-Tatar Language Course.[3]
In 1869, Russian linguist
In 1907, Alexander Bessonov published The Primer for the Bashkirs. This publication proposed that alphabet included all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet of the time, except for ё and
Arabic alphabet
In July 1921, the 2nd All-Bashkir Congress of Soviets decided to create their own script for Bashkir as the state language of the Bashkir ASSR. In December 1922, the Congress formed a commission for the development of a new official alphabet and spelling at the ASSR's Academic Center of the People's Commissariat of Education.
The commission adapted the Arabic alphabet to the needs of Bashkir phonology. The commission excluded some letters and normalized the spelling of vowels. The new writing system used a hamza (ﺀ) above vowels at the beginning of words. For those letters that represented both a consonant and a vowel, a stress sign (a vertical line) would be placed under the letter (ٸٖول – ул (he), ٸول – үл (die)).[7]
The officially-approved alphabet contained the following letters: ي ھ ۋ و ن م ل ڭ گ ك ق ف ﻉ ش س ژ ز ر ﺫ د ﺡ ﺝ ث ﺕ پ ب for consonants, and ئ ي ۇ و ﻪ ا for vowels. In March 1924, minor changes were made concerning the representation of the sounds / s / and / e / at the beginning of a word. The Arabic-based alphabet remained in use until 1930.
Latin alphabet
The Bashkir ASSR Academic Center began discussing Latinisation in June 1924 and drafted a Bashkir alphabet using the Latin script later that year.[8] That draft was later modified according to the following suggestions:[5]
Cyrillic | Latin |
---|---|
һ | h |
х | ħ |
ѕ | ȗ ], ә
|
ң | n̑ |
ш | ŝ |
ҫ | t' |
ый | o |
f | ĵ |
ԝ | ŭ |
җ | ĝ, j |
In June 1927, the All-Union Committee of the New Turkic Alphabet approved a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples of the USSR; Yañalif. The Bashkir Latinized alphabet was again revised to align with this standard, and on 6 July 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the Bashkir ASSR officially approved the new revision. In May 1933, at the conference of the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Language and Literature, the letter Ç ç was removed. The digraph ьj was similarly eliminated in 1938. Following these reforms, the Bashkir Latinized alphabet existed as follows:[7]
A a | B ʙ | V v | G g | Ƣ ƣ |
D d | Đ đ | E e | Ƶ ƶ | Z z |
I i | J j | K k | Q q | L l |
M m | N n | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ө ө |
P p | R r | S s | Ѣ ƀ | T t |
U u | Y y | F f | X x | H h |
C c | Ş ş | Ь ь | Ә ә |
Cyrillic alphabet
Final version |
Alternative version |
---|---|
ә | э, ӓ, ā |
ү | ӳ, уь, ӱ, ӯ |
һ | һь, хъ, гх, ҳ, хь |
ҙ | дз, д́, дь, q, ӟ, дъ |
ҫ | с̈, сь, ԑ, ц, с́, тсь |
ө | ӧ, оь, ő, ō, ǫ |
ң | нг, нъ, ң, н́, н̄, ҥ |
ғ | гь, ѵ, гг, ѓ |
ҡ | кь, k, кк, к̄ |
Historical and current alphabets
Cyrillic (1940-present) |
Latin (1930-1940) |
Latin (1924 project)[9] |
Kulayev's alphabet |
Arabic |
---|---|---|---|---|
А а | A a | A a | А а | ا |
Б б | B ʙ | B b | Б б | ب |
В в | V v | V v | – | ۋ |
W w | – | و | ||
Г г | G g | G g | Г г | گ |
Ғ ғ
|
Ƣ ƣ | Ĝ ĝ | غ | |
Д д | D d | D d | Д д | د |
Ҙ ҙ | Đ đ | Dh dh | ذ | |
Е е, Э э | E e | Э э | Ь ь, | ئ |
Ё ё | – | – | – | – |
Ж ж | Ƶ ƶ | Ƶ ƶ | Ж ж | ژ |
-дж- | Ç ç (before 1933) | J j | – | ج |
З з | Z z | Z z | З з | ز |
И и | I i | I i | И и | ي |
Й й | J j | – | Ј ј | ى |
К к | K k | K k | К к | ک |
Ҡ ҡ | Q q | Q q | Һ һ | ق |
Л л | L l | L l | Л л | ل |
М м | M m | M m | М м | م |
Н н | N n | N n | Н н | ن |
Ң ң | Ꞑ ꞑ | Ꞑ ꞑ | Ҥ ҥ | ڴ |
О о | O o | O o | ۇ | |
Ө ө | Ө ө | Ö ö | ۇ | |
П п | P p | P p | П п | پ |
Р р | R r | R r | Р р | ر |
С с | S s | S s | С с | س |
Ҫ ҫ | Th th | ث | ||
Т т | T t | T t | Т т | ت |
У у | U u | U u | У у | و |
Ү ү | Y y | Ü ü | و | |
Ф ф | F f | F f | Ф ф | ف |
Х х | X x | X x | Х х | ح |
Һ һ | H h | H h | ھ | |
Ц ц | – | – | – | – |
Ч ч | C c | C c | – | چ |
Ш ш | Ş ş | Ç ç | Ш ш | ش |
Щ щ | – | – | – | – |
– | Ьj ьj (before 1939) | Y y | – | ي |
Ъ ъ | – | – | – | – |
Ы ы | Ь ь | Ә ә | Ъ ъ | ئ |
Ь ь | – | – | – | – |
Ә ә | Ә ә | E e | ە | |
Ю ю | – | – | – | – |
Я я | – | – | – | – |
Sample of the scripts
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Барлыҡ
Barlıq
кешеләр
keşelər
ирекле,
irekle,
дәрәжәләре
dərəjələre
һәм
həm
хоҡуҡтары
xoquqtarı
тигеҙ
tigeź
булып
bulıp
тыуалар.
tıwalar.
Улар
Ular
аҡыл
aqıl
һәм
həm
выждан
vıjdan
эйәһе
eyəhe
һәм
həm
бер-береһенә
ber-berehenə
ҡарата
qarata
ҡәрҙәшлек
qərźəşlek
рухында
ruxında
хәрәкәт
xərəkət
итергә
itergə
тейештәр.
teyeştər.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
References
- ISBN 5-02-022647-5.
- ^ Письменные языки мира. Российская Федерация. Vol. I. М. 2000. p. 74.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Р. М. Латыпова (2014). "Деятельность Н. И. Ильминского в создании башкирского алфавита". Universum: филология и искусствоведение.
- ^ a b Л. М. Хусаинова (2017). "Алфавиты башкирского языка в XIX – начале XX вков". Вестник Оренбургского государственного университета. Vol. 3, no. 203. pp. 37–42.
- ^ ISBN 978-5-295-05619-2.
- ^ Л. М. Хусаинова (2012). Башкирское письмо (300 экз ed.). Стерлитамак: Стерлитамакский филиал БашГУ. p. 99.
- ^ a b c А. Г. Биишев (1972). О башкирском алфавите [About the Bashkir alphabet] (in Russian) (Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР ed.). М.: Наука. pp. 49–58.
- ISBN 5-85840-330-1.
- ^ Project for a Tatar-Bashkir alphabet as published in the newspaper 'Эшче', 18 July 1924: Курбатов, Хәлиф Рәхим улы (1960), Татар теленең алфавиты hәм орфография тарихы, Kazan: Tatar Book Publishers, p. 71