Basilica della Santa Casa
Basilica della Santa Casa | ||
---|---|---|
Style Late Gothic | | |
Completed | 16th century | |
Administration | ||
Episcopal area | Territorial Prelature of Loreto |
The Basilica della Santa Casa (English: Basilica of the Holy House) is a Marian shrine in
The basilica is also known for enshrining the
The church
The basilica containing the Santa Casa is a Late Gothic structure built starting from 1468,[4] and continued by Giuliano da Maiano, Giuliano da Sangallo, and Donato Bramante.[5] It is 93 metres (305 ft) long, 60 m (200 ft) wide, and its campanile is 75.6 m (248 ft) high.
The
The richly decorated
The interior of the church has mosaics by Domenichino and Guido Reni and other works of art, including statues by Raffaello da Montelupo. In the sacristies on each side of the right transept are frescoes, on the right by Melozzo da Forlì, on the left by Luca Signorelli and in both there are some fine intarsias; the basilica as a whole is thus a collaborative work by generations of architects and artists.
The Santa Casa
The main focus of Loreto is the Holy House itself (in
The House
The House itself consists of three stone walls.[6] It is a plain stone structure, with a door on the north side and a window on the west.[citation needed] The size is 31 by 13 feet (9.4 m × 4.0 m)[7] (or 9.52 m × 4.10 m × 4.30 m (31.2 ft × 13.5 ft × 14.1 ft)) high.[8]
The Black Madonna of Our Lady of Loreto
A niche contains a 33-inch (84 cm) high
A legend attributes the original statue of olive wood to
The statue was stolen by Napoleonic troops in 1797 and taken to Paris. It was returned with the Treaty of Tolentino and ended up in Rome, from where the image made an eight-day journey as a pilgrim Madonna, arriving in Loreto on 9 December 1801. During the absence of the original statue from the Holy House, a copy made of poplar wood was placed in the niche and remains the only copy to have been venerated in the Holy House. This copy is now enshrined at the Chiesa della Buona Morte in Cannara.[11]
In 1921, a fire broke out inside the Holy House which incinerated the sculpture. At the behest of Pope Pius XI, a new image similar to the original was immediately carved, using the wood of a cedar of Lebanon from the Vatican Gardens. It was modeled by Enrico Quattrini and executed and painted by Leopoldo Celani.[3] In 1922, the statue was crowned in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and transported to Loreto.[11]
There is a local tradition in the city of Treia that the original statue of Our Lady of Loreto was hidden and replaced with a copy before Napoleon's troops looted the basilica. When the copy was returned to Loreto, the exchange with the original statue never took place. Thus, it was the copy that was destroyed by fire. The original statue was hidden in a convent and then taken by Visitandine nuns to Treia, where it is enshrined at the Church of Santa Chiara.[11] Much like the Holy House, it is associated with miracles.[12]
The sculpted marble screen
Around the house is a tall marble screen designed by Bramante
The Hall of the Treasury
The Hall of the Treasury dates from the beginning of the 17th century. It contains votive offerings, liturgical objects and vestments. The frescoes on the vaulted ceiling are exquisite examples of late Roman Mannerism and were created between 1605 and 1610 by Cristoforo Roncalli, known as Pomarancio.[14] The apse is decorated with 19th-century German frescoes.[citation needed]
Traditional account
1st-century Judaea
Late medieval religious traditions developed suggesting that this was the house in which the
1291 miraculous translation to Dalmatia
Just before the final expulsion of the Christian
1294: miraculous translation to Italy
As pilgrims were prey to bandits, in 1294, angels again carried it across the Adriatic Sea to the woods near Ancona (although the reasoning is not clear as to why this happened); from these woods (Latin lauretum, Italian Colle dei Lauri or from the name of its proprietress Laureta) the chapel derived the name which it still retains (Latin sacellum gloriosæ Virginis in Laureto). The house that gave rise to the title Our Lady of Loreto, applied to the Virgin.[15]
1295–1296: three more translations
"By the will of God", it was afterwards moved again thrice: in 1295 to a hill near Recanati, but being too close to the sea and therefore exposed to the dangers of Turkish raids, after eight months it was again moved to a hill a mile away, Monte Prodo, near Loreto. Here two counts sought to acquire title to the land in order to profit from the pilgrimages. In 1296, the Santa Casa is moved for the fifth time to the road that goes from Recanati to Porto Recanati, and therefore not on private property.[citation needed]
Historicity
An authority on Loreto has summed up the controversy concerning the miraculous flight of the Holy House by writing that it has attracted "the ridicule of one half of the world and the devotion of the other."[16]
Archaeological pro arguments
Analysis by Italian archaeologists and architects, mentioned in 1906, reached the conclusion that the Holy House:
- Is built of two types of limestone found in the Marches[17]
- Features mortar between the stones typical for 1st century Palestine, but not for Italy[citation needed]
- Has Grotto of the Annunciation in Nazareth[citation needed]
- Has no foundations, stands directly on dusty ground not cleared in any way and containing snail shells, acorns and a dried walnut, and even stands atop a thorny bush[citation needed]
- The three-walled house fits exactly the measurements of the foundations excavated in front of the Grotto in Nazareth, and those of the "missing" wall fit the Grotto, therefore:[citation needed]
- The Holy House is placed partly on a public road connecting Recanati with Porto Recanati, its apparition forcing the magistrates of Recanati to build a diversion of the road – this makes an intentional construction at such a location look improbable[citation needed]
Earliest mentions of the house
The documented history of the house can only be traced as far back as the close of the
The first detailed mention of the tradition is a 1472 leaflet by Teramano.[17]
Translation by Angelos/Angeli family theory
In modern times, the Church traced the linguistic origins of the story to an aristocratic family called "Angelos", which were responsible for the transfer.[19] There are 16th-century bas-reliefs, which suggest that the Holy House was transported by sea.[20] In May 1900, papal physician Giuseppe Lapponi indicated that he had read in the Vatican archives documents suggesting that the members of the noble Byzantine family named Angelos had saved the stones of the House from Muslim devastation and transported them to Loreto.[21] In a second step, in late 1294, Nikephoros, ruler of Epirus from the Angelos family (in Italian: Niceforo Angeli), sent on the bricks to Italy as a wedding gift for his daughter who had married Prince Philip, the son of the King of Naples, in October that year.[20] In both Greek and Latin, the family name Angelos/Angeli means "angels".[22] The stones considered by researchers to be authentic are still visibly marked with Roman numerals, by scratching or with coal, which suggests that the three walls were carefully taken apart with the intention to faithfully reassemble them at another location.[23] The traditional date of the miraculous translation, 12 May 1291, is compatible with the historical dates – the port city of Acre, the Crusader capital, fell six days later, theoretically allowing for the shipment of the stones, once they had been carried by cart from Nazareth to the port of Acre.[23]
Archaeological excavations were carried out between 1962 and 1965.
Counter-arguments: chronology and late origin
According to Herbert Thurston, in some respects, the Lauretan tradition is "beset with difficulties of the gravest kind", which were noted in a 1906 work on the subject.[17]
There are documents which indicate that a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin already existed at Loreto in the 12th and 13th centuries, at least a century before the supposed translation.[17]
There is no mention by early pilgrims or other sources of a building at the venerated site in Nazareth, other than the rock-hewn chamber.[17] Neither does any document from the time following the alleged transition mention any missing structure at the site.[17]
There is also no mention of the alleged transition before 1472, 180 years after the time of the supposed translation.[17]
Statue-before-house-legend theory
Thurston suggests that a miracle-working statue or picture of the Madonna was brought from Tersatto in Illyria (more precisely Dalmatia) to Loreto by some pious Christians and was then confounded with the ancient rustic chapel in which it was harboured, the veneration formerly given to the statue afterwards passing to the building.[17]
Vision of Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich (1774–1824) explicitly claims that the house was transported by angels, even to her own near-disbelief:
I have often in vision witnessed the transporting of the Holy House to Loretto. For a long time, I could not believe it, and yet I continued to see it. I saw the Holy House borne over the sea by seven angels. It had no foundation, but there was under it a shining surface of light. On either side was something like a handle. Three angels carried it on one side and three on the other; the seventh hovered in front of it, a long train of light after him.
Modern era
In 1797, Napoleon's troops sacked the church.[4] The treasury was emptied, either looted by soldiers, or its contents requisitioned by the pope who needed money for the payments required by the Treaty of Tolentino, which he had signed with Napoleon.[4] Still, by 1821 the Black Madonna had been returned from the Louvre via Rome, and the treasury was again filled with valuable offerings.[4]
Papal support
Papal support of the Loreto tradition comes relatively late. The first Bull mentioning the translation is that of
On 4 October 2012,
On 20 June 2020, during the Feast of the
Similar traditions
Nazareth
A competing tradition holds that the location of the Annunciation was at or near the site of the present Basilica of the Annunciation, whose lower level holds the Grotto of the Annunciation, said to be the remains of Mary's childhood home.[31] (The Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem is also said to have been built on the site of Mary's childhood home.)[32] However, proponents of Loreto maintain that the Holy House and the Grotto were originally part of the same dwelling.[citation needed]
Walsingham, England
The shrine at Walsingham is the principal shrine of the Blessed Virgin in England. The legend of "Our Lady's house" (written down about 1465, and consequently earlier than the Loreto translation tradition) supposes that in the time of St. Edward the Confessor a chapel was built at Walsingham, which exactly reproduced the dimensions of the Holy House of Nazareth. When the carpenters could not complete it upon the site that had been chosen, it was moved and erected by angels' hands at a spot two hundred feet away.[33]
Veneration
Our Lady of Loreto is the title of the Virgin Mary with respect to the Holy House of Loreto and the image displayed therein.
In the 1600s, a Mass and a Marian litany was approved.[citation needed] The "Litany of Loreto" is the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary, one of the five litanies approved for public recitation by the Church.
The Russian icon of the Mother of God "Addition of Mind" is based on the image of Our Lady of Loreto.[34]
Feast day
In October 2019 Pope Francis restored to the universal Roman calendar, the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, as an optional memorial commemorated on 10 December.[6]
Patronage
In 1920 Pope Benedict XV declared the Madonna of Loreto patron saint of air travellers and pilots.[12]
Iconography
The Santa Casa is occasionally represented in religious art borne by angels.[citation needed]
In popular culture
Due to Our Lady of Loreto being the patroness of aviators, Charles Lindbergh took a Loreto statuette with him on his 1927 flight across the Atlantic, and Apollo 8 carried a Loreto medallion on its 1968 flight to the Moon.[16]
See also
- Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth
- House of the Virgin Mary near Ephesus
- Our Lady of Loreto and St Winefride's, Kew
- Territorial prelature of Loreto
- Giovanni Tonucci (b. 1941), archbishop in charge of Loreto since 2007
- History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
- History of Italian Renaissance domes
- History of early modern period domes
References
- ^ a b c ""The Sanctuary of Loreto", Agenzia Nazionale Turismo". Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ Frederick Hartt, David G. Wilkins (2010) History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture "Sixtus's nephews who appears in the group portrait, called Melozzo to Loreto, on the Adriatic coast, to decorate the sacristy of the basilica of the Santa Casa (fig. 14.26)."
- ^ a b Miller, Jennifer Gregory. "The New Advent Feast, Our Lady of Loreto", Catholic Culture, 11 December 2019
- ^ ISBN 9781351160223. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Basilica della Santa Casa Review - Umbria and the Marches Italy - Sights". Fodor’s Travel. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ a b c Carol Glatz (Catholic News Service) (31 October 2019). "Pope adds feast of Our Lady of Loreto to universal calendar". Catholic News Herald (online edition). Charlotte, North Carolina. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ ISBN 9781888729122. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Basilica della Santa Casa di Loreto", Marian Library, University of Dayton
- ^ Cathedral of Loreto, at Roman-Catholic-Saints.com, retrieved 10 April 2020
- ^ Wright, Edward (1730). Some Observations Made in Travelling: Through France, Italy, &c. In the Years 1720, 1721, and 1722. By Edward Wright Esq (Digitized 2011 as part of the "Eighteenth century collections online" ed.). City of London: Tho. Ward and E. Wicksteed. p. 122. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "La-statua". Cammino Lauretano. Retrieved 15 December 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Donovan, Colin B., "Our Lady of Loreto", EWTN, August 2, 2005". Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sansovino, Andrea Contucci del Monte". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ The Pilgrimage Town of Loreto: Loreto is a typical case of a shrine that created a town Archived 9 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, at "Shrines of Europe", retrieved 10 April 2020
- ^ a b Weninger SJ. Francis Xavier "The Translation of the Holy House of Loretto". Lives of the Saints, 1876. CatholicSaints.Info. 3 June 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ ISBN 9781598846546. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Thurston, Herbert. "Santa Casa di Loreto." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 10 December 2017
- ^ Graffiti
- ^ Kerr, David (4 October 2012). "Pope entrusts Year of Faith, evangelization synod to Mary". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ a b Father Johann Roten, S.M. (1941-). "Our Lady of Loreto and Aviation". International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton, Ohio. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ La Santa Casa da Nazareth a Loreto Archived 10 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, on the official website (in Italian). Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ Did angels really carry the Holy House of Mary to Loreto, Italy?, by Courtney Mares, Catholic News Agency (CNA), 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Father Paolo Berti O.F.M.Cap. "The Holy House of Loreto, in the light of archives and archaeology". www.perfettaletizia.it. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ Emmerich, Anne Catherine. Schmöger, Carl E.; Brentano, Clement (eds.). The Life of Jesus Christ and Biblical Revelations. pp. 192–193.
- ^ "Pope at Marian shrine entrusts Year of Faith, synod to Mary". Catholic News Service. 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ "4 October 2012, Celebration of the Mass in Our Lady of Loreto Square | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ "Prayer of the Holy Father during the visit to the Holy House of Loreto (September 1, 2007) | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ "Letter of the Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments to the Presidents of the Conferences of Bishops on the invocations Mater misericordiæ, Mater spei, and Solacium migrantium to be inserted into the Litany of Loreto, 20.06.2020". 20 June 2020.
- ^ "Pope adds three new invocations to the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary". Vatican News. 20 June 2020.
- ^ "Pope Francis extends Loreto jubilee to 2021", Catholic News Agency, 18 August 2020
- ^ Caldwell, Zelda. "From the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth", Aleteia, 4 May 2021
- ^ Yudin, Joe (17 November 2011). "Off the Beaten Track: The Church of St. Anne". The Jerusalem Post. Jpost Inc. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ "The Month", September 1901
- ^ "Blog about Spiritual Delusion (Prelest): Icon of the Mother of God "Addition of Mind"". 28 March 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
Bibliography
- Grimaldi, Floriano (1984). La Chiesa di Santa Maria di Loreto nei documenti dei secoli XII - XV (in Italian and Latin). Ancona: Stabilimento Tipografico Mierma.
- Grimaldi, Floriano (1993). La historia della Chiesa di Santa Maria de Loreto (in Italian). Loreto: Carilo.
- Hutchison, William Antony (1863). Loreto and Nazareth: Two Lectures, Containing the Results of Personal Investigation of the Two Sanctuaries. London: E. Dillon.
- Leopardi, Monaldo (1841). La Santa Casa di Loreto: discussioni istoriche e critiche (in Italian). Lugano: presso Francesco Veladini e C. p. 1.
- Vélez, Karin (2018). The Miraculous Flying House of Loreto: Spreading Catholicism in the Early Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18449-4.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Santa Casa di Loreto". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
- Sanctuary of Loreto - Official site
- Frescoes in the Sacristy of St John, Basilica of Santa Casa, Loreto
- For the treasury:
- Video of the painted ceiling. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- Photos of various exhibits. Retrieved 10 April 2020.