Battle of Genoa (1795)
Battle of Genoa | |||||||
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Part of the naval operations during the War of the First Coalition | |||||||
"The 'Agamemnon' engaging the Ça Ira', 13 March 1795". Nicholas Pocock, 1810. NMM | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Great Britain Naples |
France | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
William Hotham |
Pierre Martin | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
14 ships of the line (OOB) | 13 ships of the line (OOB) | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
74 killed 254 wounded |
400–750 killed and wounded [Note A] 2 ships of the line captured |
The Battle of Genoa (also known as the Battle of Cape Noli and in
The battle was part of a naval campaign in the spring of 1795, during which Martin sought to assert French control over the waters off Southern France. These had been effectively ceded to the British 18 months earlier when the British captured the French Mediterranean naval base of
Hotham pursued, and on 13 March his leading ships caught the French rearguard. For two days Martin's rearmost ships fought a series of running engagements with the British fleet in which several ships from both sides were badly damaged. Martin's flagship the 120-gun
Background
The
In the aftermath, the British launched an
By 1795 the full surviving strength of the French Mediterranean Fleet had been restored, Martin mustering 15 ships of the line and six
Martin's cruise
Martin was reluctant to leave Toulon until he could be certain that the lax British blockade of the port had been temporarily retired.[5] Hood had been replaced in late 1794 by his deputy Vice-Admiral William Hotham, who based his ships in San Fiorenzo Bay on the northern coast of Corsica during the winter.[11] There they had attempted partial refits and one ship, HMS Berwick, had been badly damaged due to poor handling during a gale. In late February Hotham sailed for more extensive repairs at Leghorn in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, leaving Berwick behind.[5] Martin received news of Hotham's departure at the start of March, and sailed from Toulon on 3 March.[12]
The French fleet faced a series of gales, and it took four days to reach the Corsican coast; two ships were partly dismasted during the passage.
On same day as the capture of Berwick, news of the French departure from Toulon reached Hotham at Leghorn from Genoa, with reports that the French had passed
Chase
The weather was calm, and it was not until 11 March that ships from the main body of the British fleet sighted the French, now south and to
A breeze from the south in the evening gave Hotham the opportunity to form up his fleet into a
By the morning of 13 March it had become clear to Hotham that Martin had no intention of engaging the British fleet, and the British admiral decided to authorise a general chase, permitting his captains to break from the line and pursue the French to the best of their ships' ability.[20] The leading ship of the chase was a frigate, the 36-gun HMS Inconstant under Captain Thomas Fremantle, which reached the damaged Ça Ira within an hour of the collision and opened fire at close range on the larboard quarter.[19]
Seeing that Ça Ira was under threat, the French frigate
Agamemnon, supported briefly by
Battle rejoined
During the night Martin and Letourneur transferred from Sans Culotte to the frigate Friponne, which allowed them to move through the fleet more easily and direct operations more effectively, and was part of French standing orders when in a fleet battle.[26] Orders were given for the French fleet, now in full retreat towards Toulon, to sail close to the wind on the larboard tack away from the British.[21] For unexplained reasons Sans Culotte did not follow these orders and dropped out of the fleet during the night,[19] while Ça Ira dropped further and further behind the main body of the French force. To better protect the damaged ship, Vestale was withdrawn and replaced with the ship of the line Censeur, towing Ça Ira back towards Toulon.[21]
In the morning the fleets were manoeuvring 21 nautical miles (39 km) southwest of Genoa, the British closing on the French line to the west. Ça Ira and Censeur had fallen a long way back from the French fleet, and Hotham sent his fastest ships in pursuit, propelled by a northwesterly breeze. By 06:30 Bedford and Captain had caught up with the French stragglers, Captain in the lead fighting both for 15 minutes before Bedford reached the engagement.[21] Captain suffered severe damage to its rigging, sails and masts and by 07:50 was unmanageable and drifting out of the action, and was towed to safety.[27] Shortly afterwards Bedford too was forced to withdraw with extensive damage to the sailing rig. Both French ships had also been badly damaged, and were left drifting out of control, unable to unite with Martin's main fleet.[20]
Martin sought to defend his beleaguered rearmost ships, and gave orders for his line to
In turning, Allemand failed to follow orders effectively, meaning that instead of passing to leeward of the British ships, between the enemy and Ça Ira and Censeur, he passed to windward, sailing down the other side of the British vanguard.
The rest of the French fleet had not followed Allemand, and turned away, the van following. This left the battered Ça Ira and Censeur trapped on the far side of the British fleet, Martin abandoning them to their fate. Isolated, these ships surrendered at 10:05.[30] Without British pursuit, concerted long range firing finally ceased at 14:00; Hotham had decided that addressing the severe damage to his van ships and securing the prizes was more important than continuing the action and tacked his fleet away from Martin's rapidly disappearing ships. Nelson believed that by abandoning the prizes and disabled ships and closely following the French, Hotham could force an action which might destroy the entire French fleet. So convinced was the British captain that he took a boat to Hotham's flagship HMS Britannia to try to persuade the admiral. Hotham refused, replying that "We must be contented, we have done very well".[30] No amount of appeals by Nelson or Rear-Admiral Samuel Goodall on Princess Royal could move Hotham to continue the action, and soon the French were out of sight.[29]
Aftermath
Hotham gathered his prizes and dismasted ships and turned eastwards for the anchorage in the Gulf of La Spezia.[32] All of his battle line had been in action and taken casualties, with the heaviest losses aboard the badly damaged and partially dismasted Illustrious and Courageux. Captain, Bedford, Egmont and HMS Windsor Castle were also damaged, all suffering more than 20 casualties.[31] British and Neapolitan total losses amounted to 74 killed in action and 284 wounded. French losses were not fully accounted in the aftermath of the battle, although the cumulative total on the shattered Ça Ira and Censeur was listed in British accounts as approximately 400 casualties. [Note A] Among the surviving French ships casualties are not known with precision, but Duquesne, Victoire, Tonnant and Timoléon were all recorded as being badly damaged.[31]
Hotham's ships anchored in the Gulf of La Spezia after the action, and on 17 March were struck by a heavy gale, in which the damaged Illustrious broke its tow rope to the frigate
The following morning Tarleton came alongside the irreparably damaged Illustrious, although it was not until 20 March that the weather had abated sufficiently to permit the evacuation to begin. Tarleton, Lowestoft,
Martin retreated to Hyères after the battle, joined shortly afterwards by the damaged ships from Gourjean Bay and the flagship from Genoa.[34] After separating during the night of 13 March, Sans Culotte had sought to rejoin the French fleet but been sighted and chased by a Spanish squadron, sheltering in the neutral port until the route back to France was clear.[34] Martin sent the most damaged ships back to Toulon for refit, remaining at anchor off Hyères with 11 ships of the line until April, when he too returned to port, joined by reinforcements from the French Atlantic Fleet.[38] The captains of Sans Culottes, Mercure and Duquesne were reprimanded by Martin for failing to follow his orders, but subsequently cleared of misconduct by a jury, which also highly commended the captains of Ça Ira and Censeur.[39] He did not sail again until June, and was caught by Hotham once more in early July. Retreating towards Hyères, the French fleet was pursued by the British, and the rearmost ship Alcide was overrun and destroyed at the Battle of the Hyères Islands.[40]
Although the battle was a British victory, Nelson was privately scathing of Hotham's refusal to renew the action, writing that "I could never have called it well done".
Notes
- ^ Note A: French casualties in the battle are uncertain. William James records a figure of 400 killed and wounded on Ça Ira and Censeur alone, and notes that further losses on the French ships were inevitable but unknowable.[31] His figures are supported by William Laird Clowes.[43] In his biography of Nelson, Geoffrey Bennett records a total of 750 casualties on the captured ships,[41] a figure presumably drawn from Ernle Bradford's estimate of 400 on Ça Ira and 350 on Censeur.[45] Digby Smith's book on Napoleonic statistics, apparently drawing on James and Clowes, lists much higher figures of 600 killed and 1,000 wounded.[46] This may come from French histories; Onésime-Joachim Troude reports 600 French sailors as killed in the battle.[39]
References
- ^ Gardiner, p.14
- ^ James, p.65
- ^ Ireland, p.178
- ^ Gardiner, p.105
- ^ a b c James, p.254
- ^ Clowes, p.212
- ^ a b c Gardiner, p.116
- ^ Ireland, p.74
- ^ a b Troude, p.425
- ^ Thiers, Histoire de la Révolution, vol.7.
- ^ Clowes, p.267
- ^ a b Clowes, p.268
- ^ a b James, p.255
- ^ Troude, p.426
- ^ a b c d James, p.257
- ^ a b James, p.256
- ^ a b Clowes, p.269
- ^ Forester, p.73
- ^ a b c d Clowes, p.270
- ^ a b c "No. 13766". The London Gazette. 7 April 1795. p. 305.
- ^ a b c d e f James, p.258
- ^ Bennett, p.89
- ^ Forester, p.74
- ^ Bennett, p.42
- ^ a b c James, p.260
- ^ Troude, vol., p. 427
- ^ a b c d Clowes, p.271
- ^ a b James, p.259
- ^ a b Forester, p.75
- ^ a b c d Bennett, p.43
- ^ a b c d e James, p.261
- ^ a b James, p.264
- ^ a b Clowes, p.273
- ^ a b c James, p.265
- ^ Grocott, p.11
- ^ James, p.274
- ^ Grocott, p.33
- ^ James, p.266
- ^ a b Troude, p.431
- ^ Mostert, p.163
- ^ a b Bennett, p.44
- ^ Mostert, p.162
- ^ a b Clowes, p.272
- ^ "No. 20939". The London Gazette. 26 January 1849. pp. 236–245.
- ^ Bradford, p.116
- ^ Smith, p.102
Bibliography
- ISBN 0-141391-29-4.
- ISBN 1-84022-202-6.
- ISBN 1-86176-012-4.
- ISBN 1-86176-178-3.
- Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) [1996]. Fleet Battle and Blockade. London: Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-363-X.
- Grocott, Terence (2002) [1997]. Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era. Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-164-5.
- ISBN 0-3043-6726-5.
- ISBN 0-85177-905-0.
- Mostert, Noel (2007). The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 – 1815. Vintage Books. ISBN 9-78071-260-9272.
- Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books. OCLC 231766509.
- Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé. pp. 424–431.
External links
- Media related to Naval Battle of Genoa (1795) at Wikimedia Commons