Benjamin Hawkins
Benjamin Hawkins | |
---|---|
United States Senator from North Carolina | |
In office November 27, 1789 – March 4, 1795 | |
Preceded by | None |
Succeeded by | Timothy Bloodworth |
Member of the Congress of the Confederation | |
In office 1781 – 1783 1787 | |
Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives | |
In office 1778 – 1779 1784 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Anti-Administration (1791–1795) | August 15, 1754
Relations | Philemon Hawkins II (father) Micajah T. Hawkins (nephew) William Hawkins (nephew) |
Alma mater | College of New Jersey |
Benjamin Hawkins (August 15, 1754 – June 6, 1816
Hawkins established the
Early life and education
Benjamin Hawkins was born to Philemon Hawkins and Delia (Martin) Hawkins on August 15, 1754, the third of four sons. The family owned a slave plantation in what was then Granville County, North Carolina, but is now Warren County. He attended the county schools, then at the College of New Jersey (later to become Princeton University). He was "apt at multiple languages",[3] a linguistic competence that would later enable him to learn Indian languages. When the College (which he never graduated from) temporarily closed due to the outbreak of war, Hawkins was commissioned a Colonel and served for several years on George Washington's staff as his main interpreter of French.[3]
Career
Hawkins was released from federal service late in 1777, as Washington learned to rely on Lafayette for dealing with the French. He returned home, where he was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1778. He served there until 1779, and again in 1784. The North Carolina General Assembly sent him to the Continental Congress as their delegate from 1781 to 1783, and again in 1787.
In 1789, Hawkins was a delegate to the
U.S. Indian agent
In 1785, Hawkins had served as a representative for the Congress in negotiations over land with the Creek Indians of the Southeast. He was generally successful, and convinced the tribe to lessen their raids for several years, although he could not conclude a formal treaty. The Creek wanted to deal with the 'head man'. They finally signed the Treaty of New York (1790) after Hawkins convinced George Washington to become involved.[4]
In 1786, Hawkins and fellow Indian agents Andrew Pickens and Joseph Martin concluded a treaty with the Choctaw nation at Seneca Old Town, also known as Hopewell, the plantation of Andrew Pickens, near Clemson, South Carolina. They set out the boundaries for the Choctaw lands as well as provisions for relations between the tribe and the U.S. government.[5]
In 1789, conditions among the Creeks seemed to indicate an urgency for his return to the Creek country. Accordingly, he left Tennessee early in September for Fort Wilkinson on the
In 1796, Washington appointed Benjamin Hawkins as
Georgia
Hawkins' plans for the Indians was a "civilization plan",
He contributed to the 19 years of peace between settlers and the tribe, the longest such period during European-American settlement.[citation needed] When in 1806 the government built a fort at the fall line of the Ocmulgee River, to protect expanding settlements just east of modern Macon, Georgia, the government named it Fort Benjamin Hawkins in his honor.
Hawkins saw much of his work to preserve peace destroyed in 1812. A group of Creek rebels, known as Red Sticks, were working to revive traditional ways and halt encroachment by European Americans. The ensuing civil war among the Creeks coincided with the War of 1812.
During the
Hawkins tried more than once to resign his post and return from the Georgia frontier, but no President would accept his resignation. (Dale Cox says that
Benjamin Hawkins was buried at the Creek Agency near the Flint River and Roberta, Georgia. He was succeeded as Indian agent by David Mitchell, former Governor of Georgia.
Fort Hawkins was built overlooking the ancient site since designated as the
Hawkins and slavery
Hawkins' plantation was farmed by enslaved labor, but beyond that his unhappy record on slavery has been overlooked. He transformed the Creek Agency and
It was Hawkins who first used the term negro fort to refer to the British Post on the Apalachicola River, at that time in Spanish Florida.[13]: 76 Hawkins started the call for its capture or destruction.
Personal life
He married Susan Lavinia Downs, who some[who?] believe was a Creek Indian woman (the Creeks wanted him to take a Creek wife), whereas other evidence indicates that she was a white woman.[citation needed] They had a total of six daughters: Georgia, Muscogee, Cherokee, Carolina, Virginia, and Jeffersonia, and one son, James Madison Hawkins. In 1812, thinking he was on his death bed, Hawkins remarried his wife Susan Lavinia Downs to make sure their children were legitimate in U.S. society.[citation needed] Jeffersonia was born after this marriage.
Hawkins was close to his nephew William Hawkins, whom he made a co-executor of his estate along with his wife; he bequeathed to William a share of his estate, reputed to be quite large. This bequest became a source of contention among his heirs, especially as he had not altered his will to include his youngest daughter Jeffersonia.
Archival material
- The Georgia Historical Society has three boxes of Hawkins material,[14] some of which has been published.[15]
Legacy and honors
- Hawkinsville, Georgia is named in his honor.[16]
- Hawkins County in Tennessee bears his name.[17]
- He is the namesake of the Benjamin Hawkins Boy Scout Camp near Byron, Georgia.
- The archeological site of the original Fort Benjamin Hawkins is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and it is within the Fort Hill Historic Districtof Macon, Georgia, also listed on the NRHP.
- Hawkins was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813.[18]
References
- ^ Foster II, H. Thomas (2013). "Benjamin Hawkins". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University.
- ISBN 0807128678.
- ^ a b "Benjamin Hawkins". Encyclopedia of Georgia. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Kokomoor, Kevin (2015). "Creeks, Federalists, and the Idea of Coexistence in the Early Republic". Journal of Southern History. 81 (4): 803–842. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
- ^ Horatio Bardwell Cushman, History of Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians, Greenville, Texas: Headlight Printing House, 1899
- ISBN 9780820334516. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
- ^ "Hawkins Line". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9780692379363.
- ^ a b Weeks, Stephen B. (1916). "Life of Benjamin Hawkins". Letters of Benjamin Hawkins, 1796-1806. Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, 9. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. p. 10.
- ^ [1] "Heard County Historical Marker for Benjamin Hawkins"
- ISBN 0521660432.
- ^ Ethridge, Robbie. "Benjamin Hawkins (1754-1816)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9781479811106.
- ^ "Benjamin Hawkins papers". Georgia Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Hawkins, Benjamin (1916). "Letters of Benjamin Hawkins 1796–1806". Collections of the Georgia Historical Society. 9.
- ^ "Hawkinsville". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
- ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 152.
- ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
Further reading (most recent first)
- Robbie Franklyn Ethridge, Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
- Thomas Foster, editor. The Collected Works of Benjamin Hawkins, 1796-1810. 2003, University of Alabama Press, ISBN 0-8173-5040-3.
- Florette Henri. The Southern Indians and Benjamin Hawkins, 1796-1816. 1986, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-1968-3.
- C. L. Grant, editor. Benjamin Hawkins: Letters, Journals and Writings. 2 volumes. 1980, Beehive Press, volume 1: ISBN 99938-28-28-9.
- Pound, Merritt B. (1957). Benjamin Hawkins, Indian agent. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820334516. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
- Weeks, Stephen B. (1916). "Biography of Benjamin Hawkins". Collections of the Georgia Historical Society. Vol. 9. Georgia Historical Society. pp. 5–12.
External links
- United States Congress. "Benjamin Hawkins (id: H000368)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-03-04
- "Benjamin Hawkins" Archived April 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, New Georgia Encyclopedia
- "Benjamin Hawkins", History and Culture, Ocmulgee National Monument, National Park Service
- "Benjamin Hawkins", Horseshoe Bend National Military Park
- "Camp Benjamin Hawkins", Boy Scouts of America
- Creek Agency Old Agency historical marker, Roberta, Georgia
- Historical marker for Benjamin Hawkins
- Benjamin Hawkins historical marker in Franklin, Georgia
- "[Letter], 1800 Nov. 9, Fort Wilkinson, [Georgia to] Colo[nel] David Henly [i.e., Henley ?], Knoxville / Benjamin Hawkins". Southeastern Native American Documents, 1730-1842. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved February 13, 2018.[permanent dead link]
- "[Letter], 1802 Mar. 21, Tookaubatchee, [Creek Nation to] Mr. Joseph Clay, Savannah, [Georgia] / Benjamin Hawkins". Southeastern Native American Documents, 1730-1842. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved February 13, 2018.[permanent dead link]
- Benjamin Hawkins at Find a Grave