Bodrum
Bodrum | |
---|---|
District and municipality | |
Coordinates: 37°02′N 27°26′E / 37.033°N 27.433°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Muğla |
Government | |
• Mayor | Tamer Mandalinci (CHP) |
Area | 650 km2 (250 sq mi) |
Population (2022)[1] | 192,964 |
• Density | 300/km2 (770/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Postal code | 48400 |
Area code | 0252 |
Website | www |
Bodrum (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbodɾum]) is a municipality and district of Muğla Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 650 km2,[3] and its population is 192,964 (2022).[1] It is a port city at the entrance to the Gulf of Gökova. Known in ancient times as Halicarnassus, the city was once home to the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, also known as the tomb of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The city was founded by
By the 20th century, the city's economy was mainly based on fishing and sponge diving, but tourism has become the main industry in Bodrum since the late 20th century. The abundance of visitors has also contributed to Bodrum's retail and service industry. Milas–Bodrum Airport and Kos International Airport are the main airports that serve the city. The port has ferries to other nearby Turkish and Greek ports and islands, Kos being the most important. Most of the public transportation in the city is based on local share taxis and buses.
Etymology
The modern name Bodrum derives from the town's medieval name Petronium, which has its roots in the Hospitaller Castle of St. Peter (see history).
In classical antiquity, Bodrum was known as Halicarnassus (Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνασσός,[4] Turkish: Halikarnas), a major city in ancient Caria. The suffix -ασσός (-assos) of Greek Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός is indicative of a substrate toponym, meaning that an original non-Greek name influenced or established the place's name. It has been proposed that the -καρνασσός (-karnassos) part is cognate with Luwian word "ha+ra/i-na-sà", which means fortress.[5] If so, the city's ancient name was probably borrowed from Carian, a Luwic language native to pre-Greek Western Anatolia. The Carian name for Halicarnassus has been tentatively identified with 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 (alos k̂arnos) in inscriptions.[6]
History
Ancient era
Halicarnassus (
In an early period, Halicarnassus was a member of the
Persian rule
Mausolus ruled Caria from here, nominally on behalf of the Persians but practically independently, for much of his reign from 377 to 353 BC. When he died in 353 BC, Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his sister and his widow, employed the ancient Greek architects Satyros, Pythis, and the sculptors Bryaxis, Scopas, Leochares, and Timotheus to build a monument and a tomb for him. The word "mausoleum" derives from the structure of this tomb. It was a temple-like structure decorated with reliefs and statuary on a massive base. Today only the foundations and a few pieces of sculpture remain.
Hellenistic and Roman periods
Alexander the Great laid siege to the city after his arrival in the Carian lands and, together with his ally, Queen Ada of Caria, captured it after fighting in 334 BC. After Alexander's death, the rule of the city passed to Antigonus I (311 BC), Lysimachus (after 301 BC), and the Ptolemies (281–197 BC) and was briefly an independent kingdom until 129 BC, when it came under Roman rule. A series of earthquakes destroyed much of the city, as well as the great Mausoleum, while repeated pirate attacks from the Mediterranean wreaked further havoc on the area. By the time of the early Christian Byzantine era, when Halicarnassus was an important bishopric, there was little left of the shining city of Mausoluos.[11]
Medieval era
In 1522, Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the base of the Crusader knights on the island of Rhodes, who then relocated first briefly to Sicily and later permanently to Malta, leaving the Castle of Saint Peter and Bodrum to the Ottoman Empire.
Modern era
Bodrum was a quiet town of fishermen and
Geography
Climate
Bodrum has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification[14] and Cshl in the Trewartha climate classification[15]). The average temperature is around 15 °C (59 °F) in winter and 34 °C (93 °F) in summer, with many sunny spells. Summers are very hot and mostly sunny, and winters are mild and humid. Record high is 46.8°C (116.2°F) in July 2017. [16]
Climate data for Bodrum (1970-2011) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
39.0 (102.2) |
42.3 (108.1) |
46.8 (116.2) |
45.0 (113.0) |
39.8 (103.6) |
38.9 (102.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
46.8 (116.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.1 (70.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
23.9 (75.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
28.3 (82.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
19.0 (66.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
15.2 (59.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
2.8 (37.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16 (61) |
18.5 (65.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 134.1 (5.28) |
107.9 (4.25) |
74.0 (2.91) |
39.1 (1.54) |
18.4 (0.72) |
7.5 (0.30) |
1.3 (0.05) |
8.5 (0.33) |
20.8 (0.82) |
40.5 (1.59) |
97.7 (3.85) |
156.2 (6.15) |
706 (27.79) |
Average rainy days | 12.3 | 11.2 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 8.8 | 13.2 | 77.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148.8 | 151.2 | 198.4 | 225 | 285.2 | 318 | 337.9 | 322.4 | 273 | 223.2 | 168 | 139.5 | 2,790.6 |
Source: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü[17] |
Climate data for water temperatures in Bodrum | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
Source: seatemperature.org[18] |
Main sights
The
Built in the fourth century BC, the ruins of the
Besides the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, other museums are also located on the peninsula.
-
The ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
-
Entrance of Museum of Underwater Archaeology
-
Collection of amphoras in Museum of Underwater Archaeology
-
Zeki Müren's statue at Zeki Müren Art Museum
-
Windmills of Bodrum
Demographics
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: Population censuses (1965-1997)[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] and TÜIK (2007-2022)[1] |
Government
The district of Bodrum is one of 957 in Turkey. It is in Muğla Province, which is part of the Aydin Subregion, which, in turn, is part of the Aegean Region. Bodrum became a sub-district of the Ottoman Empire in 1871 and a district of Muğla Province in 1872. Bodrum Municipality operates with its 18 directorates and subsidiary units in the entire Bodrum Peninsula, which covers an area of 689 km2 and a coastline of 215 km. The organizational structure of Bodrum Municipality is composed of the mayor, four deputy mayors, and 18 directorates.[39]
Bodrum Municipality served as the sole district municipality in the Bodrum region for many years. With the increase in the population of the peninsula, a town municipality called Karatoprak (Turgutreis) was established in 1967. The increase in the population also led to the establishment of the Mumcular (1972), Yalıkavak (1989), and Gündoğan Municipalities (1992).[39]
Following the new municipality law of 1999, many villages in Bodrum were turned into towns: Ortakent-Yahşi with the integration of Ortakent and Yahşi villages, Göltürkbükü with the integration of Gölköy, and Türkbükü and Yalı with the integration of Yalı and Kızılağaç villages. The same year, the municipalities of Gümüşlük, Konacık, and Bitez were also founded, raising the number of municipalities in the Bodrum Peninsula to 11.[39]
After Muğla Province received metropolitan municipality status, these town municipalities were abolished, and all towns across the province were integrated into the city of Bodrum. Since March 30, 2014, the peninsula has been governed as a sole municipality.[39]
Neighbourhoods
There are 56
- Akçaalan
- Akyarlar
- Bahçelievler
- Bahçeyakası
- Bitez
- Çamarası
- Çamlık
- Çarşı
- Cevatşakir
- Çiftlik
- Çırkan
- Çömlekçi
- Cumhuriyet
- Dağbelen
- Dereköy
- Dirmil
- Eskiçeşme
- Farilya
- Geriş
- Gökpınar
- Gölbaşı
- Gölköy
- Gümbet
- Gümüşlük
- Gündoğan
- Gürece
- Güvercinlik
- İslamhaneleri
- Karabağ
- Karaova
- Kemer
- Kızılağaç
- Konacık
- Koyunbaba
- Küçükbük
- Kumbahçe
- Kumköy
- Mazıköy
- Mumcular
- Müskebi
- Peksimet
- Pınarlıbelen
- Sazköy
- Tepecik
- Tepecik Karaova
- Torba
- Turgutreis
- Türkbükü
- Türkkuyusu
- Umurca
- Yahşi
- Yakaköy
- Yalıkavak
- Yeniköy
- Yeniköy Karaova
- Yokuşbaşı
Economy
Over the years, tourism became a major activity and income source for local communities.[42] The abundance of visitors has also enlivened Bodrum's retail and service industries. Leather goods, particularly for traditional woven sandals, are well-known products. Other traditional goods, such as tangerine-flavored Turkish delight, nazar amulets, and handicrafts are popular souvenirs.[43]
Apart from small shopping facilities, the city hosts a few shopping malls, such as Midtown and Oasis. There are also marinas for yachts and small ships, such as Milta Bodrum Marina,[44] D-Marin Turgutreis,[44] and the award-winning Yalıkavak Marina.[45]
The Carian Trail, which passes by Bodrum and the surrounding Kızılağaç and Pedasa ruins, attracts hikers from both inside and outside Turkey.[46]
Culture
Architecture
Traditional Bodrum houses are characterized by their prismatic shapes, simple designs and locally sourced building materials like stone, wood, clay and cane.[47] They also tend to have white dominated exterior walls with some blue parts (doors, windows).[48] The tradition of white-washed walls is associated with the bug and scorpion repellent properties of lime, which is found in white paint. It is also traditionally applied in most hot regions for heat-reflecting properties of white color. Blue is also believed by locals to protect against the malicious effects of envy (similar to the Anatolian belief Nazar, originated in Mesopotamia).[48]
According to Muğla Municipality, in order to acquire a building permit one has to agree to paint the walls of the new building white. Use of any paint other than white on the exterior walls of a building was officially banned by Muğla Governor Temel Koçaklar in 2006.[49] This was implemented to protect the historical fabric and cultural identity of the city.[49]
Events and festivals
Bodrum International Ballet Festival has been held in Bodrum every summer since 2002.[50] Bodrum has also hosted the Bodrum International Biennial since 2014.[51] Bodrum Baroque Music Festival is another, annual, music event held in the city.[52]
Transportation
Airports
There are no civilian airports located in the district's borders and
Built in 1987,
Bus
The main bus station of Bodrum district used to be located in the city center, but this has changed in 2021 when it was moved to a newly-built facility in Torba, around 6 km away from the town to ease traffic jams in the city center during the high season. The old bus station still has the interdistrict buses, but intercity bus services to other locations in Turkey were redirected to the new station. The new station is powered by solar power, and contains 6 electric car charging units, which was described to be a first for a bus terminal in Turkey by the Muğla Mayor Osman Gürün.[55]
Most of the public transportation in the city is based on local shared taxis called "dolmuş". Each of these privately owned minibuses displays their particular route on signboards behind the windscreens.[56] The word derives from the Turkish for "full" or "stuffed", as these shared taxis depart from the terminal only when a sufficient number of passengers have boarded.[57] Apart from these minibuses Muğla Municipality also has a scheduled bus service program between towns on the Bodrum peninsula.[58] Public transportation between major towns such as Gümbet, Bitez, Turgutreis and the main bus station is non-stop.[59]
Port
The port has ferries to other nearby Turkish and Greek ports and islands.[53] Bodrum has three large marinas and cruise berths. The first marina, Milta, is located in the center of Bodrum. The second marina is located in Turgutreis, and the third, Palmarina, in Yalikavak.
Wildlife
Wild boars and foxes are prevalent in the area, as are other animals such as pygmy cormorants, Dalmatian pelicans and lesser kestrels. The region is also home to the endangered and internationally protected Mediterranean monk seal.[60]
Notable people
- Herodotus – ancient Greek historian
- Scylax of Caryanda – ancient explorer
- Julian of Halicarnassus was a bishop in the early 6th century.[65]
- Mausolus – Carian ruler
- Artemisia II of Caria – Carian ruler
- Dionysius – ancient Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric in the Roman period
- Turgut Reis– Ottoman Turkish admiral
- Emmanuel Zairis – Greek painter
- Halikarnas Balıkçısı, literally 'The Fisherman of Halicarnassus' or Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı – Turkish writer born in Istanbul, resident of Bodrum for decades and a symbol for the town
- Neyzen Tevfik – Turkish ney virtuoso and pundit[66]
- Zeki Müren – Turkish singer born in Bursa, resident of Bodrum for decades and a symbol for the town[67]
- AAVSO) from 1973 to 2004[68]
- Abdurrahman Nafiz Gürman – military officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies[69]
- Zeynep Çamcı – Turkish actress[70]
Twin towns – sister cities
Bodrum is
See also
- Milas–Bodrum Airport
- Kos Airport
- Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology(within Bodrum Castle)
- Turgutreis
- Blue Cruise
- Marinas in Turkey
- Gulet
- Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey
- Turkish Riviera
- Gümüşlük, a neighborhood north of Bodrum
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External links
- Turkish Republic Municipalities of Bodrum
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Bodrum
- Bodrum Webcam
- Bodrum Instagram Account
- Bodrum travel guide from Wikivoyage