Eskişehir
Eskişehir | |
---|---|
UTC+3 (TRT) | |
Postal code | 26 xxx |
Area code | (+90) 222 |
Registration plate | 26 |
Website | www.eskisehir-bld.gov.tr |
Eskişehir (US: /ˌɛskɪʃəˈhɪər/ ES-kish-ə-HEER,[3][4] Turkish: [esˈciʃehiɾ]; from eski 'old' and şehir 'city')[5] is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 898,369 with a metropolitan population of 797,708.[1] The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km (145 mi) to the west of Ankara, 330 km (205 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul and 78 km (48 mi) to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum.[6] Known as a university town; Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University are based in Eskişehir. The province covers an area of 2,678 km2 (1,034 sq mi).[7]
Etymology
The name Eskişehir can be literally translated as 'Old City' in Turkish.[5] The name has been documented in Ottoman records since the late 15th century.[8]
History
The city was founded by the
Many ancient geographers described the city as one of the most beautiful in Anatolia.[citation needed]
As with many towns in
It was called Sultanönü during the
Geography
The city of Eskişehir is sited on the banks of Porsuk River, which flows into the Sakarya River. Porsuk Dam, located near the Eskişehir-Kütahya border controls the flow of the water in the river.
Climate
Eskişehir has a
Climate data for Eskişehir (1991–2020, extremes 1928–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
29.1 (84.4) |
31.2 (88.2) |
35.3 (95.5) |
36.6 (97.9) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.7 (101.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
2.9 (37.2) |
12.4 (54.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −23.6 (−10.5) |
−23.8 (−10.8) |
−16.5 (2.3) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
0.5 (32.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−26.3 (−15.3) |
−26.3 (−15.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39.6 (1.56) |
31.1 (1.22) |
32.6 (1.28) |
31.9 (1.26) |
38.1 (1.50) |
44.1 (1.74) |
12.5 (0.49) |
15.7 (0.62) |
16.0 (0.63) |
35.3 (1.39) |
25.0 (0.98) |
40.7 (1.60) |
362.6 (14.28) |
Average precipitation days | 11.9 | 10.1 | 11.8 | 9.4 | 11.8 | 10.2 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 104.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 74.4 | 93.2 | 142.6 | 177.0 | 244.9 | 288.0 | 331.7 | 316.2 | 246.0 | 179.8 | 111.0 | 68.2 | 2,273 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.4 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 8.2 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 6.2 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service (sun 1928–2020)[14][15] |
Economy
Traditionally dependent on flour milling and brickyards, the city expanded with the building of railway workshops in 1894 for work on the Berlin–Baghdad railway.
As of 1920, Eskişehir was one of the major locations for
Devrim, the first Turkish automobile, was produced in 1961 at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. Devrim never put into mass production and stayed a concept study and can be viewed in TÜLOMSAŞ factory Eskişehir. In addition to production, first Turkish steam powered locomotive called Karakurt was produced at the TÜLOMSAŞ in 1961. Eskişehir was also the site of Turkey's first aviation industry (Aeronautical Supply Maintenance Centre) and its air base was the command center of Turkey's first Tactical Air Force headquarters on NATO's southern flank during the Cold War.
Eskişehir produces trucks, home appliances, railway locomotives, fighter aircraft engines, agricultural equipment, textiles, brick, cement, chemicals, processed meerschaum and refined sugar. Eti , one of Turkey's largest food brands (mostly producing biscuit, chocolate and candy varieties) is based in Eskişehir. Arçelik, a major Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics manufacturer, has one of its production plants in Eskişehir. Eskişehir was the first stage of High-speed rail in Turkey from Ankara. This service improved the travel and commerce between Eskişehir and Ankara, thanks to reduced journey time. GKN, a major global automotive supplier for passenger and commercial car powertrain systems has a plant in Eskişehir.
The city is served by the Hasan Polatkan Airport.
Education
There are three universities in Eskişehir. These are the Anadolu University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and the Eskişehir Technical University which is the first university in the world that gained the privilege of managing airports. Anadolu University, in addition to its on-campus studies, started open university courses through TV broadcasts in the 1980s. Allowing access to tertiary education for thousands of students who otherwise would not have been able to benefit from any.
Culture
The city has a significant population of Turkic Crimean Tatars. It also attracted ethnic Turks emigrating from Balkan countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia, North Macedonia and the Sandžak region of Serbia, who contributed to the development of the city's metalworking industries. Eskişehir also hosted the inaugural Turkvision Song Contest in 2013, which aims to highlight music and artists from various Turkic-speaking regions. The city is also home to the Dünya Müzeleri Müzesi or Museum of World Museums.
Other museums in the city are
Attractions
Most of modern-day Eskişehir was rebuilt after the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), but a number of historic buildings remain, such as the Kurşunlu Mosque. The archaeological site of the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum is close to Eskişehir. The city is noted for its natural hot sulphur springs.
Sports
Association football club Eskişehirspor, founded in 1965, plays in the TFF Second League after being relegated during the 2021-22 TFF First League. It plays its home games in the New Eskişehir Stadium.
Notable natives
- Eusebius of Dorylaeum – 5th century bishop
- Muslim saint buried in Seyitgazi
- Yunus Emre – 13th century Turkish folk poet
- Sheik Edebali – 13th century religious leader, spiritual founder of the Ottoman Empire
- Behiç Erkin - Turkish Schindler, first director (1920–1926) of the Turkish State Railways, Minister of Public Works (1926–1928), Turkish Ambassador (Budapest 1928–1939, Paris and Vichy 1939-1943)
- Yakup Satar - last Turkish veteran of the First World War
- Fahrettin Kerim Gökay - Professor, former Mayor of Istanbul (1949–1957), former Turkish Ambassador (Bern), former Minister of State
- Yılmaz Büyükerşen - Professor, Reporter, Columnist, Caricaturist, Editor, former Rector of Anadolu University, former member of RTYK, Professional Wax Sculptor
- Cüneyt Arkın - Actor, Director, Producer, Martial Artist, Doctor in Medicine
- Nuri Alço - Actor, Director, Producer
- Eqrem Çabej - Linguist and scholar
- Melis Birkan - Actress
- Zeki Sezer - former Leader of the Democratic Left Party DSP, Chemical Engineer, Minister of State (57th government)
- Hasan Polatkan - Politician
- Mehmet Terzi - Long-Distance Runner
- Gamze Bulut - Mid-Distance Runner
- Zeki Önder Özen- Football Manager
- Ömer Çatkıç - Football Goalkeeper
- Neslihan Demir Darnel- Volleyball Player
- İpek Şenoğlu - Tennis Player
- Ersan İlyasova - Basketball Player
- Kerem Gönlüm - Basketball Player
- Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu - Basketball Coach
- Asya (singer) - Pop Singer, Song-Writer
- Tuna Kiremitçi - Author, Poet, Columnist, Composer
- Enis Batur - Author, Lecturer
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Gürer Aykal - Conductor, Adjunct Professor at Bilkent University
- Banu Avar - Writer and journalist
- Mete Erpek (Joker) - Rapper
- Meryem Boz - Volleyball Player
- Sertan Saltan - Artist and winner of 2011 BP Young Artist Award
Non-natives
Fikri Cantürk, Professor of Painting, Anadolu University
International relations
Eskişehir is
- Shymkent, Kazakhstan[18]
- Changzhou, China
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Kazan, Russia
- Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus
- Linz, Austria
- Paju, South Korea
- Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Belgium
See also
- Anadolu University
- Boron
- Eskişehir Osmangazi University
- Meerschaum
- Türkvizyon Song Contest 2013
- Holy Trinity Church, Eskişehir
Notes
- ^ a b "Turkey: Major cities and provinces". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ "Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts". www.turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Eskisehir". Lexico US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Eskisehir". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-0486250649.
- ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
- ^ Statoids. "Statistical information on districts and town centers in Turkey". Retrieved 12 April 2008.
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan. "Eskişehir". nisanyanmap.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Türkiye İller Ansiklopedisi 1.Cilt s.409
- ^ "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Nature Scientific Data. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214.
- . Retrieved 23 June 2020. (in Turkish and English)
- ^ Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 105.
- ^ "Kardeş Şehirler". eskisehir.bel.tr (in Turkish). Eskişehir. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1897651.aspx
References
- Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. "Geographical information on Eskişehir, Turkey". Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- Municipality of Eskişehir, Turkey. "General information on Eskişehir". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
External links
- District governor's official website (in Turkish)
- District municipality's official website (in Turkish)
- Eskişehir Police Headquarters (in Turkish)
- Eskişehir News (in Turkish)
- Eskişehirspor Sports Club
- Eskişehir Hava Durumu
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 771. .