Bothremydidae
| Bothremydidae Temporal range:
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| Galianemys Skull | |
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| Shell of Taphrosphys | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Testudines |
| Suborder: | Pleurodira |
| Hyperfamily: | Pelomedusoides
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| Family: | †Bothremydidae Baur, 1891 |
| Subfamilies | |
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See text | |
Bothremydidae is an extinct
suction feeding.[2] Unlike modern pleurodires, which are exclusively freshwater, bothremydids inhabited freshwater, marine and coastal environments.[1] Their marine habits allowed bothremydids to disperse across oceanic barriers into Europe and North America during the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian).[3] The youngest records of the group are indeterminate remains from Saudi Arabia and Oman, dating to the Miocene.[4]
Taxonomy
The family is split into two subfamilies and a number of tribes.[5]
Bothremydidae
- Woodbine Formation, Texas, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
- "Chrysemys" montolivensis Roman 1897 Montoulieu, France, Oligocene (Rupelian)
- Sindhochelys ragei Lapparent de broin et al., 2021 Khadro Formation, Pakistan, Paleocene (Danian)
- Apertotemporalis Stromer, 1934 Bahariya Formation, Egypt, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
- Subfamily Bothremydinae Gaffney et al., 2006
- Abalakemys Pérez-García, 2023 Farin-Doutchi Formation, Niger, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Tribe Bothremydini Gaffney et al., 2006
- Palauchelys López-Conde et al. 2021 Olmos Formation, Mexico, Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
- Khargachelys AbdelGawad et al. 2021 Quseir Formation, Egypt, Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
- Subtribe Bothremydina Gaffney et al., 2006
- Akoranemys Pérez-García, 2021. Madagascar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
- Algorachelus Pérez-García 2017
- Algorachelus parvus (Haas 1978) Bet-Meir Formation, Amminadav Formation, Palestine, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
- Algorachelus peregrinus Pérez-García 2017 Utrillas Formation, Spain, Nazaré, Portugal, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)[6]
- Algorachelus tibert (Joyce et al. 2016) Naturita Formation, Utah, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) (alternatively considered the only member of the genus Paiutemys)
- Araiochelys Gaffney et al., 2006 Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Paleocene
- Araiochelys hirayamai Gaffney et al., 2006
- Bothremys Leidy, 1865 (jr synonym: Karkaemys)
- Bothremys arabicus (Zalmout et al., 2005) Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation, Jordan, Late Cretaceous (Santonian)
- Bothremys cooki Leidy, 1865 Tar Heel Formation, North Carolina, Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
- Bothremys kellyi Gaffney et al., 2006 Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Paleocene
- Bothremys maghrebiana Gaffney et al., 2006 Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Paleocene
- Chedighaii Gaffney et al., 2006
- Chedighaii barberi (Schmidt, 1940) Tar Heel Formation, North Carolina, Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
- Chedighaii hutchisoni Gaffney et al., 2006 Tar Heel Formation, North Carolina, Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
- Chedighaii barberi (Schmidt, 1940)
- Rosasia Costa, 1940 Argilas de Aveiro Formation, Portugal, Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
- Rosasia soutoi Carrington da Costa, 1940
- Inaechelys Carvalho, 2016 Maria Farinha Formation, Brasil, Paleocene
- Inaechelys pernambucensis Carvalho, 2016
- Zolhafah Lapparent de Broin and Werner, 1998 Dakhla Formation, Egypt, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Zolhafah bella Lapparent de Broin and Werner, 1998
- Subtribe Foxemydina Gaffney et al., 2006
- Elochelys Nopsca, 1931 France, Spain, Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
- Elochelys perfecta Nopsca, 1931
- Marnes Rouges Inferieures Formation, Lestaillats Marls Formation, France, Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Villalba de la Sierra Formation, Spain, Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
- Foxemys mechinorum Tong et al., 1998
- Palemys Gray, 1870
- Palemys bowerbankii (Owen, 1842) London Clay Formation, England, Eocene (Ypresian)[7]
- Polysternon Portis, 1882 Argiles et Grès à Reptiles Formation, Rognacian Formation, France, Vitoria Formation, Laño, Tremp Formation, Sierra Perenchiza Formation, Spain, Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
- Polysternon provinciale (Matheron, 1869)
- Puentemys Cadena et al., 2012 Cerrejón Formation, Colombia, Paleocene
- Puentemys mushaisaensis Cadena et al., 2012
- Tartaruscola Pérez-García, 2016 Saint-Papoul, France, Eocene (Ypresian)
- Iberoccitanemys Pérez-García et al. 2012 Vegas de Matute Formation, Villalba de la Sierra Formation, Spain, Campanian Marnes d'Auzas Formation, France, Maastrichtian
- Iberoccitanemys atlanticum (Lapparent de Broin and Murelaga, 1996 originally Polysternon atlanticum) syn Iberoccitanemys convenarum (Laurent et al., 2002)
- Elochelys Nopsca, 1931 France, Spain, Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
- Tribe Taphrosphyini Gaffney et al., 2006
- Ilatardia Pérez-García, 2019 Farin Doutchi Formation, Niger, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Subtribe Nigermydina Gaffney et al., 2006
- Arenila Lapparent de Broin and Werner, 1998 Dakhla Formation, Egypt, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Arenila krebsi Lapparent de Broin and Werner, 1998
- Arenila Lapparent de Broin and Werner, 1998 Dakhla Formation, Egypt, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Subtribe Taphrosphyina Gaffney et al., 2006
- Azabbaremys Gaffney et al., 2001 Teberemt Formation, Mali, Paleocene
- Azabbaremys moragjonesi Gaffney et al., 2001
- Eotaphrosphys Perez-Garcia, 2018 Mont-Aimé, France, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Eotaphrosphys ambiguum (Gaudry, 1890)
- Labrostochelys Gaffney et al., 2006 Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Paleocene
- Labrostochelys galkini Gaffney et al., 2006
- Motelomama Perez-Garcia, 2018 Salina Group, Peru, Eocene (Ypresian)
- Motelomama olssoni (Schmidt, 1931)
- Phosphatochelys Gaffney and Tong, 2003 Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Paleocene
- Phosphatochelys tedfordi Gaffney and Tong, 2003
- Rhothonemys Gaffney et al., 2006 Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Paleocene
- Rhothonemys brinkmani Gaffney et al., 2006
- Taphrosphys Cope, 1869 (jr synonyms: Amblypeza, Bantuchelys, Prochonias)
- Taphrosphys congolensis (Dollo, 1912) Landana Formation, Angola, Paleocene
- Taphrosphys dares Hay, 1908 (nomen dubium)
- Taphrosphys ippolitoi Gaffney et al., 2006 Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Paleocene
- Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856) Hornerstown Formation, New Egypt Formation, New Jersey, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Ummulisani Gaffney et al., 2006 Morocco, Eocene (Ypresian)
- Ummulisani rutgersensis Gaffney et al., 2006
- Crassachelys Bergounioux, 1952 (nomen dubium)
- Crassachelys neurirregularis Bergounioux, 1952
- Eusarkia Bergounioux, 1952 (nomen dubium)
- Eusarkia rotundiformis Bergounioux, 1952
- Gafsachelys Stefano, 1903 (nomen dubium)
- Gafsachelys phosphatica Stefano, 1903
- Gafsachelys moularensis Bergounioux, 1955
- Azabbaremys Gaffney et al., 2001 Teberemt Formation, Mali, Paleocene
- Subtribe Bothremydina Gaffney et al., 2006
- Tribe Cearachelyini Gaffney et al., 2006
- Santana Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Albian)
- Cearachelys placidoi Gaffney et al., 2001
- Elkanemys Maniel, de la Fuente and Canale, 2021 Candeleros Formation, Argentina, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
- Elkanemys pritchardi Maniel, de la Fuente and Canale, 2021
- Itapecuruemys Batista et al., 2020 Itapecuru Formation, Brasil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- Itapecuruemys amazoniensis Batista et al., 2020
- Galianemys Gaffney et al., 2002 Kem Kem Group, Morocco, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
- Galianemys emringeri Gaffney et al., 2002
- Galianemys whitei Gaffney et al., 2002
- Subfamily Kurmademydinae Gaffney et al., 2006
- Tribe Kurmademydini Gaffney et al., 2006
- Jainemys Joyce & Bandyopadhyay, 2020 Lameta Formation, India, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Jainemys pisdurensis Joyce & Bandyopadhyay, 2020
- Kinkonychelys Gaffney et al., 2009 Maevarano Formation, Madagascar, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Kinkonychelys rogersi Gaffney et al., 2009
- Kurmademys Gaffney et al., 2001 Kallamedu Formation, India, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Kurmademys kallamedensis Gaffney et al., 2001
- Sankuchemys Gaffney et al., 2003 Intertrappean Beds, India, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Sankuchemys sethnai Gaffney et al., 2003
- Jainemys Joyce & Bandyopadhyay, 2020 Lameta Formation, India, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
- Tribe Kurmademydini Gaffney et al., 2006
Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram by Gaffney et al. in 2006:[8]
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References
- ^ a b
Joyce, WG; Lyson, TR; Kirkland, JI (September 28, 2016). "An early bothremydid (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Utah, North America". PeerJ. 4: e2502. PMID 27703852.
- ^ PMID 36117268.
- .
- S2CID 55783731.
- ^ The Paleontology Database Bothremydidae entry accessed on 26 January 2011
- S2CID 88840423.
Pan-Pleurodira is one of the two clades of extant turtles (i.e. Testudines). Its crown group, Pleurodira, has a Gondwanan origin being known from the Barremian. Cretaceous turtle fauna of Gondwana was composed almost exclusively of pleurodires. Extant pleurodires live in relatively warm regions, with a geographical distribution restricted to tropical regions that were part of Gondwana.
- ISSN 1094-8074.
- ^
S2CID 85790134.
The family Bothremydidae is a large and diverse group extending from the Albian to the Eocene in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and India. Its monophyly is supported by the presence of a wide exoccipital-quadrate contact, a eustachian tube separated from the incisura columellae auris usually by bone to form a bony canal for the stapes, absence of a fossa precolumellaris, a supraoccipital-quadrate contact (except in the tribe Taphrosphyini), and a posterior enlargement of the fossa orbitalis.