Intertrappean Beds

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Intertrappean Beds
Ma
↓
Type
Infratrappean Beds
Location
RegionMadhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka[1]
CountryIndia

The Intertrappean Beds are a

formation in India. The beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. The formation spans the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with a stratigraphic range of only a few hundred thousand years before and after the boundary, and a significant debate exists about whether specific sites belong to the Cretaceous or the Paleocene.[2][1]

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.

theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.[4][5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.[6] The Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.[7][8]
A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Paleobiota

Fish

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anthracoperca A. bhatiai Naskal, Rangapur Otolith A percoid otolith
Apateodus A. striatus Asifabad[9] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidae incertae sedis Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar Otolith An ariid catfish otolith
?Belonostomus B. indicus Nagpur[3][10] An aspidorhynchid
Coupatezia C. sp Asifabad[9] An eagle ray
Cyprinidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A cyprinid
Dapalis D. erici Rangapur Otolith A serranid otolith
"Eotrigonodon" "E." wardhaensis Asifabad[9] Initially described as
pycnodonts.[11]
Enchodus E. sp Asifabad[9] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Horaclupea H. intertrappea Bamanbor[7] Complete skeleton A clupeid.
Igdabatis I. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[12][13] An eagle ray
Indiaichthys I. bamanborensis Bamanbor[8] Multiple complete skeletons A possible percoid.[14]
"Indotrigonodon" "I." ovatus Asifabad[9] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[11]
"Lepidotes" "L." sp Asifabad[9] A lepisosteiform
Lepisosteus L. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[12][13] A gar
Nandidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A nandid
Osteoglossidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[12][13] An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities
Palaeolabrus P. dormaalensis Asifabad[9]
Palaeopristolepis P. chiplonkari Bamanbor[7] Multiple partial skeletons A questionable
leaffish[14]
P. feddeni
"
Perca
" 		"P." angusta Bamanbor[7] Skull A possible percoid, classification very doubtful[14]
Percomorpha incertae sedis Bamanbor[8] Partial skeleton A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Phareodus P. sp. Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli[9] A bonytongue
Polycanthidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri
"Pisdurodon" "P." spatulatus Asifabad[9] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[11]
Pycnodontidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[12][13] A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities
"Pycnodus" "P." lametae Asifabad[9] A pycnodontid
Raja R. sudhakari Asifabad[9] A skate
Rhombodus R. sp. Asifabad[9] A stingray
Serranidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A serranid
Siluriformes incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[12][13] A catfish of uncertain affinities
Sphenodus S. sp. Asifabad[9] A shark
Stephanodus S. lybicus Asifabad & Marepalli[9] A pycnodontid

Invertebrate

Genus Species Material Location Time Period Notes Images
?Buprestidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A
Jewel beetle
.
Lomatus[15] L. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A
Jewel beetle
.
?Curculionidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A
Snout beetle
.
Meristos M. hunteri Maharashtra Maastrichtian A
Snout beetle
.
Ostracoda
 Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian An Ostracod
Palaeotanymecides P. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A
Snout beetle
.
Bivalvia Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Clam.
Limnaea sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.
Valvata sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.
Paludina
 		sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.
Physa P. prinsepii Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.

Otolith-based taxa[16]

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
"Ambassidarum" A. cappettai Nagpur Otolith An ambassid otolith
"Apogonidarum" A. curvatus Naskal, Rangapur Otolith A cardinalfish otolith
"Blenniidarum" B. sp Rangapur Otolith A blenny otolith
?"Centropomidarum" C. takliensis Nagpur Otolith A possible snook otolith
"Clupeidarum" C. valdiyai Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A clupeid otolith
C. sahnii
"Gonorhynchidarum" G. rectangulus Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A gonorynchid otolith
"Heterotidinarum" H. heterotoides Naskal Otolith An arapaimine otolith
"Notopteridarum" N. nolfi Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta Otolith A notopterid otolith
"Osteoglossidarum" O. deccanensis Naskal, Otolith An osteoglossid otolith
O. intertrappus
"Percoideorum" P. citreum Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith Percoid otoliths
P. nagpurensis
P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum" P. jaegeri Nag Otolith A possible pristolepid otolith
"Serranidarum" S. sp. Anjar Otolith A serranid otolith

Amphibians

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Gobiatidae incertae sedis Naskal A gobiatid frog[3][17]
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae" incertae sedis Naskal A frog of uncertain affinities[3][17]
Indobatrachus I. pusillus Worli Hill Multiple complete skeletons[18] A frog of uncertain affinities
Pelobatidae
 incertae sedis Nagpur A
pelobatid frog[3]
Ranoidea incertae sedis Naskal A ranoid frog[3][17]

Turtles

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Carteremys C. leithii Worli Hill Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible A turtle of uncertain affinities
Sankuchemys S. sethnai Amboli Quarry[19] Skull[19] A bothremydid

Lepidosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acrosphenodontia
 Incertae sedis Naskal[20] Dentary with teeth.[20] An indeterminate rhynchocephalian
"Agama" A. sp. Rangapur An indeterminate agamid lizard
Anguidae Incertae sedis Naskal An indeterminate anguid lizard[17]
?Caudata Incertae sedis A possible salamander.[17]
?"Contogenys" ?"C." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate scincomorph lizard[17]
Deccansaurus D. palaeoindicus Kesavi[21] Jaws & several osteoderms[21] A
scincoid lizard
?"Exostinus" "E." estestai Nagpur An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard[17]
"Eumeces" "E." sp. Rangapur An indeterminate scincid lizard[17]
Indophis I. sahnii Naskal[22] Over 160 vertebrae[22] A nigerophiid snake
"Litakis" "L." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate lizard
"Pristiguana" "P." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate iguanid lizard
Serpentes
 Incertae sedis Naskal[22] A trunk vertebra & left
dentary[22]
 A snake

Crocodyliforms

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Crocodylidae incertae sedis Worli Hill[3] A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridae incertae sedis Kisalpuri[23] Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae A dyrosaurid crocodyliform.

Dinosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
?"Hypselosaurus" "H." sp Mohgaon Kalan[3] A titanosaurian sauropod
Massospondylus[24] M. rawesi Tooth Maharashtra Maastrichtian Previously thought to be a Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
Sauropoda Incertae sedis Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar[3] Bones Sauropod bones

Oogenera

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Megaloolithus baghensis Kisalpuri[12] Eggshell fragments A
Titanosaur
egg.
Subtiliolithus kachhensis Kisalpuri[12] Eggshell fragments A
Enantiornithine
bird egg.

Pterosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pterosauria incertae sedis Sirol-khal locality[5] An indeterminate
dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.[25]

Mammals

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bharattherium B. bonapartei Kisalpuri Sudamericid
Deccanolestes D. hislopi Naskal microvertebrate site Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna Eutherian
D. robustus Naskal microvertebrate site "Dental material and an astragalus"
D. narmadensis Kisalpuri
Indoclemensia I. naskalensis Naskal microvertebrate site[1]
I. magnus Naskal microvertebrate site[1]
Indotriconodon I. magnus Kutch[26] Eutriconodonta
Kharmerungulatum K. vanvaleni Kisalpuri[27] Eutherian
Sahnitherium S. rangapurensis Rangapur microvertebrate site[28] Upper Molar

Flora

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Connaroxylon C. dimorphum Dhagaon, Mandla district[29] Wood[29] Affinities with Connaraceae.
Euphorbiotheca E. deccanensis Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae[30]
Hyphaeneocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.[31]
Palmocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.[32]
Palmoxylon P. dindoriensis Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.[33]
Pantocarpon Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae[34]
Phyllanthocarpon P. singpurensis Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.[35]
Rhizopalamoxylon Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.[36]
Pediastrum Algae.[37]
Lecaniella Algae.[37]
Pierceites P. deccanensis A Dinocyst.[37]
Aulacoseira A Diatom.[37]
Azolla Member of Salviniaceae.[37]
Crybelosporites Member of Marsileaceae.[37]
Sparganiaceaepollenites
Pollen grains, Member of [37]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae
.
Marsilea Member Marsileaceae.[37]
Regnellidium Member of Marsileaceae.[37]
Nymphaeaceae indet.[37]
Typhaceae indet.[37]
Liliaceae indet.[37]
Acanthaceae indet.[37]
Pontederiaceae indet.[37]
Ovoidites Member of Zygnemataceae.[37]
Gabonisporis Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.[37]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^
    ISSN 0031-0182
    .
  2. ISSN 0275-0120
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  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5
    , retrieved 2024-04-03
  4. ^ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  5. ^ a b Barrett, P.M., Butler, R.J., Edwards, N.P., & Milner, A.R. Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. p61-107. in Flugsaurier: Pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp.[1]
  6. ^ "MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  7. ^
    ISSN 0370-0097
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2
    , retrieved 2024-04-03
  9. ^
    ISSN 0974-6889
    .
  10. ^ "Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas". www.mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  11. ^
    ISSN 0891-2963
    .
  12. ^
    ISSN 0011-3891
    .
  13. ^
    ISSN 1038-4871
    .
  14. ^
    ISSN 1374-8505
    .
  15. ^ Bellamy, C. L. (2013). "Fossil Buprestidae". A Checklist of World Buprestoidea. Retrieved 7 Sep 2021.
  16. ^ Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-3-030-49753-8
    , retrieved 2024-04-03
  18. ^ Noble, G. K. (1930-02-08). "The fossil frogs of the intertrappean beds of Bombay, India". American Museum Novitates (401): 1–13.
  19. ^ a b Gaffney, Eugene S. (2003). Sankuchemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of India. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
  20. ^
    ISSN 0272-4634
    .
  21. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105606
    .
  22. ^ a b c d Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R. (November 1992). "New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India". N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. 187 (1): 83–97.
  23. ISSN 0272-4634
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-520-06727-1
    .
  25. ISSN 1342-937X
    .
  26. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234
    .
  27. ISSN 0036-8075
    .
  28. ^ Rana, Rajendra S.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2003). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (3): 331–348.
  29. ^
    S2CID 91159009
    .
  30. S2CID 239507275
    .
  31. ISSN 0024-4074
    .
  32. S2CID 88667232
    .
  33. S2CID 210134584
    .
  34. ISSN 1058-5893
    .
  35. ISSN 2082-0259
    .
  36. ISSN 0973-774X
    .
  37. ^
    ISSN 0195-6671
    .

References
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