Bothrops atrox

Bothrops atrox
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Bothrops
Species:	B. atrox
Binomial name
Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Coluber atrox Linnaeus, 1758 [Coluber] ambiguus Gmelin, 1788 Vipera Weigeli Daudin, 1803 Cophias holocericeus Wied-Neuwied, 1821 Trigonoceph[alus]. atrox – Schinz, 1822 Vipera atrox Weigelii – Schinz, 1822 Trigonoceph[alus]. holocericeus – Schinz, 1822 Bothrops furia Wagler, 1824 Bothrops tessellatus Wagler, 1824 Craspedocephalus atrox – Fitzinger, 1826 Craspedocephalus Weigelii – Fitzinger, 1826 [Bothrops] atrox – Wagler, 1830 [Bothrops] ambiguus – Wagler, 1830 T[rigonocephalus]. atrox – Schlegel, 1837 Trigonocephalus Colombiensis Hallowell, 1845 Bothrops affinis Gray, 1849 Bothrops atrox var. tessellatus – Jan & Sordelli, 1875 Lachesis atrox – Boulenger, 1896 Botrhops atrox – Recinos, 1913 B[othrops]. Neuvoiedii Venezuelenzi Briceño Rossi, 1934 Trimeresurus atrox – Schmidt & Walker, 1943 Bothrops atrox atrox – Hoge, 1952 Bothrops colombiensis – Hoge, 1966 Bothrops atrox colombiensis – Gubensk, Turk & Drujan, 1978 Bothrops isabelae Sandner-Montilla, 1979 Bothrops lanceolatus aidae Sandner-Montilla, 1981 B[othrops]. atrox aidae – Vanzolini, 1986 Bothrops lanceolatus nacaritae Sandner-Montilla, 1990[2]

Bothrops atrox — also known as the common lancehead, fer-de-lance, barba amarilla^[3] and mapepire balsain — is a highly venomous pit viper species found in the tropical lowlands of northern South America east of the Andes, as well as the Caribbean island of Trinidad.^[2] No subspecies are currently recognized.^[4]

Taxonomy

The common lancehead was one of the many reptile and amphibian species described by Carl Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae, where it was given the binomial name Coluber atrox.^[5] The taxonomy of this species is controversial; it may include B. leucurus and B. moojeni, and some of its populations are sometimes said to be separate species. B. asper was formerly included in this species, but most authorities now consider it distinct.

Names

Common names include lancehead, fer-de-lance, barba amarilla, and mapepire balsain, among others.^[3]

The Spanish common name barba amarilla (yellow beard), an allusion to the pale yellow chin color, is also used in English. In Venezuela, it is called mapanare. In Colombia, it is known as mapaná (Llanos of Vichada) and talla equis. In Guyana and Suriname, it is called labaria^[6] or labarria.^[7] In Peru, it is called aroani (Yagua), cascabel (juveniles), ihdóni (Bora), jergón, jergona, jergón de la selva, macánchi (Alto Marañón), machacú, marashar and nashipkit (Aguaruna names). The name jergón^[3] is an allusion to the x-like markings of the color pattern. In Ecuador and Panama, these x-like markings have led to the snake simply being referred to as equis (the Spanish name of the letter 'x'). In Trinidad it is known as mapepire balsain.^[8] In Bolivia it is called Yoperojobobo. In Brazil the common names are Jararaca^[9] or Jararaca-do-norte. The name fer-de-lance comes from French, meaning, "head of a lance", "spearhead", or literally "lance iron".^[10][11]

Description

A terrestrial species, adults usually grow to a total length 75–125 cm (about 30-50 inches) and are moderately heavy-bodied. Reports of the maximum size are not clear, as this species is often confused with B. asper. Soini (1974) mentioned of a series of 80 specimens collected in northeastern Peru, the largest was a female of 138.8 cm (4.55 ft). The largest specimen measured by Campbell and Lamar (2004) was a female with a total length of 162 cm (5.31 ft).^[3]

The scalation includes 23-29 (usually 23-25) rows of

The color pattern is highly variable, including a ground color that may be olive, brown, tan, gray, yellow, or (rarely) rusty. The body markings are highly variable, as is the degree of contrast: in some specimens the pattern is very well defined, while in others it may be virtually absent. In general, however, the body pattern consists of a series of dorsolateral blotches, rectangular or trapezoidal in shape, which extend from the first scale row to the middle of the back. These blotches may oppose or alternate across the midline, often fusing to form bands. They also have pale borders, which in some cases may be prominent, and may be invaded from below by tan or gray pigment, occasionally dividing them into pairs of ventrolateral spots. The belly may be white, cream or yellowish gray, with an increasing amount of gray to black mottling posteriorly that may fade again under the tail. The head usually does not have any markings other than a moderately wide postocular stripe that runs from behind the eye back to the angle of the mouth. The iris is gold or bronze, with varying amounts of black reticulation, while the tongue is black.^[3]

Distribution and habitat

This species is found in the tropical lowlands of South America east of the

The main diet includes mostly small mammals (such as rodents and opossums) and birds, but also frogs, lizards, smaller snakes, fish, centipedes, and tarantulas.[14]^[15][16] Larger prey is struck and released, after which it is tracked down via its scent trail.

Reproduction

Bothrops atrox can give live birth to up to 80 offspring at once. Adults breed year-round. After mating, females with developing

Venom yield averages 124 milligrams (1.91 gr), although it may be as much as 342 milligrams (5.28 gr).^[citation needed] The enzyme reptilase (batroxobin), derived from this snake's venom, is used in modern medical laboratories to measure fibrinogen levels and blood coagulation capability. The test is considered to be a replacement for thrombin time, and is used when heparin is present in the sample. The enzyme is unaffected by heparin.^[22]

References

Further reading

• Hays WST, Conant Sheila. 2007. Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 1. A Worldwide Review of Effects of the Small Indian Mongoose, Herpestes javanicus (Carnivora: Herpestidae). Pacific Science 61 (1): 3–16.
• Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Tenth Edition. Holmiæ. Stockholm. 824 pp. (Coluber atrox, p. 222.)
• Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
  ISBN 0-8069-6460-X
  .
• ISBN 0-691-12436-1
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bothrops atrox.

• Bothrops atrox at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 28 November 2007.
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species