Business-firm party
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A business-firm party, entrepreneurial party,[2] or personal party[3][4][5] is a type of political party that is centered on a charismatic political entrepreneur, most often created by that person to further their own interests.[6]
Definition
It can be considered "the most extreme case of party personalization, consisting in the full control by an individual leader of the party he has himself created", in the words of political scientist
One characteristic distinguishing them from other parties is that the party organization is either dormant or limited outside of campaign seasons, and members are actively discouraged from becoming more involved in the party, therefore leading entrepreneurial parties to lack grassroots capacity.[3] Entrepreneurial parties may have only one member, the party leader (as in the case of Party for Freedom or the Ticino League), or very few aside from politicians. The Party for Freedom initially did not recruit members out of fear of infiltration by the far-right; later, deputy leader Martin Bosma said that a party membership structure interfered with direct accountability between party leadership and voters. In a completely memberless business-firm party, volunteers, donors, and officeholders invest time, money, and their reputation (if the party is controversial) without any formal say in the party's operations.[8]
Causes and effects
More
Entrepreneurial parties are commonly
Constitutionality
The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany requires that political parties "conform to democratic principles" in their internal organization.[16][17] When the Socialist Reich Party was banned in 1952, the Federal Constitutional Court's judgement stated: "If a party's internal organization does not correspond to democratic principles, one may generally conclude that the party seeks to impose upon the state the structural principles that it has implemented within its own organization."[17] The constitutions of Portugal, Spain, Argentina, and Turkey include similar provisions.[17] Israeli jurist Yigal Mersel argues that non-democratically organized parties are undesirable because "There is a greater likelihood of the pursuit of nondemocratic goals in parties that have a nondemocratic structure."[17]
Examples
Asia
Indonesia
- Perindo (Hary Tanoesoedibjo)[18]
Israel
- Hatnua (Tzipi Livni)
- Hayamin Hahadash, Yamina (Naftali Bennett)
- )
- Kulanu (Moshe Kahlon)
- Yesh Atid (Yair Lapid)
- Yisrael Beiteinu (Avigdor Lieberman)
Thailand
Turkey
- Rights and Equality Party (Osman Pamukoğlu)[20]
- Young Party (Cem Uzan)[20]
Africa
Lesotho
- Revolution for Prosperity under Sam Matekane's leadership[21]
Europe
Austria
- Freedom Party of Austria under Jörg Haider's leadership[22]
- Team Stronach for Austria (Frank Stronach)[3]
Belgium
- Lijst Dedecker (Jean-Marie Dedecker)[3]
Czech Republic
- Public Affairs (Vít Bárta)[23][22][24][25]
- ANO 2011 (Andrej Babiš)[22][24][1][25][13]
- Dawn of Direct Democracy (Tomio Okamura)[26]
- Freedom and Direct Democracy (Okamura)[26]
Finland
France
Hungary
- Fidesz (Viktor Orbán)[10]: 52, 71
Italy
- Forza Italia (Silvio Berlusconi)[7][28][29][30]
- Popolo della Libertà (Berlusconi)[30]
- Italy of Values (Antonio Di Pietro)[31]
Lithuania
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
- We Are Family (Boris Kollár)[24]
- Slovakia (Igor Matovič)[22][24]
- Freedom and Solidarity (Richard Sulík)[24][5]
Spain
Switzerland
Oceania
Australia
- Tasmanian Independent Senator Brian Harradine Group (Brian Harradine)[35]
- John Madigan's Manufacturing and Farming Party[35]
- Katter's Australian Party (Bob Katter)[36]
- Glenn Lazarus Team (Glenn Lazarus)[35]
- Jacqui Lambie Network (Jacqui Lambie)[35]
South America
Peru
See also
References
- ^ S2CID 148118413.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 148747749.
- ^ ISSN 1211-3247.
- ^ .
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-965301-0.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 148179700.
- ^ .
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-59348-7.
- S2CID 147209589.
- hdl:10871/14874.
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-1-4614-6588-1.
- .
- ^ Wise, Judith (1998) "Dissent and the Militant Democracy: The German Constitution and the Banning of the Free German WorkersParty,"The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 11.Available at:http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/roundtable/vol5/iss1/11
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-94-6252-396-8.
- ^ S2CID 149464986.
- ^ S2CID 153849306.
- ^ "RFP's violation of democratic norms - the Post". 5 July 2022.
- ^ .
- S2CID 158044729.
- ^ a b c d e f Brunnerová, Olga (2019). "Not all political entrepreneurs are created equal: The institutionalisation of entrepreneurial parties in Central Europe" (PDF). Central European Journal of Politics. 5 (1): 100–124.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 210074150.
- S2CID 144217768.
- S2CID 153444704.
- ISBN 978-1-137-43924-6.
- ^ S2CID 143141811.
- S2CID 232399657.
- ISBN 978-3-030-41915-8.
- ISBN 978-1-137-58197-6.
- ISBN 9788684031497.
- ^ JSTOR j.ctt1rrd7k8.10.
- ^ "Berlusconi, Katter and Assange: a very personal party". The Conversation. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Further reading
- Harmel, Robert; Svåsand, Lars (1993). "Party leadership and party institutionalisation: Three phases of development". West European Politics. 16 (2): 67–88. .
- Krouwel, André (December 2012). Party Transformations in European Democracies. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4481-9.
- Krašovec, Alenka (2017). "A Hint at Entrepreneurial Parties? The Case of Four New Successful Parties in Slovenia". Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science. XXIV (2): 158–178. .