Jörg Haider
Jörg Haider | |
---|---|
Susanne Riess-Passer | |
Personal details | |
Born | Carinthia, Austria | 26 January 1950
Cause of death | Car accident |
Political party | Alliance for the Future (2005–2008) |
Other political affiliations | Freedom Party (1970–2005) |
Spouse |
Claudia Haider-Hofmann
(m. 1976) |
Children | 2 |
Alma mater | University of Vienna (Dr iur) |
Profession |
|
Jörg Haider (German:
Haider was a controversial figure within Austria and abroad. Several countries imposed mild diplomatic sanctions against his party's participation in government alongside Wolfgang Schüssel's Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), starting from 2000. Haider died in a car accident shortly after leading the BZÖ in the 2008 Austrian parliamentary elections.
Early life
Parents
Haider's parents had been early members of the
Robert Haider joined the DNSAP in 1929 as a fifteen-year-old boy, four years before
In 1933, Robert Haider moved to
Following the end of the war, Haider's parents were investigated as part of the denazification process, conducted to determine what measures should be taken against them because of their NSDAP membership (proceedings against all former Nazis—NSDAP members and collaborators—were undertaken as a matter of law in both Austria and Germany after the war ended).[4]
They were labelled as "Minderbelastet" (meaning "compromised to a lesser degree", i.e. low-ranking in the NSDAP structure). Robert Haider found a job in a shoe factory. Dorothea Haider, who had been a teacher, was prohibited from teaching for a few years following the end of the war.[3][5] Robert was forced to dig graves.[6] Haider's mother eventually outlived him, turning ninety on the day he died.[7]
Early life
Haider was born in the
After he graduated with highest distinction in 1968, he was drafted into the
Marriage and children
Haider was married to Claudia Hoffmann from 1 May 1976 until his death.[9][10] They had two daughters.[11]
Bärental estate
Throughout his career Haider had concentrated his politics on Carinthia. His personal life was heavily connected with this part of Austria: Haider became wealthy in 1983 when he inherited the estate of Wilhelm Webhofer, who had owned a large parcel of land in Carinthia commonly known as "Bärental" (bear valley). This estate has a history that came up in the 1990s in the
The land had been owned by an Italian Jew until 1941. At that point in time the Nazis still hesitated to take possession of property owned by non-German Jews without any compensation. Inside
Despite a panel finding that the property was fairly sold, Webhofer paid Roifer an additional 850,000 schillings (about $1 million today). In 1955 Josef Webhofer's son, Wilhelm, not a blood relative of Haider but rather a "Wahlonkel" or uncle-by-choice, inherited the estate and later bequeathed it to Haider. Today the land is estimated to be worth about $15 million.[12]
Political career
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2018) |
Rise to power in the FPÖ
The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) was founded in 1955, and initially was a mixture of various political currents opposed both to the
With its roots in the Pan-German movement, it included both German-nationalist and liberal political views. In 1970 Haider became the leader of the FPÖ youth movement and headed it until 1974. Haider rose rapidly through the party ranks. In 1972, at the age of 22, he was already a well-established leader and was made party affairs manager of the Carinthian FPÖ in 1976. In 1979 he was the youngest delegate among the 183 members of parliament, at age 29.[citation needed]
Beginning in 1983 his policies became more aggressive, when he rose to party head of the Carinthian FPÖ and started to criticise the leaders of the FPÖ, which at that time was still a minor political movement in Austria, usually winning only about 5–6% of the vote.[13]
The decisive point of his career came in 1986 when he defeated Austrian
Political struggle in Carinthia
Until 1989, the SPÖ held an absolute majority in the Austrian province of Carinthia; when it received less than 50% of seats in 1989, ÖVP and FPÖ formed a coalition and elected Haider as Landeshauptmann (governor) of Carinthia.
In 1991, in a debate in the regional parliament, a Socialist leader attacked Haider's plan of reducing unemployment payments for people seen as "freeloaders", calling it forced work placement reminiscent of Nazi policies. Haider replied, "No, they didn't have that in the Third Reich, because in the Third Reich they had a proper employment policy, which not even your government in Vienna can manage to bring about."
Haider had to resign his post as governor and the FPÖ–ÖVP coalition was replaced by an SPÖ–ÖVP coalition. Although the remark was costly both for Haider and the FPÖ, a country-wide poll reported that 42% of Austrians considered the press's treatment exaggerated, and 33% believed Haider's remarks to be based in fact.[16]
In 1999, Haider again was elected governor of Carinthia by the Carinthian parliament, where the FPÖ now held a plurality of more than 42%. Even after the FPÖ fell to only 10% from 27% in the national elections in 2002, Haider's support in Carinthia did not diminish and he succeeded in the 2004 elections receiving a slightly higher percentage (42.5%) than in 1999.
FPÖ chairman
Haider as opposition leader
Under Haider's leadership, the FPÖ moved to the right, reflecting Haider's
With Haider practically leading the FPÖ single-handedly, he was able to unite the scattered, divided extreme-right in Austria and establish a party that was not so much founded on leading personalities or an ideology but on just one leader – Haider himself, who used to change his opinions frequently. His style of governing the party became authoritarian in the following years, however his followers did not challenge his ultimate authority in the party, especially because Haider was able to gain one victory after another in elections.[17]
An exception was the split off by the Liberal Forum in the mid-1990s headed by Heide Schmidt, a long-time political supporter of Haider and the FPÖ's candidate for presidency in 1992. The liberals initially gained the support of about 6% of the voters nationwide, but Schmidt was not able to uphold this support and the Liberal Forum subsequently dropped out of parliament in 1999.[citation needed]
The party's mixture of populism, anti-establishment and nationalist themes steadily gained support over the years. In addition to far-right voters, the FPÖ was able to attract voters from both the Social Democrats and the Conservatives in both the national and regional elections of the 1990s, mostly those who were fed up with decades of government by the 'Great Coalition' (see also: Proporz).[citation needed]
Coalition government with Wolfgang Schüssel's People's party
In 2000, Haider's Freedom Party unexpectedly came in second after the Social Democrats (SPÖ) in the 1999 parliamentary elections. After efforts to renew the grand coalition failed, the ÖVP reached an agreement with the FPÖ. In the normal course of events, Haider would have become chancellor. However, it soon became apparent that he was too controversial to be part of the government, let alone lead it. Haider thus stepped aside in favour of ÖVP leader Wolfgang Schüssel.
The coalition caused widespread outrage both in Austria and the rest of Europe. The heads of government of the other fourteen EU members decided to cease cooperation with the Austrian government, as it was felt in many countries that the cordon sanitaire against coalitions with parties considered as right-wing extremists, which had mostly held in Western Europe since 1945, had been breached. For several months, other national leaders shunned diplomatic contacts with members of the Schüssel government. Supporters of the government often blamed social democrats and President Thomas Klestil for these sanctions, and questioned their loyalty to the country.
At the end of February 2000, Haider stepped down from the leadership of the Freedom Party.
Following analyses of the diplomatic sanctions, EU leaders came to believe that the measures were counterproductive and returned to normality in September 2000, even though the coalition remained unchanged.[citation needed]
Collapse of the first coalition and decline of the Freedom Party
In September 2002, after a special party convention in
This triggered
In response, Haider stated that he had demanded that the leader of the FPÖ must step down to allow him to be leader, and on being refused, stated that he would leave federal politics permanently.
In October 2003, in a cabinet reshuffle instigated by Haider, Herbert Haupt stepped down as Vice Chancellor and was replaced by Hubert Gorbach.
On 7 March 2004, the FPÖ won a plurality (42.5%) of the vote in the elections for the Carinthian parliament. On 31 March 2004, Haider was re-elected Governor of Carinthia by the FPÖ and SPÖ members of the state parliament.
However, outside Carinthia, Haider's charisma seemed to have largely lost its appeal among voters. The FPÖ incurred devastating losses in several regional elections, the 2004 European elections and in elections for the Austrian Chamber of Commerce. In each of those elections, it lost between one half to two thirds of their previous voters.
Creation of a new party
As a consequence, the FPÖ, whose chair was Haider's sister, Ursula Haubner, was riven with internal strife. On 4 April 2005, Haider, Haubner, Vice Chancellor Hubert Gorbach and other leading figures of the FPÖ announced the creation of a new party called Alliance for the Future of Austria (Bündnis Zukunft Österreich, BZÖ) with Haider as leader. In effect, this split the FPÖ into two parties.
In the following months, the BZÖ tried to establish itself within the Austrian political landscape, but met little success. Haider and his new party remained in the coalition with the People's party, leading to fierce fights between the FPÖ and BZÖ following the split-up. Subsequent polls showed that both parties were losing voter approval and in danger of failing to reach the critical 4% of the national vote barrier required for representation in parliament.
In the 2006 general elections, the BZÖ received 4.1% of votes, thus narrowly securing its representation of 7 seats in parliament. The FPÖ, now led by
From June 2006 to August 2008, the BZÖ was led by Peter Westenthaler. On 30 August 2008, shortly before the legislative election, Haider re-assumed the party chairmanship. Subsequently, the BZÖ received 10.7% of votes, and the FPÖ 17.5% of votes.
Stefan Petzner
Stefan Petzner, Haider's designated successor as party chairman, stated in an ORF radio interview on 19 October 2008, that at the time of Haider's death he and the politician were in a relationship which "went far beyond friendship" with the full knowledge of the latter's wife.[20] Petzner also said that "Jörg and I were connected by something truly special. He was the man of my life (German: Lebensmensch)."[21] The term Lebensmensch can imply an intimate relationship but can also be interpreted as "icon" or "mentor".[22] Associated Press reported Petzner's comments as "Jörg and I were connected by something truly special. He was the man of my life ... I loved him as a best friend."[22] Haider had neither confirmed nor denied the widespread rumours about his sexuality, but he was often criticised for surrounding himself with young men in his political movement, which was nicknamed 'Haider's boys' party'.[20][22]
Political views
Since beginning his political career in the 1970s, Haider was critical of mainstream Austrian politics. He used simple slogans to raise his popularity by exploiting issues where he saw the general public perceived injustice or the self-interest of big party politics (specifically the SPÖ and the Austrian People's Party).[17]
In a 27 September 2008 talk show on ORF television, Haider described the boards of directors of numerous world banks as "mafia".[23] Haider also advocated the creation of heavier punishments for banking managers and proposed the creation of a special Legal Court against financial crimes, in one of his last interviews to the Austrian Kleine Zeitung daily.[24]
Haider supported fighting against inflation, and paying a minimum salary of €1000 per month, as well as €1000 per month for mothers. He also supported reforming the Austrian social insurance system with one insurance company per profession. Until 2005 Haider was for the entry of Turkey into the European Union. Later, he urged that decisions like the treaty for the European Union, or the entrance of Turkey into the European Union should be decided by a referendum.[25][26][27][28]
Immigration
Throughout his career, Haider vigorously opposed immigration and Islam.[29] In the early 1990s, Haider proclaimed:
The social order of Islam is opposed to our Western values. Human rights and democracy are as incompatible with the Muslim religious doctrine as is the equality of women. In Islam, the individual and his free will count for nothing; faith and religious struggle – jihad, the holy war – for everything.[30]
Language policy
One of Haider's main political struggles was the one against
In May 2006, Haider personally moved the road sign of the town of
In his last speech, delivered on the celebration of the 88th anniversary of the
Support from Muammar al-Gaddafi and Saddam Hussein
Haider was also known to have visited Iraq to meet
The investigation proved that the two gentlemen had received the amount of five million US Dollars from Saddam Hussein against their services to him. Edwald [sic] Stadler received three million seven hundred and fifty thousand US Dollars, and Dr Jörg Haider received the rest, which is one million two hundred and fifty thousand US Dollars.[41]
Criticism by Arnold Schwarzenegger
In 2000, Austrian-American politician Arnold Schwarzenegger criticised anti-immigrant remarks made by Haider: "As an immigrant myself, I am offended by anyone who makes anti-immigrant statements, and it is my opinion that someone who makes statements like Haider's has no place in government. I have never supported him in the past and do not now. I am hopeful that Austria will find a way through this. As an Austrian-born, I am so saddened that, with all the progress we have made working for an open and tolerant society, one man's statements can taint world opinion of an entire country. I know that there are many tolerant people in Austria. It is my hope that their voices can and will be heard."[42]
Allegations of Nazi sympathies and anti-semitism
Haider was frequently criticized for statements in praise of Nazi policies, or considered antisemitic.[43] International reports on Haider often referred to his remark that the Nazi government had produced a "proper employment policy" as compared to the SPÖ government. He was forced to resign as governor of the Carinthia province in 1991 because of the incident. Haider years later apologized.[15] On one occasion during a parliamentary debate, Haider described World War II concentration camps as "punishment camps".[15]
On several occasions Haider made remarks about Austrian World War II veterans that were represented as broad endorsement of the war and of the Nazi SS. Speaking to a gathering of veterans from several countries in 1990, he said that the veterans were "decent people of good character" and "remain true to their convictions". Haider stated that he did not specifically address Waffen-SS veterans with his remarks.[15] On another occasion, he said, "the Waffen-SS was part of the Wehrmacht (German military) and because of that it deserves every honour and recognition".[44] The Waffen-SS was in fact not part of the Wehrmacht.[45] In 2000, at a gathering of Wehrmacht veterans in Ulrichsberg, including Waffen-SS veterans, he said, "Those who come to Ulrichsberg are not the old Nazis. They are not neo-Nazis, they are not criminals."[citation needed]
Haider also compared the deportation of Jews by the Nazis to the
Haider was closely watched by
Death and aftermath
Haider died of injuries from a car crash at Lambichl in Köttmannsdorf near Klagenfurt, in the state of Carinthia, in the early hours of 11 October 2008. He had been on his way to celebrate his mother's 90th birthday.[51] Police reported that the Volkswagen Phaeton that Haider had been driving came off the road, rolled down an embankment, and overturned,[52][53] causing him "severe head and chest injuries".[54][55] He had also allegedly been meeting with a young man, after having previously quarreled with Stefan Petzner that same evening.[20][52][56][57] He was alone in the government car and no other vehicles were involved.[58][59]
At the time of the crash, Haider's car was travelling at 142 km/h (88 mph) or faster, more than twice the legal speed limit of 70 km/h (43 mph) for that part of the Loiblpass road.[60] An initial investigation uncovered no signs of foul play,[59] and conspiracy theories about the death have been strongly rejected by the Austrian police.[61][62] Haider's widow denies that her husband was gay and questions the official account of the accident.[63] Haider's blood alcohol level at the time of the crash was 1.8 mg/L, more than three times the legal limit of 0.5 mg/L. This fact was noted by both Haider's spokesman and the state prosecutor. The director general of the Carinthian administration declared that in case the Governor had been intoxicated, the state would have the right to recourse for the damaged car against Haider's descendants.[64][65]
Austrian President Heinz Fischer said of Haider's death that it was a "human tragedy".[66] Reactions in the press were mixed. Wolfgang Fellner, publisher of Österreich, wrote that he had: "fought bitterly" with Haider, but "finally, Haider became a gentle, considerate, almost wise politician ... Alas, he was once again too fast." Haider "died as he lived: always full throttle, always over the limit", Fellner concluded.[67] However, Ernst Trost pointed out in the Kronen Zeitung that while Haider had enjoyed a "comet-like rise" in politics, he had also "ever again embarked on self-destructive actions and provoked opposition." The Chief Editor of Kurier, Christoph Kotanko, wrote that "however much his brown tones, xenophobia and aggressive populism were to be rejected ... Haider's criticism of the dominant conditions of the 1980s and 90s was partly also justified", and he had "named, fought and in part also changed" those conditions.[68]
On 25 January 2009, the Lippitzbachbrücke, a motorway bridge in Carinthia, was renamed to "Jörg-Haider-Brücke".
Posthumous controversies
Haider's widow, Claudia, sued the German newspaper
According to a confiscated black booklet handwritten by Walter Meischberger, a former Freedom Party politician, Austrian authorities said they would examine a diary that allegedly detailed money transfers from Saddam Hussein and Muammar Gaddafi.[needs update] The diary reportedly mentions a US$58.7m transfer from Gaddafi, as well as more than US$13.3m that unidentified individuals brought back from Iraq. It also references an anonymous confidant who supposedly brought a suitcase filled with $6.6m from Switzerland to Munich for investment purposes; the money was supposed to have come from a Swiss account belonging to the deceased Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein.[40]
References
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- ^ a b "Jörg Haider Biographie". Wiener Zeitung (in German). 10 September 2004. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
Seine Eltern, die 1945 heirateten, kamen aus unterschiedlichen Bildungsschichten. Der Vater war Schuhmacher, die Mutter, eine geborene Rupp, die Tochter eines Gynäkologen und Primararztes am Linzer Allgemeinen Krankenhaus.
- ^ Hebrew University. Archived from the originalon 15 October 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
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After the war they were punished for their affiliations and forced to take up menial work.
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- ^ [1]; on the semi-peripheral status of the Carinthian economy at that times as well as the socio-economic dynamics of the situation of the Slovenian minority in Austria see: Arno Tausch and Otmar Höll, 1980 "Austria and the European Periphery" in 'European Studies of Development' (J. de BANDT J./MANDI P./SEERS D. (Eds.)) Macmillan, London: pp. 28-37.
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- ^ a b c d Staff writer (19 February 2000). "Haider Sans Filtre". Le Québécois Libre. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
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- ^ a b "Foreign Ministry 'concerned' over Austrian elections". ynet.co.il. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
- ^ "Austrian far-right leader Haider dies in crash". The Irish Times. 11 October 2008. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
"This is for us like the end of the world," said Mr Haider's spokesman, Stefan Petzner. He said Haider had been heading to a town near Klagenfurt in the mountainous southern province for a gathering of his family to mark his mother's 90th birthday.
- ^ a b Paterson, Tony (13 October 2008). "Haider died driving at twice speed limit". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
travelling near Klagenfurt in the southern province of Carinthia at 88mph (142 km/h) along a stretch of road which has a 42mph speed limit. [...] a three-month-old Volkswagen Phaeton V6, careered off the road after overtaking another vehicle and flipped several times, [...] Mr Haider, who had been on his way to his mother's 90th birthday party,
- ^ "Austria's Haider dies in car crash". RTÉ. 11 October 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
The 58-year-old governor of Austria's Carinthia province died after suffering major head and chest injuries when the government car he was driving went out of control and rolled down an embankment, police said.
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Mr Haider suffered severe head and chest injuries after his car came off the road in Carinthia, his political base.
- ^ "Haider was drinking in a gay bar before he crashed". The Daily Telegraph. London. 17 October 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- male escorts. The reports said that he was hardly able to walk to his car.
- ^ Hall, Allan (18 October 2008). "Austrian extremist had last drink in gay bar". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
His visit to the bar on his way home has rekindled the issue of his homosexuality just as supporters want to beatify him as the patron saint of Austrian nationalism. Stadtkrämer – it translates as "City Shopkeeper" – is a well known haunt for Klagenfurt's gay community and advertises itself on the internet with the slogan: "Whether old or young, lesbian or gay, the restaurant is always cool."
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Haider, 58, leader of the Alliance for the Future of Austria party (BZOe), was at the wheel of his official car in the early hours of Saturday when it veered off the road south of Klagenfurt,
- ^ a b "Austria's Haider dies in car accident". Associated Press contributed to this report. CNN. October 2008. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
Haider was driving alone in his official state car on the road out of Klagenfurt, in southern Austria, when the car went off the road early Saturday. Police said Haider had just passed another car when he veered off the road, hit a concrete post, and rolled over several times before coming to a stop in the middle of the road. The woman driving the car that Haider passed called for help and rescue teams were on the scene immediately, said Johann Melischneg of the Carinthia state police.
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Translation from German: "[sic] if there was any truth at all in these rumours [about my husband being gay], I would have long since divorced him"
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Further reading
- Höbelt, Lothar. Jörg Haider and the politics of Austria, 1986-2000. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 2002.
- Rosellini, Jay Julian. "Haider, Jelinek, and the Austrian Culture Wars". Charleston: CreateSpace, 2009.
- Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 183–188.
- Wodak, Ruth & Anton Pelinka. The Haider phenomenon in Austria. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2002.
Other languages
- Goldmann, Harald & Hannes Krall & Klaus Ottomeyer. Jörg Haider und sein Publikum: eine sozialpsychologische Untersuchung. Klagenfurt: Drava, 1992.
- Haider, Jörg. Die Freiheit, die ich meine. Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993.
- Tributsch, Gudmund (ed.). Schlagwort Haider: ein politisches Lexikon seiner Aussprüche von 1986 bis heute mit einem Essay von Franz Januschek. Published: Wien: Falter, 1994.
- Lionel BALAND, Jörg Haider, le phénix. Histoire de la famille politique libérale et nationale en Autriche. Éditions des Cimes, Paris, 2012. (ISBN 979-10-91058-02-5)
External links
- Dr. Jörg Haider Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the Austrian Parliament website (in German)
- Jörg Haider in the German National Library catalogue