Capital punishment in California
California law |
---|
Constitution |
Codes |
Note: There are 29 California codes. |
Courts of record |
Areas |
In the U.S. state of California, capital punishment is not allowed to be carried out as of March 2019,[update] because executions were halted by an official moratorium ordered by Governor Gavin Newsom.[1] Before the moratorium, executions had been frozen by a federal court order since 2006, and the litigation resulting in the court order has been on hold since the promulgation of the moratorium. Thus, there will be a court-ordered moratorium on executions after the termination of Newsom's moratorium if capital punishment remains a legal penalty in California by then.[2][3]
The state carried out 709 executions from 1778[
As of May 2022[update], official
California voters rejected two initiatives to repeal the death penalty by popular vote in 2012 and 2016, and they narrowly adopted in 2016 another proposal to expedite its appeal process.[9] On August 26, 2021, the California Supreme Court upheld the state's death penalty rules.[10]
History
Pre-Furman and pre-Anderson history
The first known death sentence in California was recorded in 1778. On April 6, 1778, four
Four methods have been used historically for executions. Until slightly before California was admitted into the Union, executions were carried out by firing squad. Upon admission, the state adopted hanging as the method of choice.[11]
The
Executions were moved to the state level in 1889 when the law was updated so that hangings would occur in one of the state prisons—
In previous eras the California Institution for Women housed the death row for women.[12]
1972 abolition of capital punishment
On April 24, 1972, the Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Anderson that the state's current death penalty laws were unconstitutional. Justice Marshall F. McComb was the lone dissenter, arguing that the death penalty deterred crime, noting numerous Supreme Court precedents upholding the death penalty's constitutionality, and stating that the legislative and initiative processes were the only appropriate avenues to determine whether the death penalty should be allowed.[13] The majority's decision spared the lives of 105 death row inmates, including Sirhan Sirhan (assassin of Robert F. Kennedy) and serial killer Charles Manson.[14] McComb was so outraged by the decision that he walked out of the courtroom during its reading.[15]
Following the ruling, the
The debate over capital punishment played out in a somewhat similar fashion on the national level. On June 29, 1972, the
In a later decision in 1976, the Supreme Court of California again held the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional as it did not allow the defendant to enter mitigating evidence. A further 70 prisoners had their sentences commuted following this.[citation needed] The next year, the statute was updated to deal with these issues. Life imprisonment without possibility of parole was also added as a punishment for capital offenses.[citation needed] A later change to the statute occurred in 1978 after Proposition 7 was enacted. This gave an automatic appeal to the Supreme Court of California, which would directly affirm or reverse the sentence and conviction without going through an intermediate appeal to the California Courts of Appeal.
In 1983, The State Bar of California created The California Appellate Project as a legal resource center to implement the constitutional right to counsel for indigent persons facing execution.[17] At around the time of its founding, Michael Millman became the director of CAP. Millman served as director of CAP for 30 years.[18] CAP oversees the efforts to assist private lawyers representing the more than 700 people on California's death row.[18]
1986 retention elections
On November 4, 1986, three members of the state supreme court were ousted from office by voters after a high-profile campaign that cited their categorical opposition to the death penalty.[19]
This included chief justice Rose Bird, who was removed by a margin of 67 to 33 percent. She reviewed a total of 64 capital cases appealed to the court, in each instance issuing a decision overturning the death penalty that had been imposed at trial. She was joined in her decision to overturn by at least three other members of the court in 61 of those cases.[20] This led Bird's critics to claim that she was substituting her own opinions and ideas for the laws and precedents upon which judicial decisions are supposed to be made.[21]
Resumption of executions and introduction of lethal injection
On April 21, 1992, the state carried out its first execution since 1967 by putting to death
The available methods were expanded to two in January 1993, with lethal gas as the standard but with lethal injection offered as a choice for the inmate.[11] David Mason, the first inmate to have this choice, made no selection, so was executed by the lethal gas default in August 1993. Following a legal challenge and Ninth Circuit appeal court decision in 1996, lethal gas was suspended, with lethal injection becoming the only method.[11][23] Serial killer William Bonin was the first person to be executed under these new laws, on February 23, 1996. Thirteen people have been executed in California since the death penalty was reinstated in 1977, though 166 other people have died on death row from other causes (30 of them from suicide) as of October 11, 2023.[24]
Lethal injection litigation
During the term of
A month later, in February 2006, U.S. District Court Judge
When the state planned the execution of Albert Greenwood Brown in late 2010, Judge Fogel declined to issue a stay, citing the efforts the state made to comply with his earlier ruling. Nonetheless, the Ninth Circuit disagreed and vacated the judgment, further delaying executions in the state.[27]
Studies
The state supreme court proposed in 2007 that the state adopt a constitutional amendment allowing the assignment of capital appeals to the courts of appeal to alleviate the backlog of such cases.[28]
Several victims' families testified to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice in opposition to capital punishment, explaining that while they had suffered great losses, they did not view retribution as morally acceptable, and that the high cost of capital punishment was preventing the solving of cold cases.[29]
But others who contest this argument said the greater cost of trials where the prosecution does seek the death penalty is offset by the savings from avoiding trial altogether in cases where the defendant
The California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice[31] in 2008 concluded after an extensive review that under the current death penalty system, death sentences are unlikely ever to be carried out (with extremely rare exceptions) because of a process "plagued with excessive delay" in the appointment of post-conviction counsel and a "severe backlog" in the California Supreme Court's review of death judgments. According to CCFAJ's report, the lapse of time from sentence of death to execution constitutes the longest delay of any death penalty state, and the Commission urged reform to expedite the appeal process.
Another study released in 2011 found that since 1978 capital punishment has cost California about $4 billion. A 2011 article by Arthur Alarcon, long-time judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal, and law professor Paula Mitchell, concluded that "since reinstating the death penalty in 1978, California taxpayers have spent roughly $4 billion to fund a dysfunctional death penalty system that has carried out no more than 13 executions."[32]
Proposition 34, the SAFE California Act
A coalition of death penalty opponents including law enforcement officials, murder victims' family members, and wrongly convicted people launched an initiative campaign for the "Savings, Accountability, and Full Enforcement for California Act," or SAFE California, in the 2011–12 election cycle.[33] The measure, which became Proposition 34, would replace the death penalty with life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, require people sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole to work in order to pay restitution to victims' families, and allocate approximately $30 million per year for three years to police departments for the purpose of solving open murder and rape cases.[34] Supporters of the measure raised $6.5 million, dwarfing the $1 million raised by opponents of Proposition 34.[35]
The proposition was defeated with 52% against and 48% in favor.[36]
July 2014 and November 2015 federal decisions
On July 16, 2014, federal judge Cormac J. Carney of the United States District Court ruled that California's death penalty system is unconstitutional because it is arbitrary and plagued with delay. The state has not executed a prisoner since 2006. The judge stated that the current system violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment by imposing a sentence that "no rational jury or legislature could ever impose: life in prison, with the remote possibility of death."
However, on November 12, 2015, a panel of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the district court's ruling in a 3-0 published decision. The three judges held that the claim was not justiciable under federal habeas corpus.[37][38]
2015 state lawsuit
In February 2015,
This was the result of a lawsuit brought by family members of murder victims. Supporters of capital punishment blamed the nearly three-year wait for a new protocol on "lack of political will"[39] and attempt to render the death penalty "impractical and then argue for repeal on the grounds of practicality".[40]
Propositions 62 and 66
On November 8, 2016, California voted on two competing initiatives about capital punishment. Proposition 62 which, as Proposition 34, would have abolished the death penalty, was rejected by a 53–47 margin. The other initiative, Proposition 66, provides the streamlining of the capital appeal process, and also requires death-row offenders to work in jail and pay restitution to victims families, something they were previously exempted from. The measure passed 51–49.[9] Its constitutionality was upheld 5–2 by the state supreme court on August 24, 2017, though the court held that one provision requiring it to decide direct appeals of capital cases within five years was directive rather than mandatory. The court ordered that Prop 66 take effect after this decision becomes final.[41]
2019 moratorium on capital punishment
Governor Gavin Newsom promulgated Executive Order N-09-19 on March 13, 2019. Executive Order N-09-19 orders that:
1. An executive moratorium on the death penalty shall be instituted in the
form of a reprieve for all people sentenced to death in California. This
moratorium does not provide for the release of any person from prison or
otherwise alter any current conviction or sentence.
2. California's lethal injection protocol shall be repealed.
3. The Death Chamber at San Quentin shall be immediately closed in light of
the foregoing.
The Executive Order granted everybody sentenced to death under California law a
People v. McDaniel and possible striking down of capital punishment
Donte McDaniel, a condemned inmate, was sentenced to death in 2004 and has challenged his death sentence by challenging California's sentencing statutes that only require convictions to be proven
Proposed 2022 constitutional ban on capital punishment
On December 7, 2020, Assembly members
2021 state Supreme Court ruling
On August 26, 2021, efforts to overhaul California's death penalty were weakened after the California State Supreme Court unanimously ruled that current state law provided little legal support for any overhaul in the case of People v McDaniel.[46]
Current legislation
Legal process
When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. A death sentence is automatically considered to have been requested for reconsideration, and the judge must find that the "jury’s findings and verdicts that the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances are contrary to law or the evidence presented."[47]
A jury must unanimously find that one of the special circumstances outlined in the death penalty statute apply to the case. If the jury is not unanimous, the court will retry the question of whether the special circumstances that were not unanimously decided upon apply or not before a new jury. Subsequent retrials on issues not unanimously decided upon occur at the discretion of the court, which may alternatively impose a sentence of 25 years in prison.[47]
In case of a hung jury during the penalty determination in the penalty phase of the trial, a retrial happens before another jury. If the second or any subsequent jury is also deadlocked, the judge has discretion to order another retrial or impose a life without parole sentence.[47]
Under the state Constitution, the power of clemency belongs to the Governor of California. But if the offender was twice convicted of a felony, the governor can grant a commutation only on recommendation of the Supreme Court of California, with at least four judges concurring.[48]
Executions are carried out by lethal injection, but an inmate sentenced before its adoption may elect to be executed by gas inhalation instead. If one of these two methods is held invalid, the state is required to use the other method.[49]
Capital offenses
California has one of America's broadest lists of capital crimes and capital circumstances. The Penal Code provides for the possibility for a sentence of death for:
Of crimes against the person
- first-degree murder with special circumstances[50]
- for financial gain (1)
- the defendant had previously been convicted of first or second degree murder (2)
- multiple murders (3)
- committed using explosives (4); (6)
- to avoid arrest or aiding in escaping custody (5)
- the victim was an on-duty peace officer; federal law enforcement officer or agent; or firefighter (7); (8); (9)
- the victim was a witness to a crime and the murder was committed to prevent them from testifying (10)
- the victim was a prosecutor or assistant prosecutor; judge or former judge; elected or appointed official; juror; and the murder was in retaliation for the victim's official duties (11); (12); (13); (20)
- the murder was "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel, manifesting exceptional depravity" (14)
- the murderer lay in wait for the victim (15)
- the victim was intentionally killed because of their ) (16)
- the murder was committed during the committing of a robbery; kidnapping; rape; sodomy; performance of a lewd or lascivious act upon the person of a child under the age of 14 years; oral copulation; burglary; arson; train wrecking; mayhem; rape by instrument; carjacking; torture; poisoning (17)
- the murder was intentional and involved the infliction of torture (18)
- poisoning (19)
- the murder was committed by discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle (21)
- the defendant is an active member of a criminal street gang and was to further the activities of the gang (22)
- train wrecking which leads to a person's death[51]
- fatal assault by a person under a life sentence, subject to the year and a day rule.[52]
- aiding, abetting, counseling, commanding, inducing, soliciting, requesting, or assisting in the commission of a felony enumerated in above in enhancement 17, with reckless indifference to human life and as a major participant, which results in a death, even if the defendant is not the actual killer.[53]
Due to the number of capital circumstances in California, almost every first-degree murder is punishable by death.[54]
Of crimes against the state
- treason against the state of California, defined as levying war against the state, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort[55]
- perjury or subornation of perjury causing execution of an innocent person[56]
Additionally, the Military and Veterans Code provides for possible capital punishment in either of the following if such act or acts, or failure to act, results in a death:
- intentionally and maliciously destroying, impairing, injuring, interfering, or tampering with real or personal property with reasonable grounds to believe that such act will hinder, delay, or interfere with the preparation of the United States or any of the states from preparing for war, or any foreign nation which assistance by the United States is in connection with that nation's defense; or[57][58]
- intentionally and maliciously making or causing to be made or intentionally and maliciously omitting to note on inspection any defect in any article or thing with reasonable grounds to believe that such article or thing is intended to be used in connection with the preparation of the United States or any state for defense or for war, or for the prosecution of war by the United States, or with the rendering of assistance by the United States to any other nation in connection with that nation's defense, or that such article or thing is one of a number of similar articles or things, some of which are intended so to be used.[59][58]
Death row and execution chamber
Typical procedure
Men condemned to death in California must (with some exceptions) be held at
Current statistics
As of September 2021[update], official California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) records show 697 inmates sentenced to death in California, the lowest it has been since 2011, primarily due to suicide, death from other causes, fewer juries willing to sentence people to death, and resentencing's by newly elected progressive district attorneys, among other things. 23 of those on death row are women, held at the female death row in the Central California Women's Facility (CCWF) in Chowchilla.[8]
Dismantling of death rows
On January 31, 2022, Governor
Racial makeup of death row
As of June 2021[update], Black people constitute a plurality of inmates sentenced to death, with 35.58% of inmates sentenced to death being Black. The second largest group of people sentenced to death are White (31.85%), while Hispanics/Mexicans are the third largest group of people sentenced to death (25.04%).[63]
Criticisms
In 2008, the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice criticized the high number of aggravating factors as giving to local prosecutors too much discretion in picking cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted. The Commission proposed to reduce them to only five (multiple murders, torture murder, murder of a police officer, murder committed in jail, and murder related to another felony).[64] Columnist Charles Lane went further, and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed.[65]
In 2021, the California Committee on Revision of Penal Code unanimously voted to recommend that the Legislature to abolish capital punishment in the state. A staff justified the vote by issuing a memorandum that states that "[e]liminating the death penalty is a critical step towards creating a fair and equitable justice system for all in California, as the ultimate punishment is plagued by legal, racial, bureaucratic, financial, geographic, and moral problems that have proven intractable."[66]
Public opinion
The
A poll in March 2012 found that "61% of registered voters from the state of California say they would vote to keep the death penalty, should a death penalty initiative appear on the November 2012 ballot"[67] An August 2012 poll found that "support for Prop 34, which would repeal California's death penalty, fell from 45.5% to 35.9%."[68]
A PPIC poll from September 2012 showed that 55% of all adults and 50% of likely voters prefer life in prison without the possibility of parole over the death penalty when given the choice.[69]
A Field Poll in September 2014 showed that 56% support the death penalty, down from 69% three years earlier. Support for the death penalty in California had not been at this low a level since the mid-1960s.[70]
A UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies poll in 2019 found that 61% of California's registered voters supported the death penalty, with 39% opposed. However, this polls did not have an "undecided" option.[71]
A UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies poll in April 2021 found that 44% of California's registered voters supported a proposed 2022 constitutional amendment to abolish the death penalty, with 35% opposed and 21% undecided. 48% supported Governor Gavin Newsom's death penalty moratorium executive order, with 35% opposed.[71] The poll found sharp racial and partisan divides on support for the death penalty in the state, with Democrats opposing it 63%-37% and Republicans supporting it 68%-32%. No party preference voters opposed it 43%-31%.[71] Among registered voters, 54% of African-Americans, 46% of whites, 41% of Latinos, and 38% of Asian and Pacific Islanders supported abolition.
Statistics
Sentencing numbers by county
Number of death sentences per county as of June 2021[update]. There are 703 inmates awaiting execution but there are 711 death sentences since some inmates have received multiple death sentences.[63]
County of conviction | Inmates sentenced to death awaiting execution | Notes |
---|---|---|
Alameda | 39 | |
Alpine | 0 | |
Amador | 1 | |
Butte | 3 | |
Calaveras | 0 | |
Colusa | 3 | |
Contra Costa | 14 | |
Del Norte | 0 | |
El Dorado | 4 | |
Fresno | 14 | |
Glenn | 0 | |
Humboldt | 2 | |
Imperial | 3 | |
Inyo | 0 | |
Kern | 27 | |
Kings | 6 | |
Lake | 1 | |
Lassen | 0 | |
Los Angeles | 222 | District Attorney of Los Angeles County , has pledged to resentence all inmates sentenced to death in Los Angeles County to life imprisonment. He has also pledged to never seek capital punishment for any present and future cases while he is in office.
|
Madera | 2 | |
Marin | 2 | |
Mariposa | 0 | |
Mendocino | 0 | |
Merced | 0 | |
Modoc | 1 | Least populous county that has a capital conviction for a living person. |
Mono | 0 | |
Monterey | 4 | |
Napa | 2 | |
Nevada | 0 | |
Orange | 63 | |
Placer | 2 | |
Plumas | 0 | |
Riverside | 91 | Highest number of death sentences per capita among the 10 most populous counties in the state (around one death sentence per 25,000 residents) |
Sacramento | 26 | |
San Benito | 0 | |
San Bernardino | 41 | |
San Diego | 36 | |
San Francisco | 0 | Most populous county with no inmate awaiting execution. |
San Joaquin | 6 | |
San Luis Obispo | 2 | |
San Mateo | 11 | |
Santa Barbara | 6 | |
Santa Clara | 25 | |
Santa Cruz | 0 | |
Shasta | 6 | |
Sierra | 0 | |
Siskiyou | 0 | |
Solano | 2 | |
Sonoma | 3 | |
Stanislaus | 7 | |
Sutter | 0 | |
Tehama | 0 | |
Trinity | 0 | |
Tulare | 15 | |
Tuolumne | 1 | |
Ventura | 16 | |
Yolo | 2 | |
Yuba | 0 |
Ethnicity
Number of condemned per ethnicity as of June 2021[update].[63]
Ethnicity | Total | Percent | Total males | Total females |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black | 252 | 35.85% | 249 | 3 |
White | 225 | 32.01% | 212 | 13 |
Mexican | 132 | 18.78% | 128 | 4 |
Hispanic | 44 | 6.26% | 43 | 1 |
Other | 36 | 5.12% | 36 | 0 |
American Indian/Alaskan Native | 9 | 1.28% | 9 | 0 |
Asian or Pacific Islander | 5 | .71% | 3 | 2 |
Total | 703 | 100% | 680 | 23 |
Age range
Number of condemned per age as of June 2021[update].[63]
Age | Total | Percent | Total males | Total females |
---|---|---|---|---|
18–19 | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0 |
20–29 | 2 | .28% | 2 | 0 |
30–39 | 63 | 8.96% | 62 | 1 |
40–49 | 172 | 24.47% | 166 | 6 |
50–59 | 243 | 34.57% | 234 | 9 |
60–69 | 160 | 22.76% | 156 | 4 |
70–79 | 57 | 8.11% | 54 | 3 |
80–89 | 5 | .71% | 5 | 0 |
90–99 | 1 | .14% | 1 | 0 |
703 | 100% | 680 | 23 |
Year received
List of the year when each one of the people currently on death row were received by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation as of June 2021[update].[63]
Year | Total | Percent | Total males | Total females |
---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | 1 | 0.14% | 1 | 0 |
1978 | 1 | 0.14% | 1 | 0 |
1979 | 4 | 0.57% | 4 | 0 |
1980 | 4 | 0.57% | 4 | 0 |
1981 | 11 | 1.56% | 11 | 0 |
1982 | 12 | 1.71% | 12 | 0 |
1983 | 12 | 1.71% | 12 | 0 |
1984 | 13 | 1.85% | 13 | 0 |
1985 | 12 | 1.71% | 12 | 0 |
1986 | 14 | 1.99% | 14 | 0 |
1987 | 13 | 1.85% | 13 | 0 |
1988 | 25 | 3.56% | 25 | 0 |
1989 | 17 | 2.42% | 17 | 0 |
1990 | 16 | 2.28% | 15 | 1 |
1991 | 18 | 2.56% | 18 | 0 |
1992 | 34 | 4.84% | 31 | 3 |
1993 | 29 | 4.13% | 28 | 1 |
1994 | 19 | 2.7% | 17 | 2 |
1995 | 27 | 3.84% | 27 | 0 |
1996 | 32 | 4.55% | 4 | 0 |
1997 | 29 | 4.13% | 29 | 0 |
1998 | 29 | 4.13% | 28 | 1 |
1999 | 38 | 5.41% | 37 | 1 |
2000 | 29 | 4.13% | 28 | 1 |
2001 | 16 | 2.28% | 16 | 0 |
2002 | 12 | 1.71% | 10 | 2 |
2003 | 20 | 2.84% | 20 | 0 |
2004 | 9 | 1.28% | 8 | 1 |
2005 | 19 | 2.70% | 19 | 0 |
2006 | 13 | 1.85% | 12 | 1 |
2007 | 15 | 2.13% | 15 | 0 |
2008 | 20 | 2.84% | 20 | 0 |
2009 | 26 | 3.7% | 25 | 1 |
2010 | 26 | 3.7% | 23 | 3 |
2011 | 7 | 1% | 7 | 0 |
2012 | 12 | 1.71% | 11 | 1 |
2013 | 18 | 2.56% | 18 | 0 |
2014 | 10 | 1.42% | 9 | 1 |
2015 | 13 | 1.85% | 12 | 1 |
2016 | 7 | 1% | 7 | 0 |
2017 | 12 | 1.71% | 10 | 2 |
2018 | 4 | 0.57% | 4 | 0 |
2019 | 2 | 0.28% | 2 | 0 |
2020 | 3 | 0.43% | 3 | 0 |
2021 | 5 | 0.73% | 5 | 0 |
2022 | 2 | 0.29% | 2 | 0 |
See also
- List of people executed in California
- List of death row inmates in California
- Crime in California
- Law of California
- Capital punishment in the United States
- Procedure 769, witness to an execution
- Last Day of Freedom
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- ^ "California Penal Code § 3604". California Office of Legislative Counsel. November 8, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ "Chapter 1 of Title 8 of Part 1 of the California Penal Code". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
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- ^ "California Penal Code § 190.2(d)". California Office of Legislative Counsel. January 1, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
- ^ The Times Editorial Board (November 2, 2020). "The state Supreme Court should take this chance to end California's death penalty". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
- ^ "California Penal Code § 37". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- ^ "California Penal Code § 128". California Office of Legislative Counsel. 1977. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- ^ "California Military and Veterans Code § 1670". California Office of Legislative Counsel. 1953. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ a b "California Military and Veterans Code § 1672". California Office of Legislative Counsel. April 4, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "California Military and Veterans Code § 1671". California Office of Legislative Counsel. 1953. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "Penal Code section 3600-3607". Leginfo.ca.gov. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
The judgment of death shall be executed within the walls of the California State Prison at San Quentin." and "Upon the affirmance of her appeal, the female person sentenced to death shall thereafter be delivered to the warden of the California state prison designated by the department for the execution of the death penalty,[...]
- ^ Corwin, Miles. "Death's Door : State's Only Condemned Woman Awaits Her Fate." Los Angeles Times. April 19, 1992. Retrieved on March 22, 2016.
- ^ "California Governor Gavin Newsom Orders Dismantling of State's Death Row". Death Penalty Information Center. February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Condemned Inmate Summary". California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. June 1, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
- ^ "Official recommendations on the fair administration of the death penalty in california". ccfaj.org. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ Charles Lane (2010), Stay of Execution: Saving the Death Penalty from Itself, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p.110-111
- ^ "California Committee on Revision of Penal Code Recommends Repeal of Death Penalty". Death Penalty Information Center. May 25, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
- ^ "Results of SurveyUSA News Poll #19044". Surveyusa.com. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ "News Categories | Pepperdine Newsroom". Publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ "PPIC Statewide Survey : Californians & their government" (PDF). Ppic.org. September 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ Chokshi, Niraj. "Support for the death penalty in California hits a five-decade low". The Washington Times. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ a b c "Support for the death penalty is declining in California, poll shows". May 20, 2021.
External links
- California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
- Executions in California 1778–1967
- "Two-thirds of California voters favor the death penalty, But a sizeable minority believe it has not been fairly implemented (PDF)" (PDF). Field Research Corporation. March 5, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2005. Retrieved December 12, 2005.