Comparison of user features of operating systems
Comparison of user features of operating systems refers to a comparison of the general user features of major operating systems in a narrative format. It does not encompass a full exhaustive comparison or description of all technical details of all operating systems. It is a comparison of basic roles and the most prominent features. It also includes the most important features of the operating system's origins, historical development, and role.
Overview
An operating system (OS) is
For hardware functions such as
As of January 2023[update], the dominant general-purpose desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 74.14%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (15.33%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (2.91%).[3] In the mobile sector, including both smartphones and tablets, Android is dominant with a market share of 71%, followed by Apple's iOS with 28%;[4] for smartphones alone, Android has 72% and iOS has 28%.[5] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems)[6][7]), such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (i.e. light-weight Linux distribution). Others may have higher system requirements.
Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers (
MS-DOS
Overview
MS-DOS (acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS-DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS, are sometimes referred to as "DOS" (which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s, from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system.[citation needed]
IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 as
During its lifetime, several competing products were released for the x86 platform,[8] and MS-DOS went through eight versions, until development ceased in 2000.[9] Initially, MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system, but application software and user data as well. Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats, along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures. Ultimately, it was the key product in Microsoft's development from a programming language company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI.[citation needed]
Microsoft Windows
Overview
Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT; these may encompass subfamilies, (e.g. Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact) (Windows CE). Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.
Microsoft announced an
Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the
As of October 2020[update], the most recent version of Windows for PCs,
Windows 95
Windows 95 introduced a redesigned shell based around a desktop metaphor; File shortcuts (also known as shell links) were introduced[15] and the desktop was re-purposed to hold shortcuts to applications, files and folders, reminiscent of Mac OS.
In Windows 3.1 the desktop was used to display icons of running applications. In Windows 95, the currently running applications were displayed as buttons on a taskbar across the bottom of the screen.[16] The taskbar also contained a notification area used to display icons for background applications, a volume control and the current time.[17]
The Start menu, invoked by clicking the "Start" button on the taskbar or by pressing the Windows key, was introduced as an additional means of launching applications or opening documents. While maintaining the program groups used by its predecessor Program Manager, it also displayed applications within cascading sub-menus.[18]
The previous
The user interface looked dramatically different from prior versions of Windows, but its design language did not have a special name like Metro, Aqua or Material Design. Internally it was called "the new shell" and later simply "the shell".[19] The subproject within Microsoft to develop the new shell was internally known as "Stimpy".[20]
In 1994, Microsoft designers
When released for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0, Internet Explorer 4 came with an optional Windows Desktop Update, which modified the shell to provide several additional updates to Windows Explorer, including a Quick Launch toolbar, and new features integrated with Internet Explorer, such as Active Desktop (which allowed Internet content to be displayed directly on the desktop).
Some of the user interface elements introduced in Windows 95, such as the desktop, taskbar, Start menu and Windows Explorer file manager, remained fundamentally unchanged on future versions of Windows.
Windows 10
A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, and tiles representing applications on the right. The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode.[23] A new virtual desktop system was added. A feature known as Task View displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces.[23] Universal apps, which previously could be used only in full screen mode, can now be used in self-contained windows similarly to other programs.[24][23] Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped to one side of the screen, Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen (called "Snap Assist").[23] Windows' system icons were also changed.[25]
Charms have been removed; their functionality in universal apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their title bar.[24][23] In its place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications can be synced between multiple devices.[24][25] The Settings app (formerly PC Settings) was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel.[26][27]
Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods. It offers two separate user interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a "Tablet mode" designed for touchscreens. Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur, such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in, or when a
Apple Macintosh
Apple Classic MacOS
Overview
The classic Mac OS It was included with every Macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed, and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with the introduction of new Macintosh systems.
Apple released the
Initial versions of the System Software ran one application at a time. With the Macintosh 512K, a system extension called the Switcher was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded. The software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively; only when activated by the Switcher did the program appear, even the Finder's desktop. With the Switcher, the now familiar Clipboard feature allowed cut and paste between the loaded programs across switches including the desktop.[citation needed]
With the introduction of System 5, a
After two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the Macintosh System Software called
The
Apple macOS
Overview
macOS
macOS is the direct successor to the
Mac OS X 10.0 (code named Cheetah) was the first major release and version of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system. Mac OS X 10.0 was released on 24 March 2001 for a price of US$129. It was the successor of the Mac OS X Public Beta and the predecessor of Mac OS X 10.1 (code named Puma).
Mac OS X 10.0 was a radical departure from the classic Mac OS and was Apple's long-awaited answer for a next generation Macintosh operating system. It introduced a brand new code base completely separate from Mac OS 9's as well as all previous Apple operating systems, and had a new Unix-like core, Darwin, which features a new memory management system. Unlike releases of Mac OS X 10.2 to 10.8, the operating system was not externally marketed with the name of a big cat.
Apple MacOS Components
The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.[45][46] Quick Look has been part of the Finder since version 10.5. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight, a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) and/or content.[47][48] macOS makes use of a Dock, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.
Apple added Exposé in
Features introduced in
All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the Cover Flow view, a three-dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;[55] an automatic backup technology called Time Machine, which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;[56] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.[57]
In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font.[58][59] Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.[60] Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS, its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri, which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS.[61][62]
Unix and Unix-like systems
Unix
Unix (
Initially intended for use inside the
Unix systems are characterized by a
Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language, which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.[66]
macOS, described above, is a Unix-like system, and, beginning with Mac OS X Leopard, is certified to comply with the SUS.
Linux
Linux[67] is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel,[68] an operating system kernel first released on 17 September 1991, by Linus Torvalds.[69][70][71] Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting
Popular Linux distributions
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the
Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e. devices whose operating system is typically built into the
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License.[76]
90% of all cloud infrastructure is powered by Linux including supercomputers and cloud providers.[93] 74% of smartphones in the world are Linux-based.[94]
KDE Plasma 5
KDE Plasma 5 is the fifth and current generation of the graphical workspaces environment created by KDE primarily for Linux systems. KDE Plasma 5 is the successor of KDE Plasma 4 and was first released on 15 July 2014.[95][96] It includes a new default theme, known as "Breeze", as well as increased convergence across different devices. The graphical interface was fully migrated to QML, which uses OpenGL for hardware acceleration, which resulted in better performance and reduced power consumption.[97][95]
FreeBSD
FreeBSD has similarities with Linux, with two major differences in scope and licensing. First, FreeBSD maintains a complete system, i.e. the project delivers a
The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution. A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports, or by compiling source code.
Much of FreeBSD's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems such as Darwin (the basis for macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS), TrueNAS (an open-source NAS/SAN operating system), and the system software for the PlayStation 3[98] and PlayStation 4 game consoles.[99]
Google ChromeOS
ChromeOS (formerly Chrome OS,[100] sometimes styled as chromeOS) is a Gentoo Linux-based operating system designed by Google. It is derived from the free software ChromiumOS and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface. However, ChromeOS is proprietary software.
Google announced the project in July 2009, conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud: hence ChromeOS primarily runs web applications.[101] Source code and a public demo came that November. The first ChromeOS laptop, known as a Chromebook, arrived in May 2011. Initial Chromebook shipments from Samsung and Acer occurred in July 2011.
ChromeOS has an integrated media player and
Android applications started to become available for the operating system in 2014, and in 2016, access to Android apps in Google Play's entirety was introduced on supported ChromeOS devices. Support for a Linux terminal and applications, known as Project Crostini,[102] was released to the stable channel in ChromeOS 69. This was made possible via a lightweight Linux kernel that runs containers inside a virtual machine.
ChromeOS is only available pre-installed on hardware from Google manufacturing partners, but there are unofficial methods that allow it to be installed in other equipment.
See also
- Comparison of operating systems
- Hypervisor
- Interruptible operating system
- List of important publications in operating systems
- List of operating systems
- List of pioneers in computer science
- Live CD
- Glossary of operating systems terms
- Microcontroller
- Mobile device
- Mobile operating system
- Network operating system
- Object-oriented operating system
- Operating System Projects
- System Commander
- System image
- Timeline of operating systems
- Usage share of operating systems
Notes
References
- ^ Stallings (2005). Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles. Pearson: Prentice Hall. p. 6.
- ^ Dhotre, I.A. (2009). Operating Systems. Technical Publications. p. 1.
- ^ a b c "Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide". Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Mobile & Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide". StatCounter Global Stats. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide". StatCounter Global Stats. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]". www.oreilly.com.
- ^ "Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English". www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de.
- ISBN 0-9689108-0-7. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ "A Compilation of 8 Historical Essays". Retrieved 30 January 2016.[dead link]
- ^ "The Unusual History of Microsoft Windows". Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Operating System Market Share Worldwide". StatCounter Global Stats. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- IDG. Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2016.
[Microsoft's chief operating officer] Turner's 14% came from a new forecast released last week by Gartner, which estimated Windows' share of the shipped device market last year was 14%, and would decrease slightly to 13.7% in 2014. Android will dominate, Gartner said, with a 48% share this year
- ^ "Microsoft". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ^ "Xbox One Architecture Finally Explained – Runs OS 'Virtually Indistinguishable' from Windows 8". WCCFtech. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
- TechNet Magazine. Microsoft. Archived from the originalon 12 October 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
- ^ "Windows 3.0-style file browser lets you navigate like it's the 90s". Engadget. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ "New version of Windows 95 gains a snazzy user interface on Windows 10, macOS and Linux". BetaNews. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ Warren, Tom (11 February 2016). "A history of the Windows Start menu". The Verge. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- Chen, Raymond (29 July 2014). "Did the Windows 95 interface have a code name?". The Old New Thing. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- Chen, Raymond (20 May 2014). "The code names for various subprojects within Windows 95". The Old New Thing. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ Rohrlich, Justin (25 May 2010). "Who Created The Windows Start-Up Sound?". Minyanville's Wall Street. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ Joel Selvin, Chronicle Pop Music Critic (2 June 1996). "Q and A With Brian Eno". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Andronico, Michael (30 September 2014). "Microsoft Unveils Windows 10 with New Start Menu". Tom's Guide. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ a b c Warren, Tom (30 September 2014). "Windows 10 is the official name for Microsoft's next version of Windows". The Verge. Vox Media.
- ^ a b Warren, Tom (28 January 2015). "Windows 10: a closer look at the future of Microsoft's vision for PCs". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^ "Watch how Windows 10 works with touch interfaces". The Verge. Vox Media. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- ^ Thurrott, Paul (23 April 2015). "Windows 10 Technical Preview 2: Configure Tablet Mode". Thurrott.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ Thurrott, Paul (20 March 2015). "Windows 10 Technical Preview 2: Continuum and Tablet Mode". Thurrott.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ Bowden, Zack (3 July 2015). "Windows 10: The tablet experience is better than ever (with video)". OnMSFT. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ZDNet. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-59327-010-0.
- ^ "Macintosh: System Software Version History". Apple Inc. 7 August 2001. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ^ Gruman, Galen (November 1997). "Why Apple Pulled the Plug". Macworld. Vol. 14, no. 11. pp. 31–36.
- ^ "October 23, 1999: Mac OS 9 Released". AppleMatters.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
- ^ Hertzfeld, Andy, folklore.org: The Original Macintosh: Mea Culpa, archived from the original on 19 June 2010, retrieved 10 May 2010
- ^ "A Brief History of the Classic Mac OS – Low End Mac". 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ Apple Events – WWDC Keynote June 2016. Event occurs at 36:28. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. YouTube mirror.
- ^ "Desktop Operating System Market Share". Net Applications. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014.
- ^ "Top 8 Operating Systems from Sept 2011 to Aug 2015". Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.
- ^ "Mac OS X Version 10.5 on Intel-based Macintosh computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ * "Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel-based Macintosh computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- "Apple technology brief on UNIX" (PDF). Apple. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
- "Mac OS X Version 10.8 on Intel-based Macintosh computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- "OS X Version 10.9 on Intel-based Macintosh computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- "OS X version 10.10 Yosemite on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- "OS X version 10.11 El Capitan on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- "macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- "macOS version 10.13 High Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- "macOS version 10.14 Mojave on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- "macOS version 10.15 Catalina on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- "macOS version 11.0 Big Sur on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
- "macOS version 11.0 Big Sur on Apple silicon-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
- Condé Nast Digital. Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- ^ Holwerda, Thom (6 December 2007). "Review: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard". OS News. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
The next area where Apple claims to have made major improvements is the Finder.
- Condé Nast Digital. Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
Unsurprisingly, each new Mac OS X release has been the vehicle for a parade of Finder fantasies.
- Condé Nast Digital. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ "Mac 101: Spotlight". Apple. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ "Mac 101: Exposé". Apple. 31 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "About FileVault". Mac OS X 10.5 Help. Apple. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Mac 101: Automator". Apple. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Mac 101: Dashboard". Apple. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Front Row". Apple. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Why Use Sync Services?". Apple. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Spaces. Room for everything". Apple. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Time Machine. A giant leap backward". Apple. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Finder". Apple. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ Jeff Blagdon (4 March 2013). "How emoji conquered the world". The Verge. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Sternbergh, Adam (17 November 2014). "Smile, You're Speaking EMOJI: the rapid evolution of a wordless tongue". New York magazine. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ^ "OS X Mountain Lion: Share with iCloud, Facebook, Twitter, and other services". Apple. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ^ "13 Things You Can Do with MacOS Sierra You Couldn't Before". Gizmodo. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^ "How to use Siri in macOS Sierra: A look at using the Apple's virtual assistant on the Mac". Macworld. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^ . Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ "Novell Completes Sale of UnixWare Business to The Santa Cruz Operation | Micro Focus". www.novell.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-13-142901-7. Archivedfrom the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
- ^ Ritchie, Dennis M. (January 1993). "The Development of the C Language" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- Usenet: [email protected]. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
- ISBN 978-1111541538. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions.
The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing OSS
- ^ "Twenty Years of Linux according to Linus Torvalds". ZDNet. 13 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ^ Linus Benedict Torvalds (5 October 1991). "Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT". Newsgroup: comp.os.minix. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ "What Is Linux: An Overview of the Linux Operating System". Medium. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Linux and the GNU System". Gnu.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ DistroWatch. "DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD". distrowatch.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ Bhartiya, Swapnil. "Best Linux distros of 2016: Something for everyone". CIO. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "10 Most Used Linux Distributions of All Time". TecMint. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ a b "What is Linux?". Opensource.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ Barry Levine (26 August 2013). "Linux' 22th [sic] Birthday Is Commemorated – Subtly – by Creator". Simpler Media Group, Inc. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
Originally developed for Intel x86-based PCs, Torvalds' "hobby" has now been released for more hardware platforms than any other OS in history.
- ^ McPherson, Amanda (13 December 2012). "What a Year for Linux: Please Join us in Celebration". Linux Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ Linux Devices (28 November 2006). "Trolltech rolls "complete" Linux smartphone stack". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols. "Chromebook shipments leap by 67 percent". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "OS Market Share and Usage Trends". W3Cook.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015.
- ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2017). "Linux totally dominates supercomputers". ZDNet (published 14 November 2017). Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ Thibodeau, Patrick (2009). "IBM's newest mainframe is all Linux". Computerworld (published 9 December 2009). Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Lyons, Daniel (15 March 2005). "Linux rules supercomputers". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
- ^ "Nest Learning Thermostat open source compliance". Nest.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
- ^ Eric Brown (29 March 2019). "Linux continues advance in smart TV market". linuxgizmos.com. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ "Sony Open Source Code Distribution Service". Sony Electronics. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ "Sharp Liquid Crystal Television Instruction Manual" (PDF). Sharp Electronics. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (4 January 2019). "It's a Linux-powered car world". ZDNet. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ "Linux Watch (WatchPad)". IBM Research. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "From Earth to orbit with Linux and SpaceX | ZDNet". www.zdnet.com.
- ^ "90% of the Public Cloud Runs on Linux". mobile.developer.com. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide". StatCounter Global Stats. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020.
- ^ a b Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (15 July 2014). "KDE Plasma 5 Arrives with Fresh New Look, True Convergence". OMG! Ubuntu!. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ Gilbertson, Scott (18 August 2014). "KDE Plasma 5—For those Linux users undecided on the kernel's future". Ars Technica. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "KDE Plasma 5.0 Released". KDE. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ Rosenberg, Alex (17 December 2013). "FreeBSD Handbook and PS3". freebsd-doc (Mailing list). Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Open Source Software used in PlayStation®4". Sony Interactive Entertainment. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ Bradshaw, Kyle (15 March 2022). "Google prepares 'ChromeOS' rebrand to drop the space". 9to5Google. 9to5Mac. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
Google changes approximately 1,000 instances of "Chrome OS" in the code – from text visible to Chromebook owners to internal comments only seen by developers – to "ChromeOS."
- ^ "Kernel Design". The Chromium Projects.
- ^ "Chromium OS Docs – Running Custom Containers Under Chrome OS". chromium.googlesource.com.
- ^ "5 Best Chrome OS forks for your regular computer". quickfever.com. Retrieved 20 December 2018.