Windows 95
Version of the Closed source | |
Released to manufacturing | July 14, 1995 |
---|---|
General availability | August 24, 1995[1] |
Latest release | OEM Service Release 2.5 (4.0.950 C) / November 26, 1997[2] |
Platforms | IA-32 |
Kernel type | Monolithic |
License | Proprietary commercial software |
Preceded by | Windows 3.1 (1992–1993) |
Succeeded by | Windows 98 (1998) |
Official website | Windows 95 at the Wayback Machine (archived January 20, 1998) |
Support status | |
Mainstream support ended on December 31, 2000[3] Extended support ended on December 31, 2001[3] |
Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows 9x family of operating systems. The first operating system in the 9x family, it is the successor to Windows 3.1, and was released to manufacturing on July 14, 1995, and generally to retail on August 24, 1995, almost three months after the release of Windows NT 3.51. Windows 95 is the first version of Microsoft Windows to include the Modern Windows Feel (Taskbar, Start Menu.)[4][5] Windows 95 merged Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows products, and featured significant improvements over its predecessor, most notably in the graphical user interface (GUI) and in its simplified "plug-and-play" features. There were also major changes made to the core components of the operating system, such as moving from a mainly cooperatively multitasked 16-bit architecture to a 32-bit preemptive multitasking architecture, at least when running only 32-bit protected mode applications.
Accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign,
Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was followed by Windows 98. Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows 95 on December 31, 2000. Like Windows NT 3.51, Windows 95 received only one year of extended support, ending on December 31, 2001. Nevertheless, Windows 95 remained the most popular operating system in 1998, despite the release of Windows 98.[8]
Development
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2010) |
The initial design and planning of Windows 95 can be traced back to around March 1992,[9][10][11] just around the time before the release of Windows 3.1. At this time, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and Windows NT 3.1 were still in development. At this point, Microsoft's strategy was to have a next generation, high-end OS based on Windows NT, namely, Cairo, and a low-end, consumer-focused one as an evolution of Windows 3.1. The latter strategy was to develop a 32-bit underlying kernel and filesystem with 32-bit protected mode device drivers in Windows for Workgroups 3.11, to be used as the basis for the next version of Windows, code named "Chicago." Cairo would be Microsoft's next-generation operating system based on Windows NT, featuring a new user interface and an object-based file system, but it was not planned to be shipped before 1994. Cairo would never be shipped, however, although elements from the Cairo project eventually shipped in Windows NT 4.0 in late July 1996, without the object-based file system, which would later evolve into WinFS.
Simultaneously with Windows 3.1's release,
Beta
Before Windows 95's official release, users in the
Architecture
Windows 95 was designed to be maximally compatible with existing
- Configuration Manager (CONFIGMG)
- Responsible for implementing memory in a conflict-free fashion.[17]
- Installable File System Manager (Input/Output Subsystem)
- Coordinates access to supported file systems. Windows 95 initially shipped with support for FAT32.[18]
Access requests to physical media are sent to Input/Output Supervisor, a component responsible for scheduling the requests. Each physical media has its device driver: access to the disk is performed by a port driver, while access to a SCSI device is handled by a miniport driver working atop the SCSI layer. Port and Miniport drivers perform I/O operations in 32-bit protected mode, bypassing MS-DOS and BIOS, significantly improving performance. In case there is no native Windows driver for a certain storage device, or if a device is forced to run in compatibility mode, the Real Mode Mapper can access it through MS-DOS.[19]
32-bit Windows programs are assigned their memory segments, which can be adjusted to any desired size. Memory areas outside the segment cannot be accessed by a program. If a program crashes, nothing else is harmed. Before this, programs used fixed non-exclusive 64 KB segments. While the 64 KB size was a serious handicap in DOS and Windows 3.x, lack of guarantee of exclusiveness was the cause of stability issues because programs sometimes overwrote each other's segments. A crashing Windows 3.x program could knock out surrounding processes. [citation needed]
The
- Kernel
- Provides high-level access to KERNEL32.DLL, and VWIN32.VXD.
- User
- Responsible for managing and drawing the various USER32.DLL.
- Graphics Device Interface (GDI)
- Responsible for drawing graphics in a device-independent way. Consists of GDI.EXE and GDI32.DLL.
Dependence on MS-DOS
To end-users, MS-DOS appears as an underlying component of Windows 95. For example, it is possible to prevent the loading of the graphical user interface and boot the system into a real-mode MS-DOS environment. This was done by inserting
When the graphical user interface is started, the virtual machine manager takes over the filesystem-related and disk-related functionality. MS-DOS itself is demoted to a compatibility layer for 16-bit device drivers.[19] This contrasts with earlier versions of Windows which rely on MS-DOS to perform file and disk access (Windows for Workgroups 3.11 could also largely bypass MS-DOS when 32-bit file access and 32-bit disk access were enabled). Keeping MS-DOS in memory allows Windows 95 to use DOS device drivers when suitable Windows drivers are unavailable. Windows 95 is capable of using all 16-bit Windows 3.x drivers.
Unlike Windows 3.x, DOS programs running in Windows 95 do not need DOS drivers for the mouse, CD-ROM and sound card; Windows drivers are used instead. HIMEM.SYS is still required to boot Windows 95. EMM386 and other memory managers, however, are only used by DOS programs. In addition, CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT settings (aside from HIMEM.SYS) do not affect Windows programs. DOS games, which could not be executed on Windows 3.x, can run inside Windows 95 (games tended to lock up Windows 3.x or cause other problems). As with Windows 3.x, DOS programs that use EGA or VGA graphics modes run in windowed mode (CGA and text mode programs can continue to run).[19]
On startup, the MS-DOS component in Windows 95 responds to a pressed F8 key by temporarily pausing the default boot process and presenting the DOS boot options menu, allowing the user to continue starting Windows normally, start Windows in safe mode or exit to the DOS prompt.[20] As in previous versions of MS-DOS, there is no 32-bit support and DOS drivers must be loaded for mice and other hardware.
As a consequence of DOS compatibility, Windows 95 has to keep internal DOS data structures synchronized with those of Windows 95. When starting a program, even a native 32-bit Windows program, MS-DOS momentarily executes to create a data structure known as the Program Segment Prefix. It is even possible for MS-DOS to run out of conventional memory while doing so, preventing the program from launching.[20] Windows 3.x allocated fixed segments in conventional memory first. Since the segments were allocated as fixed, Windows could not move them, which would prevent any more programs from launching.
Microsoft partially removed support for
User interface
Windows 95 introduced a redesigned
In Windows 3.1, the desktop was used to display icons of running applications. In Windows 95, the currently running applications were displayed as buttons on a taskbar across the bottom of the screen.[23] The taskbar also contained a notification area used to display icons for background applications, a volume control and the current time.[24]
The Start menu, invoked by clicking the "Start" button on the taskbar or by pressing the Windows key, was introduced as an additional means of launching applications or opening documents. While maintaining the program groups used by its predecessor Program Manager, it also displayed applications within cascading sub-menus.[25]
The previous
The user interface looked dramatically different from prior versions of Windows, but its design language did not have a special name like Metro, Aqua or Material Design. Internally it was called "the new shell" and later simply "the shell".[26] The subproject within Microsoft to develop the new shell was internally known as "Stimpy".[27]
In 1994, Microsoft designers
When released for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0, Internet Explorer 4 came with an optional Windows Desktop Update, which modified the shell to provide several additional updates to Windows Explorer, including a Quick Launch toolbar, and new features integrated with Internet Explorer, such as Active Desktop (which allowed Internet content to be displayed directly on the desktop).
Some of the user interface elements introduced in Windows 95, such as the desktop, taskbar, Start menu and Windows Explorer file manager, remained fundamentally unchanged on future versions of Windows.
Technical improvements
Windows 95 included support for 255-character mixed-case long filenames[30] and preemptively multitasked protected-mode 32-bit applications. 16-bit processes were still co-operatively multitasked.
Plug and Play
Windows 95 tried to automate device detection and configuration as much as possible, but could still fall back to manual settings if necessary. During the initial install process of Windows 95, it would attempt to automatically detect all devices installed in the system.
Windows 95 also introduced the Device Manager to indicate which devices were working optimally with correct drivers and configuration and to allow the user to override automatic Plug and Play-based driver installation with manual options or give a choice of several semi-automatic configurations to try to free up resources for devices that still needed manual configuration.
Windows 95 also has built-in support for Advanced Power Management.
Long file names
32-bit
Windows 95 followed
The introduction of
Core improvements in OEM Service Releases
OEM Service Releases of Windows 95 introduced support in Windows for several core new technologies that were not included in the original release of Windows 95. These include the
Accessibility features
Windows 95 introduced computer accessibility features like Sticky keys, FilterKeys, ToggleKeys, Mouse keys. Microsoft Active Accessibility API was introduced as an add-on for Windows 95.
System requirements
Official system requirements were an
Windows 95 may fail to boot on computers with a processor faster than 2.1 GHz and more than approximately 480 MB of memory.[33][34][35] In such a case, reducing the file cache size or the size of video memory can help.[33] The theoretical maximum according to Microsoft is 2 GB.[36]
Most copies of Windows 95 were on CD-ROM, but a 3+1⁄2-inch floppy version was also available for older machines. The retail floppy disk version of Windows 95 came on 13 DMF formatted floppy disks, while OSR 2.1 doubled the floppy count to 26. Both versions exclude additional software that the CD-ROM version might have featured. Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 was also available on floppy disks.
Upgradeability
Windows 95 was superseded by Windows 98, which also included the Windows Desktop Update and Internet Explorer 4 by default. It could still be directly upgraded by either Windows 2000 Professional[37] or Windows Me. Office 2000 was the last version of Microsoft Office to be compatible with Windows 95. Similarly, Windows Media Player 7.0, released in June 2000, and DirectX 8.0a, released in February 2001, are the last versions of Windows Media Player and DirectX available for Windows 95, respectively.
Internet Explorer
Windows 95 originally shipped without
Windows 95 OEM Service Release 1 was the first release of Windows to include Internet Explorer (version 2.0) with the OS. While there was no uninstaller, it could be deleted easily if desired. OEM Service Release 2 included Internet Explorer 3. The installation of Internet Explorer 4 on Windows 95 (or the OSR2.5 version preinstalled on a computer) gave Windows 95 Active Desktop and browser integration into Windows Explorer, known as the Windows Desktop Update. The CD version of the last release of Windows 95, OEM Service Release 2.5 (version 4.00.950C), includes Internet Explorer 4, and installs it after Windows 95's initial setup and first boot are complete.
While only the 4.x series of the browser contained the option to install the Windows Desktop Update features, the subsequent 5.x version had the option hidden. Editing the installer's configuration file located in a temporary folder would make the feature available in the installer. Alternatively, Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 users could first install IE 4 with the desktop update before installing a newer version of Internet Explorer. The last version of Internet Explorer supported on Windows 95 is Internet Explorer 5.5 with SP2, which was released on July 23, 2001. Windows 95 shipped with Microsoft's dial-up online service called The Microsoft Network (MSN).
Release and promotion
The Windows 95 release included a commercial featuring The Rolling Stones' 1981 single "Start Me Up" (a reference to the Start button).[39] It was widely reported that Microsoft paid the Rolling Stones between US$8 and US$14 million for the use of the song in the Windows 95 advertising campaign. However, Microsoft said that this was just a rumour spread by the band to increase their market value, and the company paid US$3 million.[40] A 30-minute promotional video, labeled a "cyber sitcom," featuring Jennifer Aniston and Matthew Perry, was also released to showcase the features of Windows 95.[41] Microsoft's US$200 million advertising campaign featured stories of people waiting in line outside stores to get a copy.[42]
In the UK, the largest computer chain, PC World, received a large quantity of point-of-sale material; many branches opened at midnight to sell the first copies of the product. Copies of The Times were available for free, and Microsoft paid for 1.5 million issues (twice the daily circulation at the time).[43]
In the United States, the Empire State Building in New York City was lit to match the colors of the Windows logo.[4] In Canada, a 100 m (330 ft) banner was hung down the side of the CN Tower in Toronto.[44]
The release included a number of "Fun Stuff" items on the CD, including music videos of Edie Brickell's "Good Times"[45] and Weezer's "Buddy Holly," a trailer for the 1995 film Rob Roy and the computer game Hover![46]
Sales were strong, with one million copies shipped worldwide in just four days.
Editions
Several Windows 95 editions have been released. Only the original release was sold as a shrink-wrapped product; later editions were provided only to computer
Together with the introduction of Windows 95, Microsoft released the Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 pack, which contained several optional components for high-end multimedia PCs, including Internet Explorer, DriveSpace and additional themes.
The first service pack was made available half a year after the original release and fixed several small bugs.[48]
The second service pack mainly introduced support for new hardware, most notably support for hard drives larger than 2 GB in the form of the
A full third service pack was never released, but two smaller updates to the second were released in the form of a USB Supplement (OSR 2.1) and the Windows Desktop Update (OSR 2.5).[50] Both were available as stand-alone updates and as updated disc images shipped by OEMs. OSR 2.5 was notable for featuring several changes to the Windows Explorer, integrating it with Internet Explorer 4.0—this version of Internet Explorer looks very similar to the one featured in Windows 98.
Release | Code name | Release date | CD-Code[51][52][53] | Version | Software components | Hardware support | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
System properties[a] | System files[b] | Timestamp | MS-DOS | Internet Explorer[c] | DriveSpace | OpenGL | DirectX[d] | FAT32
|
Infrared[54] | UDMA[55] | IRQ steering[56]
|
USB | IEEE 1394 | AGP | MMX[57] | P6[58] | ||||
Windows 95 (retail and OEM) | Chicago | August 24, 1995 | 0795 | 4.00.950 | 4.00.950 | 1995-07-11 09:50:00 | 7.0 | 1.0 OEM only | 2 | — | — | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Bugs | Bugs |
Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 | Frosting | — | — | 4.40.310 | 1995-07-14 04:40:00 | 1.0 | 3 | |||||||||||||
Service Pack 1 | — | February 14, 1996[59] | — | 4.00.950a | 4.00.951[e] | 1995-12-31 09:50:00 | 2.0[60] | 2 | Yes | |||||||||||
OEM Service Release 1 | 0196 | 1995-12-29 09:51:00 | ||||||||||||||||||
OEM Service Release 2 | August 30, 1996 | 0796 | 4.00.950 B | 4.00.1111 | 1996-08-24 11:11:11 | 7.1 | 3.0 | 3 | 1.1 | 2.0a | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes with updated USB supplement | ||||
USB Supplement to OSR2 | Detroit | August 27, 1997[61] | — | 4.03.1212[f] 4.03.1214[g] 4.03.1216 (with updated USB supplement) [h] |
1997-04-10 12:14:00 | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||
OEM Service Release 2.1 | — | 0197 (US) / 0397 | ||||||||||||||||||
OEM Service Release 2.5 | November 26, 1997 | 1297 | 4.00.950 C | 4.03.1216[h] | 1997-11-26 12:16:00 | 4.00 | 5.0 |
- ^ The version string displayed in the "System properties" tab. Right-click on "My Computer" and choose "Properties".
- ^ The version of updated system files. Note that most system files which have not been updated often retain their old version number. Version numbers are not consistently used: some system files may have older or newer build numbers or use a version numbering scheme separate from regular system files.
- ^ Upgradable to 5.5
- ^ Upgradable to 8.0a
- ^ Some components have higher build numbers up to 955.
- ^ Original release of the USB Supplement to OSR2.
- ^ Updated version of the USB Supplement to OSR2.
- ^ a b The Microsoft Knowledge Base reports 4.03.1214. The USB Supplement to OSR2 contains an updated VMM.VXD with support for the Pentium Pro and Pentium II. This file has version 4.03.1216 and has a timestamp of September 23, 1997 09:51:18.
Legacy
On December 31, 2001, Microsoft ended its support for Windows 95, making it an "obsolete" product per the Microsoft Lifecycle Policy.[62]
Many features have since become key components of the Microsoft Windows series, such as the Start menu and the taskbar, originated in Windows 95. Neil MacDonald, a Gartner analyst, said that Windows 95 "was a quantum leap in difference in technological capability and stability." Ina Fried of CNET said that "by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world."[43]
The basic design of Windows 95, with its combination of a desktop that can be used as a storage location, a pop-out application menu, and a taskbar showing running applications, a clock and a
Even though support for Windows 95 has ended, the software has occasionally remained in use on legacy systems for various purposes. In addition, some video game enthusiasts choose to use Windows 95 for their legacy system to play old DOS games, although some other versions of Windows such as Windows 98 can also be used for this purpose.
Windows 95 was implemented into a web-based DOSBox emulator around early 2016.[64]
In March 2016,
See also
References
- ^ a b Segal, David (August 24, 1995). "With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft's Scales Heights of Hype". Washington Post.
- ^ Thurrott, Paul (October 19, 1997). "Microsoft to release Windows 95 OSR 2.5". Windows IT Pro. Penton. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
- ^ a b "Microsoft Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
- ^ a b Segal, David (August 24, 1995). "With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ Long, Tony (August 24, 2011). "Aug. 24, 1995: Say Hello to Windows 95". Wired.com. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
- ^ Hickey, Matt. "Windows 95 Was The Most Important Operating System Of All Time". Forbes. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
- ^ admin-ectnews (August 31, 2020). "25-Year Anniversary: How Windows 95 Forever Changed Personal Computing". TechNewsWorld. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
- ^ a b "Windows 95 remains most popular operating system". CNET. July 20, 1999. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Comes v. Microsoft. Plaintiff's Exhibit 1263 Archived April 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Comes v. Microsoft. Plaintiff's Exhibit 1308 Archived November 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Comes v. Microsoft. Plaintiff's Exhibit 1310 Archived April 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Fruhlinger, Josh (August 31, 2015). "It's (still) Windows 95's world. We just live in it". Computerworld. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
- ^ a b Microsoft Windows Chicago Reviewer's Guide[permanent dead link], p.282
- ^ Stephen Manes (July 19, 1994). "PERSONAL COMPUTERS; Microsoft's New System Promises to Fix Glitches". The New York Times.
- ^ "How 16-Bit and 32-Bit Programs Multitask in Windows 95". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
- ^ "Windows 95 Architecture Components". Microsoft Docs. Microsoft. February 20, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ aczechowski. "What is Configuration Manager? - Configuration Manager". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
- ^ lorihollasch. "Filter Manager Concepts - Windows drivers". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Chen, Raymond (December 24, 2007). "What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?". The Old New Thing. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011.
- Lea, Graham (March 23, 1998). "Caldera shows Windows on DR-DOS, denying Microsoft claims". CeBIT news. Hanover, Germany. Archived from the originalon March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
- TechNet Magazine. Microsoft. Archived from the originalon October 12, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Windows 3.0-style file browser lets you navigate like it's the 90s". Engadget. April 9, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ "New version of Windows 95 gains a snazzy user interface on Windows 10, macOS and Linux". BetaNews. August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ Warren, Tom (February 11, 2016). "A history of the Windows Start menu". The Verge. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- Chen, Raymond (July 29, 2014). "Did the Windows 95 interface have a code name?". The Old New Thing. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
- Chen, Raymond (May 20, 2014). "The code names for various subprojects within Windows 95". The Old New Thing. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
- ^ Rohrlich, Justin (May 25, 2010). "Who Created The Windows Start-Up Sound?". Minyanville's Wall Street. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
- ^ Joel Selvin, Chronicle Pop Music Critic (June 2, 1996). "Q and A With Brian Eno". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
- ^ 255-character mixed-case long filenames are only possible for files and/or folders with no sub-folders at the root folder of any drive.
- ^ "Yes, Win95 Runs On Minimum System Requirements, But It's A Slow Road To Travel". The Seattle Times. September 24, 1995. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ "Windows 95 Installation Requirements". Microsoft Support. December 17, 2000. Archived from the original on October 19, 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ a b ""Out of Memory" Error Messages with Large Amounts of RAM Installed". Microsoft Help and Support. Microsoft. September 28, 2004. Archived from the original on November 10, 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ "Error Message: Insufficient Memory to Initialize Windows". Microsoft Help and Support. Microsoft. December 17, 2000. Archived from the original on November 10, 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- Chen, Raymond (August 14, 2003). "Windows 95 doesn't boot with more than 1GB of RAM". The Old New Thing. Microsoft. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ "Windows 95 Can Access Up to Two GB of RAM". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ "Cannot Upgrade Windows 95/98 to Windows 2000 Server". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013.
- ^ Sams, Brad (March 17, 2012). "Internet Explorer: Version 1-10, a dive through history". Neowin. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ Microsoft detractors were quick to point out that the second verse of "Start Me Up" begins "you make a grown man cry" (a line which is repeated throughout). The phrase subsequently featured as a humorous reference in many critical expositions of Windows 95.
- ^ Michael Gartenberg (August 22, 2006). "The Story behind "Start Me Up" and Windows 95". JupiterResearch. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2009. Internet Archive
- ^ "Windows 95 Video Guide (Full Show)". YouTube. October 5, 2011. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021.
- ^ "How Bill Gates and Mick Jagger struck deal on Windows 95 launch". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Fried, Ina (August 25, 2010). "Windows 95 turns 15: Has Microsoft's OS peaked?". CNN. Cable News Network. CNET. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
- ^ "This Guy Rappelled Down the CN Tower For the Launch of Windows 95". www.vice.com. August 25, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ^ "Edie Brickell - Good Times". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021.
- Chen, Raymond (December 26, 2005). "Why did the Windows 95 CD have extra fun stuff?". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
- Imagine Media: 53. January 1996.
- ^ "Q143003 - Description of Microsoft Windows 95 Service Pack 1 Updates". Microsoft. December 14, 2000. Archived from the original on January 5, 2001.
- ^ "Q155003 - Description of Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2". Microsoft. December 15, 2000. Archived from the original on February 7, 2001.
- ^ "Q178972 - Description of Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2.5". Microsoft. December 15, 2000. Archived from the original on February 10, 2001.
- ^ "Version from CD?". Tom's Hardware. September 3, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ "Identifikation der Betriebssysteme". www.win-dos.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017.
- ^ "Windows 95/98/ME Versions Features". EMS. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ "Windows 95 Support for Infrared Data Association Connectivity". Microsoft. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "How to Enable Direct Memory Access (DMA)". Microsoft. January 27, 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2006. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "Description of PCI Bus IRQ Steering". Microsoft. January 22, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "GP Fault or Fatal Exception Error on Intel MMX CPU". Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2018. Alt URL Archived June 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Memory Management Problems on Computers with Pentium Processors". KnowledgeBase Archive. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2018. Alt URL Archived June 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Microsoft Releases Windows 95 Service Pack". Microsoft. February 14, 1996. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
- ^ "Description of Microsoft Windows 95 Service Pack 1 Components". Microsoft. November 16, 2006. Archived from the original on November 12, 2004. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ "How to Determine the Version of Windows 95/98/Me in Use". Microsoft. May 12, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2004. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "Windows 95 Support: Contact Support". Microsoft. December 13, 2002. Archived from the original on May 22, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2009. Internet Archive
- ISBN 9780470009994.
- ^ Newman, Jared (February 1, 2016). "You can run Windows 95 inside your browser now". PCWorld. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
Essentially, [Andrea] Faulds used the popular DOS emulator DOSBox to boot up a copy of Windows 95, then compiled the DOSBox code into Javascript using a program called Emscripten.
- ^ Vincent, James (March 8, 2016). "Teens react to Windows 95, you react to the cruelty of time". The Verge. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
Further reading
Microsoft:
- "Description of Microsoft Windows 95 Service Pack 1 Components". Support. Microsoft. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- "Description of Microsoft Windows 95 Service Pack 1 Updates". Support. Microsoft. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- "Description of Windows 95 OEM Service Release 1". Support. Microsoft. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- "Availability of Universal Serial Bus Support in Windows 95". Support. Microsoft. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- "Implementing Windows 95 Updates". Support. Microsoft. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- "Windows 95 Installation Requirements". Support. Microsoft. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Third-party:
- Katz, Ian; Atkinson, Dan; Bannister, Nicholas (August 25, 1995). "Windows 95: The hype and beyond". Guardian.co.uk. Guardian Media Group.
- Segal, David (August 24, 1995). "With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- Schulman, Andrew (1994). Unauthorized Windows 95 : a developer's guide to exploring the foundations of Windows "Chicago". ISBN 9781568841694.
- ISBN 9781568843186.
- Windows 95 (Web video). Computer Chronicles. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- "Windows 95 Patches & Updates Guide". hpcfactor.com. HPC:Factor. December 13, 2003. Retrieved July 23, 2013.