Novell
Novell ZENworks | |
Revenue | $2.0 billion (peak, 1994 and 1995) |
---|---|
Number of employees | 10,150 (peak, 1994) |
Website | www |
Novell, Inc.
Under the leadership of chief executive
During the early to mid-1990s, Noorda attempted to compete directly with Microsoft by acquiring Digital Research, Unix System Laboratories, WordPerfect, and the Quattro Pro division of Borland. These moves did not work out, due to new technologies not fitting well with Novell's existing user base or being too late to compete with equivalent Microsoft products.
NetWare began losing market share once Microsoft bundled network services with the
The company was an independent corporate entity until it was acquired as a wholly owned subsidiary by The Attachmate Group in 2011. Attachmate was subsequently acquired in 2014 by Micro Focus International and then by OpenText in 2023. Novell products and technologies are now integrated within various OpenText divisions.
History
Origins as a hardware company
The company began as Novell Data Systems Inc. (NDSI), a
A funding proposal was brought to
Novell Data Systems set up offices in a former carpet warehouse located in an obscure industrial park down the road from the largely vacant Geneva Steel works.[10][11] By November 1980, they were placing display ads in the classifieds pages of Utah Valley newspapers, seeking to hire hardware and software engineers and other staff.[12]
At first the company began to grow rapidly.
The company subsequently did not do well.[4] The microcomputer produced by the company was late to an increasingly crowded market and was noncompetitive in terms of performance when it did arrive.[4][11] According to one paraphrase of a Value Line report on Novell Data Systems as a whole during this period, their "revenue was minimal, but expenses were tremendous."[13] Davis was fired from Novell Data Systems,[9] a change that occurred in November 1981.
In order to compete on systems sales, Novell Data Systems planned a program to link more than one microcomputer to operate together. The current or former
During the first calendar quarter of 1982, heavy costs continued to be incurred at Novell Data Systems, which resulted in management shuffles, organizational consolidations, and a significant layoff.[16][17] Canova was fired and Jack Messman, representing Safeguard Scientifics, was named president.[16] Seeing Snipes being played on three different types of personal computers persuaded Messman that SuperSet's networking technology was valuable.[15] The poor performance of Novell Data Systems resulted in losses being announced in April 1982 for the publicly-held Safeguard Scientifics and put pressure on that company's stock price.[17] However, by this point the computer-linking work that the SuperSet group had produced was drawing considerable interest and Novell Data Systems was describing themselves as a company that made not just stand-alone microcomputers but also products for local area networking (LAN).[16][18] The dual emphasis on hardware and software products continued for several months but continued to have troubled results, and in July 1982 another round of layoffs took place which resulted in the employee count being reduced from 50 people to 30.[19]
At that time Safeguard reported that it would be writing down $3.4 million in losses due to Novell Data Systems' switch from being a hardware company to a software company.[20] Throughout 1982 there were further management shuffles with other people being named president of the company.[21] Major, Neibaur, and Powell continued to support Novell through their SuperSet Software group.[14] As Major later said, "It was great that our hardware was so lousy because that gave us the idea that hardware wasn't really where the value was."[21]
Two other important NDSI employees were strategist Craig Burton and communications specialist Judith Clarke.[22] Despite its struggles, Novell Data Systems had a presence at the COMDEX show in Las Vegas in November 1982; a man named Ray Noorda saw it and become interested in the company's potential.[21][9]
Rise to networking dominance
A new company
On January 25, 1983, the company was incorporated under the shortened name of Novell, Inc.[24] In April 1983, the appointment of Noorda as president and CEO of Novell, Inc. was publicly announced.[25] Noorda was a veteran executive of General Electric and the past CEO of several other companies and had garnered a reputation as a turn-around expert.[11] Messman was chairman of the board and continued to represent the interests of Safeguard Scientifics, which was still majority owner in the new Novell.[25]
The new Novell started with around 15 employees.
Funding for the new company was still an issue, and Musser contacted two Safeguard investors and brokers, Barry Rubenstein and Fred Dolan, who were with the Cleveland brokerage house Prescott, Ball and Turben, in these efforts.
NetWare
The first Novell product was a proprietary hardware server based on the
The company realized that making a proprietary solution in this sense was disadvantageous and looked instead to the
NetWare came on the computing scene just as the IBM PC was emerging as a market force and applications such as the
Partly in consequence of its design of running at kernel level
Novell based its
Starting in 1987, Novell began selling its own
As author James Causey would later write, "NetWare deserves the lion's share of the credit for elevating PC-based local area networks from being cute toys to providing powerful, reliable, and serious network services. NetWare was the first Intel-based network operating system to provide a serious alternative to mainframe-based server networks, providing critical reliability and security features needed in the modern enterprise."[31]
Novell acquired
NetWare 386
A key software introduction came in 1989
An analyst for Dataquest said that NetWare 386 "is truly a blow-away-the-competition type product".[1] Overall, NetWare 3 was the most significant rewrite that the product would ever get, and proved very successful.[45] By 1990, Novell had an almost monopolistic position in NOS for any business requiring a network.[46][34]
There were competitor companies in the same space, such as
With this market leadership, Novell began to acquire and build services on top of its NetWare operating platform. These services extended NetWare's capabilities with such products as NetWare for SAA and Novell multi-protocol router.
However, Novell was also diversifying, moving away from its smaller users to target large corporations and wide area networks.[48] A marketing and development alliance with IBM announced in 1991 was part of this initiative.[48] The company did later attempt to refocus with NetWare for Small Business. It reduced investment in research and was slow to improve the product administration tools, although it was helped by the fact its products typically needed little "tweaking" – they just ran.
Corporate ethos and "coopetition"
By early 1985, Novell was rapidly expanding, but many people were still unaware of either it or the role that local area networks could play, and consequently Noorda referred to Novell as "the most misunderstood company in the world."[10] Nonetheless, in 1986 The Salt Lake Tribune was hailing Novell as another Utah success story in technology, likely to follow in the footsteps of Evans & Sutherland and Iomega.[11] Novell was quickly outgrowing its original site in Orem, with some employees forced to work in trailers.[10] A new, much larger site for the company was found in nearby Provo, Utah and construction was begun; by late 1986, employees were moving into the first building there while work on a second building was already underway.[49] Eventually between 1986 and 1993 six buildings would be constructed for Novell's use there.[50]
We don't even have an industry; we have to build an industry.
Ray Noorda, 1985, [51]
Under Noorda, Novell embraced the notion of "coopetition", or cooperative competition.[35] The central idea was that whatever was good for networking in general would be good for Novell and took the form of encouraging the growth of an ecosystem composed of hundreds of suppliers of hardware and software networking products, even if some of those suppliers had products that competed with Novell's.[21][35] 3Com, who had been an early competitor of Novell's,[21] sold more instances of their Ethernet networking cards for use in conjunction with NetWare than they did for use with their own 3+Share network operating systems, and a similar situation existed for IBM and their Token Ring cards.[22] It was due to this kind of industry vision that Noorda would become known as the "Father of Network Computing".[27]
From the first years of the new Novell's success, Noorda was credited in the press with forging that path.
In 1989 senior executives Craig Burton and Judith Clarke, whom many credited for much of Novell's past success, left Novell.[53] Burton had been seen as Noorda's most likely successor while Judith Clarke had been instrumental in marketing and positioning Novell.[53][54]
In April 1990, Novell and
At its high point around 1993, NetWare had a roughly two-thirds share of the market for network operating systems;[35][34] one analysis put the figure at 63 percent.[45] There were over half a million NetWare-based networks installed worldwide[56] and some 55 million NetWare users on those networks.[57] And networking itself was the fastest-growing segment of the computer market,[21] increasing by 30 percent a year and reaching a $10 billion figure by 1993.[35] Novell was the second largest maker of software for personal computers, trailing only Microsoft.[58] Novell's employee base, which had been around 15 when Noorda joined, had risen to 4,335 by the end of 1993.[24] Besides Utah, Novell continued to grow in San Jose,[59] where many of the sales, marketing, product management, and executive functions were located.
Sales and channel practices
Equally important as technological factors to NetWare's growth was that Novell did not try to hire a large sales force to do direct sales of the product, but instead sold it through a broad channel of some 13,000
Under Ray Noorda's leadership, Novell provided upgrades to resellers and customers in the same packaging as a newly purchased copy of NetWare, but at one third the cost, which created a
Taking on Microsoft
Motivations
Unusually for the CEO of a high-tech, emerging computer company, Noorda was nearing 70 years of age by the early 1990s.[21][35] Furthermore, he was known for alienating high-level executives who might someday be in position to run the company.[48] Stock market analysts were expressing concern that Noorda, whose personality was the basis for much of the company's culture, had no succession plan in place.[60] At the same time, Novell faced a looming challenge from Microsoft's upcoming Windows NT operating system, which, after a huge investment of resources from Microsoft, featured bundled networking and more advanced OS capabilities and looked to be that company's first offering that could seriously challenge Novell's local area networking franchise.[21][35]
Under Noorda, Novell made a series of acquisitions interpreted by many to be a direct challenge to Microsoft.[61][62][34] Noorda was motivated in part by a realization that NetWare's technology was not suitable as the basis for a full-fledged operating system and application platform.[35][63] There was also enmity between the two companies and the two CEOs, stemming in part from merger talks between Noorda and Microsoft head Bill Gates that had begun in 1989 and been on-and-off for the next couple of years before breaking down for good.[47] Subsequently, Novell had played a role in keeping the Federal Trade Commission investigation into Microsoft going.[64]
Between 1991 and 1994, the Noorda-led Novell made this series of major acquisitions:
In April 1994, former HP executive
Noorda retired from the chairman position and left Novell completely in November 1994, although he was still the largest shareholder of the company.[67] At that point in time, Frankenberg became chairman as well.[57]
Desktop OS and embedded systems: DOS, NEST, and Corsair
Novell acquired
Novell had already abandoned Digital Research's
Digital Research's
NEST however held importance for Frankenberg's vision of "pervasive computing",
Novell also abandoned their
In January 1997, Novell's NEST initiative was abandoned as well.[74][75][76]
Server OS: UnixWare and SuperNOS
On the server side, after their initial October 1991 Univel initiative,[77] Novell announced in December 1992 that it was buying Unix System Laboratories (USL) from AT&T Corporation.[78] The measure was intended to help Novell compete against Microsoft, which was on the verge of including networking as a built-in feature of Windows in conjunction with the Windows NT server.[78][79] Unix did present some attractive characteristics to the market, such as its abilities as an application server[44] and the lack of vendor lock-in,[60] but there were still considerable obstacles to be overcome in using it in this context.[79]
The deal closed in June 1993,
Novell's time with Unix technology saw the release of
In September 1994 Novell began publicly describing its plans to develop a "SuperNOS", a
In terms of operating system architecture, SuperNOS would run NLMs in
The acquisition of USL never really worked out for Novell.[91] During the company's fiscal years of 1993, 1994, and 1995, Novell's Unix Systems Group represented only about 5 percent of the company's revenue on an ongoing basis.[92] Very few Certified NetWare Engineers ever reached a similar level of involvement with UnixWare.[90] Another aim, that Novell might be able to coalesce Unix vendor versions and thus resolve the Unix wars, was not achieved either.[93] By late summer 1995 the company was looking for a way out of the Unix business.[94]
In September 1995, Novell announced the sale of UnixWare to the
While some lip service was paid to the notion that SuperNOS would go on after the three-way deal,
By December, there were already some indications that the three-way arrangement was not working out as had been initially advertised.
Tools: AppWare
In June 1993, Novell purchased Serius Corp., a firm that made a
AppWare was one of the three main strategic focuses of Novell during this period, along with NetWare and UnixWare.[105] These three prongs were intended to satisfy the growing need for scalable, distributed computing at the enterprise level of applications such as general ledger systems or reservation systems; as Novell executive Jim Tolonen outlined: "[NetWare] being the underlying infrastructure over which those mission critical transactions will be moved, Unix [being] a place on which the applications can run, and AppWare as tools that will help programmers write that class of application in a distributed environment."[105]
It was not long before the AppWare plans started to fall apart. In September 1994 Novell announced they would be selling the Appware Foundation product to a third party. Novell did state that development of Visual AppBuilder would continue, and a Unix port would be following (that did not materialize). Novell also continued to release a number of new Appware Loadable Modules.[106] But overall, as Byte magazine wrote in early 1995 about the three-pronged strategy, these "unrelated ... families of products formed an unsteady tripod".[37]
Joe Firmage became disillusioned with Novell in mid-1995, following its decision to sell UnixWare and abandon the SuperNOS project, and left Novell later that year.[63] Novell then publicly stated in November 1995 that it was looking for a buyer for AppWare.[107] In March 1996, it was announced (based on an agreement that had been signed the month before) that Novell had sold all rights to the AppWare technology to a new company called Network Multimedia Inc., which was headed by Ed Firmage, who had been director of AppWare marketing at Novell.[108]
Applications: WordPerfect, Quattro Pro, and GroupWise
In March 1994, Novell announced that it was acquiring
The market for standalone word processors and spreadsheets was expanding to that of
WordPerfect also played in a role in larger architectural ambitions within Novell, as WordPerfect incorporated OpenDoc and IBM System Object Model technology.[114] These became part of the basis for Novell's larger distributed object strategy.[115][89] That strategy was tied to having supporting multiple object request brokers that could tie in NetWare Loadable Modules, the AppWare Bus, UnixWare, and eventually SuperNOS itself.[115][89] WordPerfect itself was also supposedly using the AppWare foundation layer in its work.[105] Other parts of WordPerfect were deemed less strategic, and the Main Street line of multimedia products for children was dropped.[58]
During its time in Novell, WordPerfect still sold reasonably well as standalone software, garnering almost half of all such word processor sales; but the market was increasingly dominated by the idea of office suites, and there Microsoft Office was supreme, with 86 percent of the market compared to only 5 percent for Novell's PerfectOffice.[116] As such, the WordPerfect and Quattro Pro part of the company dragged down Novell's earnings and stock price.[116]
Novell stated in November 1995 that it was putting its personal productivity product line up for sale.
Results
Overall, none of these moves had worked out well – for instance, Novell suffered a net loss of $35 million for its 1993 fiscal year, largely due to write-offs for the acquisitions,[65] and under criticism from Wall Street, Novell's stock price underwent a prolonged downturn[117] – and many of the companies and products that had been purchased were subsequently sold off. Novell did have its two largest revenue years in 1994 and 1995, generating $1.998 billion and $2.041 billion in sales respectively.[118] But the Noorda-era acquisitions were short-lived.[57]
The business press was negative on the whole attempt: The New York Times referred to "acquisitions Mr. Noorda had made in his latter years in a disastrous attempt to compete head-on with Microsoft",[57] while the San Francisco Chronicle talked of "a disastrous acquisition spree undertaken by previous CEO Ray Noorda in an effort to compete with Microsoft."[117] By the year 2000, The Age would say that "The WordPerfect acquisition was the biggest disaster in software history".[34]
Novell continued to have mediocre-at-best financial results during 1995 and 1996.[36][117] In August 1996, Frankenberg himself departed Novell in what was variously portrayed as a mutual decision,[57] or as a resignation under pressure from the company's board of directors.[117][119] His 2+1⁄2 years there had been marked by having to disassemble Noorda's acquisitions but also by failing to fully recognize the growing importance of the Internet for networking applications.[57][119][120]
Loss of networking dominance
NDS and other new products
Novell's core products did not stay idle during this challenging-of-Microsoft time, as work in the company's NetWare Systems Group continued.[66] One of Novell's major innovations was Novell Directory Services (NDS), later known as
Then with UnixWare gone, Novell focused on major upgrades to its core NetWare-based network operating system.[98] The initial release of NetWare 4 came with compatibility problems for some NetWare 3 users, and large enterprises were faced with an upgrade-all-or-upgrade-none decision.[58] However some 40 million users declined to move to NetWare 4, with the result that Novell lost large amounts of possible revenue in upgrades.[100] Although the NetWare 4.1 release of 1995 sought to remedy some of these issues, the lag had caused many Novell customers to take a serious look at Windows NT.[58] And Windows NT was proving better as a platform for application and database services than NetWare.[36] Furthermore, Microsoft was having success with its no-extra-charge bundling of Microsoft's IIS web server on NT,[36] while Novell's presence in the Internet market was severely lacking.[120] Still, as of 1996, by one estimate there were three million networks, and tens of millions of PCs, still using NetWare.[36]
In 1996, the company began a move into Internet-enabled products,
These moves were accelerated when Eric Schmidt became CEO in April 1997,[120] the first in the post since Frankenberg's departure; Christopher Stone was brought in as senior vice president of strategy and corporate development, reporting to Schmidt. Many observers were surprised that Schmidt would leave his chief technical officer position at Sun Microsystems, which at the time was doing very well, to go to Novell, which was viewed as a company in real trouble.[120][46] The new CEO said, "Novell has been defocused by a series of acquisitions and forays that didn't work out. In this collaborative world, it's more important to do a few things well and just go for them like you've never seen."[46]
One result of these shifts was
The inclusion of networking as a core system component in all mainstream PC operating systems after 1995 led to a steep decline in Novell's market share. Unlike Windows 3.1 and its predecessors, Windows NT, Windows 95, Linux, and OS/2 all included network functionality which greatly reduced demand for third-party products in this segment. For instance, one mid-1996 survey of a thousand corporate users, conducted by Forrester Research, showed that 90 percent of them owned NetWare but only 20 percent said they had upgraded to the latest NetWare version and less than half of the users thought they would still be using NetWare three years hence.[119] By March 1996, the company's stock price had fallen from a high of $33 a share in 1993 to a new low of under $12.[36] Revenue declined from 1995 on.[120] By 1997, Windows NT was winning 42 percent of new network operating system installations versus 33 percent for NetWare, and it was on the verge of overtaking NetWare even when upgrade sales were included.[120] Overall, NetWare's market share had fallen to 26 percent and had been passed by Windows NT's 36 percent.[121] Unix also had a significant share, and the free software Linux operating system had started to appear and make inroads as well.[121][45]
With revenues in decline, Schmidt took actions to control costs, and some 18 percent of Novell employees were laid off during the first few months of his tenure.[120] In addition he was forced to halt NetWare shipments to resellers because unsold inventory levels were so high.[120] By the end of summer 1997, Schmidt was saying, "I took the job on the presumption that we would not have to do this. If I'd known what shape the company was in, I might not have taken it."[120] While there was some speculation that Novell might relocate much of the company to its San Jose facility,[59] Novell instead recommitted to Provo, building a new headquarters tower that opened in 2000.[122]
But Novell's decline and loss of market share accelerated under Schmidt's leadership, with Novell experiencing an across-the-board decline in sales and purchases of NetWare and a drop in share price from US$40.00/share to US$7.00/share. Analysts commented that the primary reason for Novell's demise was linked to its channel strategy and mismanagement of channel partners under Schmidt.[123][124][125]
Schmidt embarked on a channel strategy to undo Noorda's "look the other way" approach and thereby remove the upgrades as whole box products, then directed Novell's general counsel to initiate litigation against a large number of Novell resellers who were routinely selling upgrades as newly purchased NetWare versions. Although this move bolstered Novell's revenue numbers for several quarters, Novell's channels subsequently collapsed with the majority of Novell's resellers dropping NetWare for fear of litigation.[126][127][128][129]
By 1999, Novell had lost its dominant market position, and was continually being out-marketed by Microsoft as resellers dropped NetWare, allowing Microsoft to gain access to corporate data centers by bypassing technical staff and selling directly to corporate executives. Most resellers then re-certified their Novell CNE employees— the field support technicians who were Novell's primary contact in the field with direct customers—as Microsoft
By 2000, some large NetWare enterprise customers, such as
During Schmidt's tenure during the late 1990s, Novell developed and delivered a series of Internet-centric products that were well-reviewed.
Cambridge Technology Partners
In March 2001, it was announced that Novell was acquiring the consulting company Cambridge Technology Partners (CTP), founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts by John J. Donovan, to expand offerings into services. Novell felt that the ability to offer solutions (a combination of software and services) was key to satisfying customer demand. The merger was apparently against the firm's software development culture, and the finance personnel at the firm also recommended against it.
The CEO of CTP, Jack Messman, engineered the merger using his position as a board member of Novell since its inception, and as part of the deal became CEO of Novell. Chris Stone, who had left in 1999, was rehired as vice chairman to set the course for Novell's strategy into open source and enterprise Linux. With the acquisition of CTP, which closed in July 2001, Novell moved its headquarters to Massachusetts.[132] As for Schmidt, he departed Novell soon after the CTP announcement and headed for Google, where he became chair of the board (and soon after that, CEO).[131]
In July 2002, Novell acquired SilverStream Software, a leader in web services-oriented applications, but a laggard in the marketplace. Renamed to
Linux
SuSE and Open Enterprise Server
In August 2003, Novell acquired
In November 2003, Novell acquired Linux OS developer SuSE, which led to a major shift of power in Linux distributions. IBM also invested US$50 million to show support of the SuSE acquisition.
In mid-2003, Novell released "Novell Enterprise Linux Services" (NNLS), which ported some of the services traditionally associated with NetWare to
In November 2004, Novell released the Linux-based enterprise desktop
The successor product to NetWare,
In August 2005, Novell created the openSUSE project, based on SUSE Professional.[133] openSUSE can be downloaded freely and is also available as boxed retail product.[134]
Stagnation
From 2003 through 2005 Novell released many products across its portfolio, with the intention of arresting falling market share and to move away from dependencies on other Novell products, but the launches were not as successful as Novell had hoped. In late 2004, Chris Stone again left the company, after an apparent control issue with then CEO Jack Messman.[135] In an effort to cut costs, Novell announced a round of layoffs in late 2005. While revenue from its Linux business continued to grow, the growth was not fast enough to offset the decrease in revenue of NetWare. While the company's revenue was not falling rapidly, it wasn't growing, either. Lack of clear direction or effective management meant that Novell took longer than expected to complete its restructuring.
In June 2006, chief executive Jack Messman and chief finance officer Joseph Tibbetts were fired, with Ronald Hovsepian, Novell's president and chief operating officer, appointed chief executive, and Dana Russell, vice-president of finance and corporate controller, appointed interim CFO.
"Your Linux is Ready"
In August 2006, Novell released the SUSE Linux Enterprise 10 (SLE 10) series. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server was the first enterprise class Linux server to offer virtualization based on the Xen hypervisor. SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop (popularly known as SLED) featured a new user-friendly GUI and XGL-based 3D display capabilities. The release of SLE 10 was marketed with the phrase "Your Linux is Ready", meant to convey that Novell's Linux offerings were ready for the enterprise. In late September 2006 Novell announced a real-time version of SLES called "SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time" (SLERT), based on technology from Concurrent Computer Corporation.
Legal actions and reactions
Beginning in 2003, Novell became a key player in the
The case attracted considerable industry and media attention, with the free and open-source software (FOSS) community solidly on the side of Novell.[136] There were a series of court rulings, most of which went in Novell's favor and which sent The SCO Group into bankruptcy.[137] The matter was settled finally in 2010 when a jury trial in Utah ruled that the copyrights belonged to Novell.[136][137] (Novell made no material use of the Unix ownership once it was ruled theirs, as by then their interests were with SuSE Linux.)
In 2004, Novell sued Microsoft, asserting it had engaged in antitrust violations regarding Novell's WordPerfect business in 1994 through 1996. Novell's lawsuit was subsequently dismissed by the United States District Court in July 2012 after it concluded that the claims were without merit.[138]
On 2 November 2006, the two companies announced a joint collaboration agreement, including coverage of their respective products for each other's customers.
Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said of the deal, "This set of agreements will really help bridge the divide between open-source and proprietary source software."[141] The deal involved upfront payment of US$348 million from Microsoft to Novell for patent cooperation and
One of the first results of this partnership was Novell adapting the OpenXML/ODF Translator[143] for use in OpenOffice.org.[144]
Microsoft released two public covenants not to sue users of the open source
In contrast to the SCO case, here initial reaction from members of the free and open source software community over the patent protection was mostly critical, with expressions of concern that Novell had "sold out" and doubt that the
In a letter to the FOSS development community on 9 November 2006, Bradley M. Kuhn, CTO of the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC), described the agreement as "worse than useless".[150] In a separate development, the chairman of the SFLC, Eben Moglen, reported that Novell had offered cooperation with the SFLC to permit a confidential audit to determine the compliance of the agreement with the GPL (version 2).[151] Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, said in November 2006 that changes coming with version 3 of the GPL would preclude such deals.[152] When the final revision of the third version of the GPL license was decided, the deal between Microsoft and Novell was grandfathered in. A clause within GPLv3 allows companies to distribute GPLv3 software even if they have made such patent partnerships in the past, as long as the partnership deal was made before 28 March 2007 (GPLv3 Section 11 paragraph 7[153]).
On 12 November 2006, the Samba team expressed strong disapproval of the announcement[clarification needed] and asked Novell to reconsider.[154] The team included an employee of Novell, Jeremy Allison, who confirmed in a comment on Slashdot that the statement was agreed on by all members of the team,[155] and later quit his job at Novell in protest.[156]
In early February 2007, Reuters reported that the Free Software Foundation had announced that it was reviewing Novell's right to sell Linux versions, and was considering banning Novell from selling Linux.[157] However, spokesman Eben Moglen later said that he was quoted out of context,[158] and was only noting that GPL version 3 would be designed to block similar deals in the future.
Intelligent workload management
In December 2009, Novell announced its intention to lead the market in intelligent workload management, with products designed to manage diverse workloads in a heterogeneous data center.[159] Seeing this approach as a key to giving customers confidence in the area of cloud computing security, Novell restructured its business around the new initiative.[160] Technologies from Novell's 2008 acquisition of Canadian company PlateSpin were involved.[161] Key to this also was the use of SUSE Studio, an online Linux software creation tool through which users could develop their own Linux distribution, software appliance, or virtual appliance.[159] Hovsepian said, "Cloud computing is a megatrend that matches the company's core competencies. ... We've developed our Suse appliance tool for application vendors [who have brand new applications being written or built for the cloud]. This product allows them to create a virtual appliance. They won't have to rewrite and retest the application once it is in the cloud and it allows firms to host their application on other clouds too."[160] But Novell's approach would also support other cloud environments such as those based around Hyper-V, VMware, and Xen.[159]
Partnerships in connection with intelligent workload management were announced with
Acquisition by The Attachmate Group
Novell had long been rumored to be a target for acquisition by a variety of other companies. In March 2010,
Novell announced in November 2010 that it had agreed to be acquired by
Concurrent with the closing of the acquisition, some of Novell's products and brands were transferred to another of the Attachmate Group business units, NetIQ, and the SUSE Linux brand was spun off as its own business unit. The fourth business unit, Attachmate, was not directly affected by the acquisition.
Immediately prior to merger being finalized, Novell completed the patent sale to CPTN Holdings for US$450 million.[170] The U.S. Department of Justice announced that, as originally proposed, the deal with CPTN would jeopardize the ability of open source software, such as Linux, to continue to innovate and compete in the development and distribution of server, desktop, and mobile operating systems, middleware, and virtualization products; to address the department's antitrust concerns, CPTN and its owners had altered their original agreement:
- All of the Novell patents would be acquired subject to the GPLv2 open source license, and the Open Invention Network(OIN) license
- CPTN does not have the right to limit which of the patents, if any, are available under the OIN license
- Neither CPTN nor its owners will make any statement or take any action with the purpose of influencing or encouraging either Novell or Attachmate Group to modify which of the patents are available under the OIN license
With the acquisition, Novell's headquarters were moved back to Provo.[171] But by then considerable consolidation had occurred, and the original six buildings of the Provo campus were sold.[50] During April and May 2011, The Attachmate Group announced layoffs for the Novell workforce, including hundreds of employees from the Provo location,[172][171] raising questions about the future of some open source projects such as Mono.[173][174]
Acquisition by Micro Focus and OpenText
In September 2014, mainframe software company Micro Focus announced it was buying The Attachmate Group, including Novell, for US$1.2 billion.[175] The acquisition closed on November 20, 2014, and the SUSE organization was split out separately from the rest of the former Novell organization within Micro Focus.[176] SUSE was sold to EQT Partners in 2019.[177]
The Novell products themselves were relabeled and dispersed among the file and networking services, collaborations, and security product lines of Micro Focus, such that offerings like Open Enterprise Server, GroupWise, and ZENworks became billed as Micro Focus products with no mention of their Novell past.
Companies acquired
- Santa Clara Systems, Inc. (1986) for storage subsystems, network adapters, PCs[180]
- Cache Data Product (1986)
- CXI (1987) for micro-to-mainframe software[180]
- Indisy Software (1988/1990) for e-mail and message handling[180]
- Excelan (1989) for TCP/IP, Unix, Mac, DEC VMS connectivity products[180]
- Digital Research for US$80 million (1991) for PC operating system software (DR DOS etc.)[68][69][70]
- International Business Software Ltd. (1992)
- Serius (1993)
- Unix System Laboratories (1993)[80]
- WordPerfect Corporation(1994)
- Quattro Pro (Borland) (1994)
- Netoria (1999)
- Ukiah Software (1999)
- JustOn (1999)
- PGSoft (2000)[182]
- Novetrix (2001)[183][184]
- Cambridge Technology Partners (2001)
- Callisto Software, Inc.(2001)
- SilverStream Software (2002)
- Ximian (2003)
- SUSE (2003)
- Salmon (2004)
- Tally System (2005)
- Immunix (2005)
- e-Security, Inc (2006)
- RedMojo (2007)
- Senforce[185] (2007)
- PlateSpin (2008)
- SiteScape (2008)
- Fortefi (2008) for Command Control and Compliance Auditor
- Managed Objects, Inc. (2008)
Certification
Novell was one of the first computer companies to provide proficiency certification for users of its products. They included:
- Certified Novell Administrator(CNA)
- Certified Novell Engineer(CNE)
- Enterprise Certified Novell Engineer (ECNE)
- Master Certified Novell Engineer (MCNE)
- Certified Directory Engineer (CDE)
- Certified Novell Instructor (CNI)
- Master Certified Novell Instructor (MCNI)
- Certified Linux Professional 10 (CLP 10)
- Certified Linux Engineer 10 (CLE 10)
Legacy
Novell had a difficult time being associated for anything other than NetWare.[135] And as The Register has written, "NetWare was almost uniquely a thing of its time. Whereas the PC has transcended its roots ... and Windows has grown ... into a sophisticated 64-bit OS, NetWare never escaped as its niche. When Windows was just a client OS, Novell’s proprietary IPX/SPX protocol and simple, fast, semi-dedicated file servers were a compelling offering. As Windows grew into a server OS too, though, NetWare couldn't compete."[45]
But the effects of Novell have been long-lasting. While information technology had been present along the Wasatch Front since the 1950s in the form of work done at Utah State University, the first two software giants in the field in Utah were Novell and WordPerfect in the early 1980s.[186] To that point, the Deseret News has stated, "WordPerfect and Novell put Utah Valley on the high-tech industry map in the 1980s."[187] Moreover, even when employees left the two companies, or were downsized, they often stayed in the Utah Valley area and started their own companies.[186] This began a culture of entrepreneurship that led to the Wasatch Front becoming known by some as Silicon Slopes.[186] Silicon Slopes Magazine has credited the rise of the industry in Utah to three people, among them Ray Noorda.[188]
Products
Products marketed by Novell during the latter stages of its existence included:
- BorderManager provides Internet access controls, secure VPN, and firewall services on NetWare
- Business Continuity Clustering automates the configuration and management of high-availability, clustered servers
- Client for Linux gives Linux desktop users access to NetWare and Open Enterprise Server services and applications
- Client for Windows gives Microsoft Windows users access to NetWare and Open Enterprise Server services and applications
- Cluster Services for Open Enterprise Server simplifies resource management on a Storage Area Network (SAN) and enables high-availability
- Data Synchronizer keeps applications and mobile devices constantly in sync, and offers connectors for popular CRM systems
- Endpoint Lifecycle Management Suite manages applications, devices, and servers over their life-cycle
- Endpoint Protection Suite Endpoint Protection Suite
- File Management Suite integrates three Novell products that work together to discover, analyze, provision, relocate and optimize file storage based on business policies
- File Reporter examines and reports on terabytes of unstructured file data, and forecasts storage growth
- GroupWise provides secure e-mail, calendaring, contact management, and task management with mobile synchronization
- iFolder stores files for secure accessibility online and offline, across systems and on the web
- iPrint, a network appliance print server supports mobility on printing, a user can print from any device from anywhere to anywhere in any corner of the world
- NFS Gateway for NetWare 6.5 enables NetWare 6.5 servers to access UNIX and Linux NFS-exported file-systems
- Open Enterprise Serveroffers NetWare services like centralized server management and secure file storage, running on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
- Open Workgroup Suite provides a low-cost alternative to Microsoft Professional Desktop Platform; features workgroup services and collaboration tools
- Open Workgroup Suite for Small Business offers a full-featured desktop-to-server solution running on Linux, designed to support small business users
- Service Desk streamlines and automates the provision of IT services. An OEM product from LiveTime Software.[189]
- Storage Manager provides automated management of file storage for users and work groups
- Total Endpoint Management Suite efficiently balances security and productivity across an entire enterprise
- Vibe provides secure team collaboration with document management and workflow features that can replace existing intranet systems
- ZENworks, a software suite supporting the management of computer systems
- ZENworks Application Virtualization allows the packaging and deployment of virtualized applications with predictive application-streaming that delivers apps based on user behavior
- ZENworks Asset Management provides reports on hardware and software, integrating licensing, installation, and usage data
- ZENworks Configuration Management provides automated endpoint-management, software distribution, user support, and accelerated Windows 7 migration
- ZENworks Endpoint Security Management[190][191] (ZES) - provides identity-based protection for client endpoints like laptops, smart phones, and thumb drives; offers driver-level firewall protection
- ZENworks Full Disk Encryption protects data on laptops and desktops
- ZENworks Handheld Management allows securing stolen handhelds, protects user data, enforces password policies, and locks out lost or stolen devices
- ZENworks Linux Management facilitates the control of Linux desktops and servers, using policy-driven automation to deploy, manage and maintain Linux resources
- ZENworks Mobile Management secures and manages mobile devices, both corporate-issued and personal (BYOD)
- ZENworks Patch Management automates patch assessment, monitoring and remediation; monitors patch compliance to detect security vulnerabilities
- ZENworks Virtual Appliance provides self-contained plug-and-playconfiguration management, asset management and patch management
See also
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The community of people wants to do anything they can to interfere with this deal and all deals like it. They have every reason to be deeply concerned that this is the beginning of a significant patent aggression by Microsoft.
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- Attachmate Corporation. 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
- ^ "Novell Completes Merger with Attachmate and Patent Sale to CPTN Holdings LLC". Novell. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
- ^ a b Pugmire, Genelle (2011-05-03). "Novell's headquarters comes home to Provo". Daily Herald. Provo, Utah, USA.
- ^ Koep, Paul (2011-05-02). "Employees say hundreds laid off at Novell's Provo office". KSL-TV. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ZDNet. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ^ Clarke, Gavin (2011-05-03). ".NET Android and iOS clones stripped by Attachmate". The Register. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ^ Jackson, Joab. "Micro Focus buying Novell, Suse Linux owner for $1.2 billion". Retrieved 2017-01-10.
- ^ "Micro Focus Completes Merger with the Attachmate Group" (Press release). Attachmate Group. 2014-11-20.
- ^ Murphy, Ian (2019-03-18). "EQT completes aquisition [sic] of SUSE from Micro Focus". www.enterprisetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- ^ See for example the datasheets and other product documents for Open Enterprise Server, GroupWise, and ZENworks as accessed on the Micro Focus website on 2021-02-18.
- ^ See the "Novell is now part of Micro Focus" page as accessed on the Micro Focus website on 2022-08-06.
- ^ from the original on 2020-02-17. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
- ^ Polishuk, Paul (ed.). Local Area Networks Newsletter. Information Gatekeepers Inc. pp. 4–. GGKEY:B3PUUWYUKBN.
- ^ "Novell Acquires PGSoft, Inc". Novell, Inc. 2000-02-22. Archived from the original on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "Novell Acquires Novetrix". Novell. 2000-03-14. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
- ^ "Novell acquires Novetrix". ITWeb. Johannesburg, South Africa: Novell. IT Public Relations. 2001-05-15. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
- ^ "Senforce". Archived from the original on 2008-11-13.
- ^ a b c Pugh, Jeremy (2019-06-14). "Utah, America's Next Tech Hot Spot". Salt Lake Magazine.
- ^ Romboy, Dennis (1998-06-25). "Corel closing Orem offices". Deseret News.
- ^ Hale, Val (2020). "Silicon Slopes: Roots and Opportunity". Silicon Slopes Magazine.
- ^ "LiveTime and Novell partner for Novell Service". 2010-10-12. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
- ^ "Endpoint Security Management". Novell Doc. Novell. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
ZENworks 11 SP3 Endpoint Security Management simplifies endpoint security by providing centralized management of security policies for your managed devices.
- ^ "Novell ZENworks Endpoint Security Management". www.novell.com. Novell. 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
Novell ZENworks Endpoint Security Management utilizes an installed client application to enforce complete security on the endpoint itself.
Further reading
- Perkel, Marc (1996-10-18) [1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-21, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02]. "Digital Research - The Untold Story". Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-19. Digital Research - The 07-21-91 Summary[3][4] (NB. Marc Perkel claimed to have inspired Novell in February 1991 to buy NovOS".)
- Bourke White, Jr., Roger (2010). "Surfing the High Tech Wave: A story of Novell's early years, 1980–1990". Archived from the original on 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
- Lewis, Scott M. (2018-05-23) [1998]. "Novell, Inc.". In Bodine, Paul S. (ed.). International Directory of Company Histories. Archived from the original on 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-09-15 – via encyclopedia.com.