Connemara
Connemara (
Etymology
"Connemara" derives from the tribal name
Definition
One common definition of the area is that it consists of most of west Galway, that is to say the part of the county west of
The wider area of what is today known as Connemara was previously a sovereign kingdom known as
Geography
Connemara lies in the territory of .
The coast of Connemara is made up of multiple peninsulas. The peninsula of Iorras Ainbhtheach (sometimes corrupted to Iorras Aithneach) in the south is the largest and contains the villages of Carna and Kilkieran. The peninsula of Errismore consists of the area west of the village of Ballyconneely. Errisbeg peninsula lies to the south of the village of Roundstone. The Errislannan peninsula lies just south of the town of Clifden. The peninsulas of Kingstown, Coolacloy, Aughrus, Cleggan and Renvyle are found in Connemara's north-west. Connemara includes numerous islands, the largest of which is Inis mór which is the biggest island, County Galway Inis mór; other islands include Omey, Inishark, High Island, Friars Island, Feenish and Maínis.
The territory contains the
History
The main town of Connemara is
The famous "
Clan system
The east of what is now Connemara was once called Delbhna Tír Dhá Locha, and was ruled by Kings who claimed descent from the Delbhna and Dál gCais of Thomond and kinship with King Brian Boru.[5] The Kings of Delbhna Tír Dhá Locha eventually took the title and surname Mac Con Raoi (since anglicised as Conroy or King).[6]
The
The Ó Cadhla (Kealy) clan were the rulers of West Connemara.[7] Like the Chiefs of Clan Ó Cadhla clan, the Chiefs of Clan Mac Conghaile (Conneely) also claimed descent from the Conmhaícne Mara.
During the early 13th century, but all four clans were displaced and subjugated by the Chiefs of Clan
According to Irish–American historian Bridget Connelly, "By the thirteenth century, the original inhabitants, the clans Conneely, Ó Cadhain, Ó Folan, and MacConroy, had been steadily driven westward from the Moycullen area to the seacoast between Moyrus and the
During the 16th century, but legendary local pirate queen Grace O'Malley is on record as having said, with regard to her followers, (Irish: "Go mb'fhearr léi lán loinge de chlann Chonraoi agus de chlann Mhic an Fhailí ná lán loinge d'ór") ("Better a ship filled with MacConroy and MacAnally clansmen, than a ship filled with gold").[10]
One of the last
After being dispossessed, Ó Flaithbheartaigh settled near
Simultaneously, however,
From the rock known as "O'Malley's Seat (Irish: Suístín Uí Mháille) at the mouth of the creek known as An Dólain near the village of An Caorán Beag in Carraroe, Ó Máille also ran, with the enthusiastic collusion of his employer, one of the busiest smuggling operations in South Connemara and regularly unloaded cargoes smuggled in from Guernsey. Like many other members of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland before him, Ó Máille was a legendary figure even in his own lifetime, entertaining all guests with several barrels of wine and feasts of roasted sheep and cattle, which were always fully eaten before having to be salted.[14]
This arrangement continued until around 1800. While hosting Rt.-Rev.
Sir Richard Martin, who had not been in Connemara at the time, was shocked and angry to hear of his middleman's death, saying, "Ó Máille preferred a hole in his guts to one in his honour, but there wouldn't have been a hole in either if I'd been told of it!"[15]
Meanwhile another branch of the Gaelic nobility, who claimed descent from the
Direct British rule
Even though Henry Blake later termed the eviction of Anthony O'Flaherty in Letters from the Irish Highlands, as "the dawn of law in Cunnemara" (
During the
Connemara was drastically depopulated during the
As that year of 1847 had been the worst of several consecutive years of famine, it was to be understood that those missing tenants had abandoned their holdings to crowd into the workhouses or the emigrant ships to the New World, or they were dead; in any case they no longer infested the ground, which was left as a blank canvas on which Capital could paint a fair and profitable landscape.
The
.The
According to Tim Robinson, "Michael Davitt, founder of the Land League... visited An Cheathrú Rua [in 1879] and... found that the tenantry was reduced to eating the seed-potatoes on which the next seasons crop depended. In January 1880 after another tour of Connemara, he reported that the Poor Law Unions of the coastal areas were providing no outdoor relief (i.e. road-building schemes, etc.), and that the people faced starvation in the months before the summer. Not only was potato-blight prevalent, but it seems the kelp market had failed, and for most small tenants of the coastal areas it was the price they got for their kelp that paid the rent."[27]
In response, Father Patrick Grealy, the
In 1880 efforts by landlord Martin S. Kirwan to evict his starving tenants resulted in "The Battle of Carraroe" (Irish: Cath na Ceathrú Rua), which Tim Robinson has dubbed, "the most dramatic event of the Land War in Connemara." During the famous battle, Mr. Fenton, the landlord's process server, arrived to serve evictions with the protection and support of an estimated 260 officers of the Royal Irish Constabulary. They were met by the violent resistance of an estimated 2000 members of the local population. Tim Robinson writes, "Local Seanchas has it that there were many unfamiliar faces in the crowd – the dead, come up from the Old graveyard at Barr an Doire to protect the homes of their descendants, it was said." (Irish: "Tá sé sa seanchas áitiúil go raibh éadain strainséartha le feiceáil sa slua – na mairbh a bhí tagtha aníos as an tseanreilig i mBarr an Doire le seantithe a muintire a shábháil, ceaptar.") After escalating violence forced him to retreat to the RIC barracks before completing the third eviction, Mr. Fenton wrote a letter to the land agent at Roundstone (Irish: Cloch na Rón); announcing his refusal to serve more evictions.[28]
According to historian Cormac Ó Comhraí, between the
The first transatlantic flight, piloted by British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown, landed in a boggy area near Clifden in 1919.[31]
War of Independence
At the beginning of the
IRA veteran Jack Feehan later recalled of the region at the outbreak of the conflict, "In South Connemara from
According to both historian
But the national leadership of the
Burning of Clifden
The assassination of 14
In retaliation, Peter J. McDonnell and the West Connemara Brigade decided to follow the IRA's "Two for One" policy by assassinating two Royal Irish Constabulary officers in Whelan's birthplace of Clifden, which until then had been, according to Rosmuc IRA commander Colm Ó Gaora, "gach uile lá riamh dílis do dhlí Shasana",[38] ("ever single day that ever was, loyal to England's law").[39]
According to Peter McDonnell, the night of 15 March 1921 was selected, "to go into Clifden, get grub, and have a crack at the patrol." At the time, between 18 and 20 policemen were always stationed in the town. After finding the police had returned to barracks, the IRA withdrew temporarily, spent the night at, "the little lodge of Jim King near Kilcock" (sic), and, on the evening of 16 March 1921, the patrol reentered Clifden from the south. A party of six IRA men then approached RIC Constables Charles Reynolds and Thomas Sweeney near "Eddie King's Pub". McDonnell later recalled, "I saw two RIC against Eddie King's window and they noticed us. One of them made a dive for his gun as I passed and we wheeled and opened up. They were shot."[40] As both officers lay dying, the IRA men were seen to bend over them and remove their weapons and ammunition, before withdrawing from the scene with other RIC Constables in pursuit.[41]
Peter Joseph McDonnell later recalled, "They had a rifle and a revolver, fifty rounds of ammo, and belts and pouches."[42] Canon Joseph MacAlpine was immediately summoned and gave both Constables the Last Rites before their deaths.[43]
Believing that an attack on their barracks was imminent, the Clifden RIC sent out a request for assistance over Clifden's Trans-Atlantic Marconi wireless station. In a
The Kilmilkin ambush
In the Irish folklore of Connemara, it was often said that one of last battles in a successful struggle for Irish independence would be fought in the hills near Kilmilkin. The IRA West Connemara Brigade's ambush of a Royal Irish Constabulary convoy on 21 April 1921 was later seen as the fulfilment of that legend.[46]
Irish Civil War
The Truce
Shortly after the signing of the
In the lead up to the
Following the
Hostilities
Renvyle House was burned down by the
Irish language, literature, and folklore
The population of Connemara is 32,000. There are between 20,000–24,000 native Irish speakers in the region, making it the largest Irish-speaking Gaeltacht.[when?][citation needed] The Enumeration Districts with the most Irish speakers in all of Ireland, as a percentage of population, can be seen in the South Connemara area. Those of school age (5–19 years old) are the most likely to be identified as speakers.[51]
Writing in 1994,
.Micheál Mac Suibhne (c. 1760–1820), a Connacht Irish bard mainly associated with Cleggan, remains a locally revered figure, due to his genius level contribution to oral poetry, Modern literature in Irish, and sean-nós singing in Connacht Irish. Mac Suibhne was born near the ruined Abbey of Cong, then part of County Galway, but now in County Mayo. The names of his parents are not recorded, but his ancestors are said to have migrated from Ulster as refugees from the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.[53]
He spent most of his life in Connemara and is said to have been a heavy drinker. Micheál Mac Suibhne and his brother Toirdhealbhach are said to have moved to the
In 1846, James Hardiman wrote of Micheál Mac Suibhne: "By the English-speaking portion of the people, Mac Sweeney was the 'Bard of the West.' He composed, in his native language, several poems and songs of considerable merit; which have become such favourites, that there are few who cannot repeat some of them from memory. Many of these have been collected by the Editor; and if space shall permit, one or more of the most popular will be inserted in the Additional Notes, as a specimen of modern Irish versification, and of those compositions which afford so much social pleasure to the good people of Iar-Connacht." In his "Additional Notes to Iar or West Connacht" (1846),[54] Hardiman published the full texts of Abhrán an Phúca, the Banais Pheigi Ní Eaghra (commonly known under the English title "The Connemara Wedding"), and Eóghain Cóir (lit. "Honest Owen"), a mock-lament over the recent death of a notoriously corrupt and widely disliked land agent. Following the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War, Professor Tomás Ó Máille collected from the local oral tradition, edited, and published all of Micheál Mac Suibhne's poems in 1934.[53]
After emigrating from Connemara to the United States during the 1860s,
During the
During the aftermath of the Irish War of Independence and the Civil War, Connemara was a major center for the work of the Irish Folklore Commission in recording Ireland's endangered folklore, mythology, and oral literature. According to folklore collector and archivist Seán Ó Súilleabháin, residents with no stories to tell were the exception rather than the rule and it was generally conceded in 1935 that there were more unrecorded folktales in the parish of Carna alone than anywhere else in Western Europe.[56]
One of the most important tradition bearers the Commission recorded in Connemara or anywhere else was
Sorcha Ní Ghuairim, a Sean-nós singer and writer of Modern literature in Irish, was also born in Connemara. Initially a newspaper columnist termed ‘Coisín Siúlach’ for the newspaper The Irish Press, where she eventually became the editor. She also wrote a regular column for the children's page under the pen name ‘Niamh Chinn Óir’. Her other writings included a series of children's stories titled Eachtraí mhuintir Choinín and Sgéal Taimín Mhic Luiche. With the assistance of Pádraig Ó Concheanainn, Sorcha also translated Charles McGuinness' Viva Irlanda for publication in the newspaper. Their translation was subsequently published under the title Ceathrar comrádaí in 1943.[60]
While living at
While interned during the
The novel is written almost entirely as conversation between the dead bodies buried underneath a Connemara cemetery. In a departure from
According to William Brennan, the manuscript for Cré na Cille was turned town by the first publisher to whom it was submitted, allegedly for being too reminiscent of the bawdy writings of
Cré na Cille is widely considered a masterpiece of
Through Cré na Cille and his other writings, Máirtín Ó Cadhain became a major part of the revival of
In addition to his writings, Máirtín Ó Cadhain was also instrumental in preaching what he called Athghabháil na hÉireann ("Re-Conquest of Ireland"), (meaning both decolonization and re-Gaelicisation). In an interview before his death, Ó Cadhain said, "If we lose the Irish language, we lose our native literature, we’ll be finished as a people. The vision that every generation of Irish people had will be at an end."[63]
With this in mind, Ó Cadhain spearheaded the 1969 founding of
One of their most successful protests involved the
In 1974, Gluaiseacht also persuaded Conradh na Gaeilge to end the practice since 1939 of always holding Oireachtas na Gaeilge, a cultural and literary festival modeled after the Welsh Eisteddfod, in Dublin rather than in the Gaeltacht areas.[66][65][67] Gluaisceart also successfully secured recognition of sean-nós dance in 1977.[68]
Another figure important to Modern literature in Irish to come out of Connemara was Casla-born poet, actress, Irish-language activist, and Sean nós singer Caitlín Maude (1941-1982). According to Louis de Paor, "Although no collection of her work was published during her lifetime, Caitlín Maude had a considerable influence on Irish language poetry and poets, including Máirtín Ó Direáin, Micheál Ó hArtnéide, Tomás Mac Síomóin, and Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill. That influence is a measure of the dramatic force of her personality, her exemplary ingenuity and commitment to the language, and her ability as a singer to embody the emotional disturbance at the heart of a song. Her collected poems are relatively slight, including incomplete drafts and fragments, but reveal a poetic voice confident of its own authority, drawing on the spoken language of the Connemara Gaeltacht but rarely on its conventions of oral composition or, indeed, on precedents in Irish poetry in either language. The best of her work is closer to the American poetry of the 1960s in its use of looser forms that follow the rhythms of the spoken word and the sense of the poem as direct utterance without artifice, a technique requiring a high degree of linguistic precision and formal control."[69]
Maude also led the successful
The
Recently, the Coláiste Lurgan, a language immersion summer college located at Inverin, has won worldwide acclaim for their Irish language covers of pop songs,including Leonard Cohen's Hallelujah, Adele's Hello, and Avicii's Wake Me Up, on the TG Lurgan YouTube channel. The band Seo Linn is composed of musicians who met at the college.
Writing in 1994, John Ardagh recalled, "One night I attended a Sean Nós festival in a crowded village pub in Carraroe – local people all talking Irish, singing in turn their solo ballads, semi-improvised, with strange, almost oriental rhythms. There were microphones, videos, and girls in jeans; yet in some ways it might have been a century ago. I felt in the presence of an alien culture, so different from the world of modern Dublin; and I asked myself whether this was the true Ireland, or something today irrelevant to it. I also felt sad that the English and Irish had long ago conspired to marginalize this beautiful Celtic language."[70]
John Ardagh also conceded, though, that the Gaeilgeoir community of
From a literary perspective, one of the most important Galway City Gaeilgeoir activists is Irish language poet and
Transport
Connemara is accessible by the
The N59 is the main area road, following an inland route from Galway to Clifden. A popular alternative is the coastal route beginning with the R336 from Galway. This is also known as the Connemara Loop[74] consisting of a 45 km drive where one can view the landscape and scenery of Connemara.
Aer Arann Islands serves the Aran Islands from Connemara Airport in the south of Connemara also known as Aerfort na Minna.
Notable places
Towns and villages
These settlements are within the most extensive definition of the area. More restrictive definitions will exclude some:
- Barna – (Bearna)
- Ballyconneely – (Baile Conaola / Baile Mhic Chonghaile)
- Ballynahinch – (Baile na hInse)
- Carna – (Cárna)
- Carraroe – (An Cheathrú Rua)
- Claddaghduff – (An Cladach Dubh)
- Cleggan – (An Cloigeann)
- Clifden – (An Clochán)
- Clonbur – (An Fhairche)
- Inverin – (Indreabhán)
- Kilkerren – (Cill Chiaráin)
- Leenaun – (An Lionán / Leenane)
- Letterfrack – (Leitir Fraic)
- Lettermore – (Leitir Móir)
- Lettermullan– (Leitir Mealláin)
- Maum – (An Mám, also Maam)
- Oughterard – (Uachtar Ard)
- Recess – (Sraith Salach)[75]
- Renvyle – (Rinn Mhaoile)
- Rosmuc – (Ros Muc)
- Rossaveal – (Ros an Mhíl)
- Roundstone – (Cloch na Rón)
- Spiddal – (An Spidéal)
Islands
- Omey Island – (Iomaidh)
- Inishbofin– (Inis Bó Finne) has been home to fishermen, farmers, exiled monks and fugitive pirates for over 6,000 years and today the island supports a population of 200 full-time residents.
Notable people
- Seán 'ac Dhonncha (1919–1996), sean-nós singer
- Nan Tom Teaimín de Búrca, a local sean-nós singer, lives near Carna in Rusheenamanagh
- Róisín Elsafty, sean-nós singer
- An Spidéal,[citation needed] and directed the classic film The Quiet Man in nearby Cong, County Mayo.[citation needed]
- Máire Geoghegan-Quinn is an Irish politician, and was the former European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science was born in Carna.
- SDLP MP in Westminster was born here.[76]
- Titanic, lived for part of his later life in his lodge in Connemara. Ismay was on board the Titanic when it sank but was one of the survivors.[77]
- Seán Mannion, a professional boxer who fought for the WBA, was born in Rosmuc.
- Richard Martin, MP, known as "Humanity Dick", was born in Ballynahinch Castle, Ballynahinch and represented Galway in the House of Commons.[citation needed]
- Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, was president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and lived at the family seat in Spiddal.[citation needed]
- protection money to local crime boss Whitey Bulger.
- Sorcha Ní Ghuairim (1911–1976) was a teacher, writer of modern literature in Irish, and sean-nós singer.
- T.E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia, was born in Connemara in 1932, according to some accounts of his life.
- British India, was the first head of state to make an official visit to the newly founded Irish Free State, bought Ballynahinch Castle estate and visited the area every year till his death in 1932.[citation needed]
- Major White Anglo-Saxon Protestant officers. Riley became a Major in the Mexican Army and the commanding officer of the highly decorated Saint Patrick's Battalion during the Mexican–American War.
- Tim Robinson, a cartographer, has lived many years in Connemara and published books on the area.[citation needed]
- An Spidéal.
- Síle Seoige, the Irish TV presenter and journalist. She is the younger sister of Gráinne Seoige and a fellow native of An Spidéal
- Mairtin Thornton was a heavyweight boxer, nicknamed the "Connemara Chrusher", he was the Irish Heavyweight boxing champion in 1943, and fought Bruce Woodcock for the British heavyweight title in 1945.
Cultural references
- Connemara Wedding is a poem written by Micheál Mac Suibhne (c. 1760–1820)
- French singer Michel Sardou had an international hit with the song "Les Lacs du Connemara" in 1981.
- The Irish drinking song "The Hills of Connemara" has been recorded and performed by a number of Irish and Celtic-themed bands.
- Poet Carl Sandburg's home of 22 years in Flat Rock, North Carolina, which is now a national monument, is named after the Connemara region.
- Conamara Chaos is a region of chaotic terrain on Jupiter's moon Europa.
- The Connemara pony is a breed of horse native to the region. The only native pony breed in Ireland.
- Connemara is also the name of a brand of Irish whiskey produced at the Cooley Distillery.
Annalistic references
- 807. A slaughter was made of the Conmaicni by the foreigners.
Film and TV
- The Quiet Man, 1952, film by John Ford
- The Field, 1990, film by Jim Sheridan
- Cré na Cille, 2007, film by Robert Quinn
- The Guard, 2011, film by John Michael McDonagh
- Black '47, 2018, film by Lance Daly
- Arracht, 2019, film by Tomás Ó Súilleabháin
Literature
- Mícheál Mac Suibhne, agus Filidh an tSéibhe, 1934, poetry collection, edited by Tomas Ó Maille, Dublin, Foils. an Rialtais,
- Cré na Cille, 1949, novel, by Máirtín Ó Cadhain,
- The Beauty Queen of Leenane, 1996, play by Martin McDonagh
- Star of the Sea, 2011, novel by Joseph O'Connor
- The Crow of Connemara, 2015, novel by Stephen Leigh
- Secrets of the Lighthouse, 2015, by Santa Montefiore
See also
- Atlanticcrash landed near Clifden
- Ceantar na nOileán
- Connacht Irish
- Connemara Heritage & History Centre
- Connemara National Park
- Connemara Public Library, Chennai, India
- Joyce Country
- Lough Corrib
- The Twelve Pins and Maumturksmountains
- The Western Way (Long-distance trail)
- The Connemara Pony
- Wild Atlantic Way
- Lord Connemara
References
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- ^ Tim Robinson (2002), Camchuairt Chonamara Theas / A Twisty Journey: Mapping South Connemara; Part 1 – 59, aistriúchán Gaeilge a rinne Liam Mac Con Iomaire. Coiscéim. Pages 364–365.
- ^ Tim Robinson (2002), Camchuairt Chonamara Theas / A Twisty Journey: Mapping South Connemara; Part 1 – 59, aistriúchán Gaeilge a rinne Liam Mac Con Iomaire. Coiscéim. Pages 360.
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- ^ a b Tim Robinson (2002), Camchuairt Chonamara Theas / A Twisty Journey: Mapping South Connemara; Part 1–59, aistriúchán Gaeilge a rinne Liam Mac Con Iomaire. Coiscéim. Pages 362–363.
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- ^ Tim Robinson (2002), Camchuairt Chonamara Theas / A Twisty Journey: Mapping South Connemara; Part 1 – 59, aistriúchán Gaeilge a rinne Liam Mac Con Iomaire. Coiscéim. Page 348.
- ^ Tim Robinson (2002), Camchuairt Chonamara Theas / A Twisty Journey: Mapping South Connemara; Part 1 – 59, aistriúchán Gaeilge a rinne Liam Mac Con Iomaire. Coiscéim. Pages 344–351.
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- ^ Kathleen Villiers-Tuthill (1990), Beyond the Twelve Bens: A History of Clifden and District 1860–1923, The Connaught Tribune. Pages 209–211.
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- ISBN 9781589790032. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b Louis de Paor (2016), Leabhar na hAthghabhála: Poems of Repossession: Irish-English Bilingual Edition, Bloodaxe Books. Page 235.
- ^ John Ardagh (1994), Ireland and the Irish: Portrait of a Changing Society, Hamish Hamilton, London. Page 295-296.
- ^ John Ardagh (1994), Ireland and the Irish: Portrait of a Changing Society, Hamish Hamilton, London. Page 297.
- ^ Aistriú na Soinéad go Gaeilge: Saothar Grá! Translating the Sonnets to Irish: A Labour of Love by Muiris Sionóid.
- ^ "Shakespeare's work has been translated into Irish - and it sounds amazing", The Irish Post 14 March 2018.
- ^ "Go Connemara – The Connemara Loop".
- Ordnance Survey of Irelandmap 44 spells it Sraith Salach.
- ^ "About Claire". Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
- ^ "J. Bruce Ismay, 74, Titanic Survivor. Ex-Head of White Star Line Who Retired After Sea Tragedy Dies in London". The New York Times. 19 October 1937. "Joseph Bruce Ismay, former chairman of the White Star Line and a survivor of the Titanic disaster in 1912, died here last night. He was 74 years old."
External links
- Connemara after the Famine at History Ireland
- Bishop Ireland's Connemara Experiment: Minnesota Historical Society
- Love Connemara – Visitor Guide to the Connemara Region
- Connemara News – Useful source of information for everything related to this area of West Ireland: environment, people, traditions, events, books and movies.