Cornrows

Cornrows (also called canerows) are a style of three-strand

The name cornrows refers to the layout of crops in corn and sugar cane fields in the Americas and Caribbean,^[1][6] where enslaved Africans were displaced during the Atlantic slave trade.^[7] According to Black folklore, cornrows were often used to communicate on the Underground Railroad and by Benkos Biohó during his time as a slave in Colombia.^[8] They often serve as a form of Black self-expression,^[9] especially among African Americans,^[1] but have been stigmatized in some cultures.^[4][10] Cornrows are traditionally called "kolese" or "irun didi" in Yoruba, and are often nicknamed "didi braids" in the Nigerian diaspora.^[11]

Cornrows are worn by both sexes, and are sometimes adorned with beads, shells, or hair cuffs.^[1] The duration of braiding cornrows may take up to five hours, depending on the quantity and width.^[12] Often favored for their easy maintenance, cornrows can be left in for weeks at a time if maintained through careful washing of the hair and natural oiling of the scalp. Braids are considered a protective styling on African curly hair as they allow for easy and restorative growth; braids pulled too tightly or worn for longer lengths of time and on different hair types can cause a type of hair loss known as traction alopecia.^[13]

Modern cornrows originated in Africa,

Women in West Africa have been attested wearing complex hairstyles of threaded or wrapped braids since at least the 18th century. These practices likely influenced the use of cornrows and headwraps (such as durags) among enslaved Africans taken to the Americas.^[15] In Ethiopia and Eritrea, there are many braided hairstyles which may include cornrows or "shuruba", such as Habesha or Albaso braids, and Tigray shuriba.^[23][24] Though such hairstyles have always been popular with women, Ethiopian men have also worn such hairstyles. In 19th century Ethiopia, male warriors and kings such as Tewodros II and Yohannes IV were depicted wearing braided hairstyles, including the shuruba.^[25][26][27]

Cornrow hairstyles in Africa also cover a wide social terrain: religion, kinship, status, age, racial diversity, and other attributes of identity can all be expressed in hairstyle. Just as important is the act of braiding, which passes on cultural values between generations, expresses bonds between friends, and establishes the role of professional practitioner.^[21][14] Braiding is traditionally a social ritual in many African cultures—as is hairstyling in general—and is often performed communally, as White and White explain:

In African cultures, the grooming and styling of hair have long been important social rituals. Elaborate hair designs, reflecting tribal affiliation, status, sex, age, occupation, and the like, were common, and the cutting, shaving, wrapping, and braiding of hair were centuries-old arts. In part, it was the texture of African hair that allowed these cultural practices to develop; as the historian John Thornton has observed, "the tightly spiraled hair of Africans makes it possible to design and shape it in many ways impossible for the straighter hair of Europeans."^[14]

There have been a number of examples of European art and sculpture described as similar to modern cornrows,^[29] such as plaits, the melon coiffure and sini crenes.^[30][31][32]

The oldest of these depictions are the statues known as the

The first recorded use of the word "cornrow" was in America in 1769, referring to the corn fields of the Americas. The earliest recorded use of the term "cornrows" to refer a hairstyle was in 1902.[a]^[1] The name "canerows" may be more common in parts of the Caribbean due to the historic role of sugar plantations in the region.^[6]

As in Africa, grooming was a social activity for Black people on the American plantations; the enslaved Africans were reported helping each other style their hair into a wide variety of appearances. On his visit to a plantation in Natchez, Mississippi, New Englander Joseph lngraham wrote, "No scene can be livelier or more interesting to a Northerner, than that which the negro quarters of a well regulated plantation present, on a Sabbath morning, just before church hour."^[42] Hairstyles were so characteristic of a person, even when their appearance and behaviour was otherwise heavily regulated, that they were often used to identify runaways, and enslaved Africans sometimes had their hair shaved as a form of punishment. Generally, however, slaveholders in the British colonies gave their Black slaves a degree of latitude in how they wore their hair.^[14] Thus, wearing traditional hairstyles offered a way to assert their bodily autonomy when they otherwise had none.^[43]

Enslaved Black people may have chosen to wear cornrows to keep their hair neat and flat to their scalp while working; the other styles they developed alongside cornrows blended African, European and Native American trends and traditions.^[44] African-American, Afro-Latino and Caribbean folklore also relates multiple stories of cornrows being used to communicate or provide maps for slaves across the "New World".^[8][45] Today, such styles retain their link with Black self-expression and creativity, and may also serve as a form of political expression.^[9][46][47]

Cornrows gained in popularity in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, and again during the 1990s and 2000s. In the 2000s, some athletes wore cornrows, including NBA basketball players Allen Iverson, Rasheed Wallace, and Latrell Sprewell.^[48] Some female mixed martial artists have chosen to wear cornrows for their fights as it prevents their hair from obscuring their vision as they move.^[49][50][51]

Colonial attitudes and practices towards Black hairstyles have traditionally been used to reinforce racism, exclusion and inequality.^[52] For example, during the 18th century, slaves would sometimes have their hair shaved as a lesser form of punishment.^[14] Eurocentric beauty standards, which often denigrate Black hairstyles, can lead to internalized racism, colorism, and marginalization, which negatively affect Black people—and Black women in particular.^[47][53][54] Related valuations of hair texture—which portray straighter hair as "good hair" and curlier hair as "bad hair"—are emphasized through the media, advertising, and popular culture.^[53][55] These attitudes to hair can devalue African heritage and lead to discrimination.^[53][56] The unique type of discrimination that arises from prejudice towards Black women's hair is called natural hair discrimination.^[57][58][59] Despite these challenges, cornrows have gained popularity among Black people as a way to express their Blackness, creativity and individuality.^[52][53][60]

Over the decades, cornrows, alongside dreadlocks, have been the subject of several disputes in U.S. workplaces, as well as universities and schools. Some employers and educational institutions^[60] have considered cornrows unsuitable or "unprofessional", and have banned them.^[48] Employees and civil rights groups have countered that such attitudes evidence cultural bias or racism, and some disputes have resulted in litigation.^[52][61] In 1981, Renee Rogers sued American Airlines for their policy which banned cornrows and other braided hairstyles. Other cases, such as Mitchell vs Marriott Hotel and Pitts vs. Wild Adventures, soon followed.^[62] Since other traditional Black hairstyles are also often banned, Black women may be forced to straighten their hair or emulate European hairstyles at significant additional cost.^[56] The intersection of racialized and gendered discrimination against Black women is often called misogynoir.^[63] In California, the CROWN Act was passed in 2019 to prohibit discrimination based on hair style and hair texture.^[64]

In 2011, the

In some African nations, regularly changing hairstyles can be seen as a sign of social status for a woman, while advertising continues to promote straighter hairstyles as fashionable. Braids provide a way for women to maintain their hair, and are sometimes used with Chinese or Indian wigs to rotate hairstyles.[55]

• 
  Styled cornrows
• 
  Cornrows
• 
  Artistic braiding

• African hair threading
• List of hairstyles
• Crochet braids
• French braid
• Waves (hairstyle)
• Box braids