Beard and haircut laws by country

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Secular (as opposed to religious) laws regulating hairstyles exist in various countries and institutions.

Present laws

India

Sikhs
are allowed to grow beards in the Indian army.
Admiral D. K. Joshi of the Indian Navy with designer stubble.

In the

Sikh servicemen are allowed to grow full beards as their religion expressly requires followers to do so. However, they are specifically required to "dress up their hair and beard properly".[1] In December 2003, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Muslims in uniform can grow beards.[2][3]

Non-Muslims and non-Sikhs serving in the Indian Army or the Indian Air Force are not permitted to grow beards. However, Army personnel on active duty are sometimes exempt from facial hair regulations for the duration of their tour of duty if their deployment makes it difficult to shave. Indian Navy personnel are allowed to grow beards with the permission of their commanding officer.[4] Exceptions for other religions are made in the case of special forces operatives like the Indian Air Force pilots, the Indian army's Para (Special Forces) soldiers and the navy's MARCOS commandos, who are allowed to grow beards.[5] Non-Sikh personnel are allowed to grow whiskers and moustaches, with the only regulation being that they "will be of moderate length".[1]

Iran

In a stated attempt to preserve the culture of the country and combat cultural imperialism, the Ministry of Culture in 2010 published a journal of Iranian male hairstyles approved by the ministry.[6] It further banned barbers from cutting some hair styles for men, including ponytails, mullets and spikes.[7][8] In 2007, the authorities closed more than 20 barbers' shops that did not comply with the rules.[9]

North Korea

Further information: Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle

Kim Jong-un.[10] However, Dr. Katharine H. S. Moon, Wasserman Chair of Asian Studies at Wellesley College, refutes these claims, stating that, "There's no evidence that their hairstyles must follow totalitarian regulation," and that she had personally witnessed a wide variety of hair styles, including hair dye, while visiting Pyongyang in 2013.[11]

Tajikistan

Beards are discouraged by the government for most men in Tajikistan in a stated effort to battle radicalism. Only clean-shaven men can apply for a passport. Beards are often forcibly shaved off by police officers.[12][13][14]

Turkmenistan

In modern Turkmenistan, since the late 1990s, a total ban on the wearing of beards has been unofficially imposed on all segments of the population, with the exception of the elderly over the age of 65 (in Turkmenistan they are called "yashuli") and Russian Orthodox and Armenian Church clerics and priests. Even Muslim imams and clerics under the age of 65 are prohibited from wearing even three days of stubble. Muslim men with beards longer than two weeks of stubble can be forcibly shaved off by the Police and added to the list of violators. In modern Turkmenistan, beards are associated with Islamic fundamentalism, so beard owners automatically become suspects among the Police and Special Services. Only mustaches are allowed. Unofficial beard bans in Turkmenistan are the most severe in Central Asia.

Thailand

Male Thai police and military personnel, as of 2017, are required to keep a hairstyle known as the "904 cut". The style means shaving the sides and back of the head, leaving just a suggestion of hair on top. The corresponding hairstyle for female police officers and female soldiers, in case of long hair (shoulder level), must keep their hair in a bun with the proper color of ribbon and net (black, dark brown or navy blue).[15]

School dress codes in Thailand have long mandated earlobe-length bobs for girls and army-style crew cuts for boys. It is not uncommon for teachers to cut the hair of students deemed to be in violation of the frequently arbitrary[clarification needed] code.[16]

Past laws

Albania

During his regime, Enver Hoxha banned all hair longer than 4 cm (1.6 in) for men, as well as all beards. No man could enter the country whilst wearing one of the banned hair styles.[17]

British North America

Long hair for men was illegal in the Massachusetts Bay Colony starting in 1634.[18]

China

The

Zhu Yuanzhang passed a law on mandatory hairstyle on 24 September 1392, mandating that all males grow their hair long and making it illegal for them to shave part of their foreheads while leaving strands of hair which was the Mongol hairstyle. The penalty for both the barber and the person who was shaved and his sons was castration if they cut their hair and their families were to be sent to the borders for exile. This helped eradicate the partially shaved Mongol hairstyles and enforced the long Han hairstyle.[19]

In Qing dynasty China, all male subjects of all ethnicities were required to keep their hair in a long braid and to shave the front of their scalp. Those who resisted were subject to execution for treason.

All Chinese men stopped sporting the Queue braid tonsure hairstyle, in favor of short western hairstyles, following the collapse the Qing Dynasty in the 1910s which was succeeded by the

Republic of China
.

Czechoslovakia

Main article: Mánička

Following the

1960s counterculture inspired the Mánička
subculture amongst Czechoslovak youth. The long hairstyles associated with this was discouraged and suppressed by the authorities, who saw it as a subversive Western cultural influence.

Japan

Main article: Chonmage
A 19th-century samurai with a chonmage
A Japanese barbershop in the 19th century

In the

Meiji period in 1871, Emperor Meiji issued the Dampatsurei Edict which abolished the chonmage hairstyle. As a result of the decree which was issued as part of the Meiji Restoration, all Japanese men were forced to chop off their topknots and switch to short Western hairstyles in addition to switching to Western clothing. The chonmage was abandoned along with the samurai class in the 1870s, as a result of the Meiji Restoration and modernization of Japan. However, this decree/edict abolishing the chonmage hairstyle did not apply to sumo wrestlers as they are permitted to continue sporting chonmage into the modern era.[22][23]

Russia

Main article: Beard tax § Russia

As part of his drive to modernise and Westernise Tsarist Russia, Peter the Great imposed a beard tax in 1698 to encourage Russian men to shave off their beards. Men who kept their beards but refused to pay the tax were forcibly shaven.

Singapore

Main article:
Long hair in Singapore

There was a national ban of long hair for men in Singapore; the reason was the growth of hippie subculture worldwide. The law has since changed and nowadays, men can display any kind of hairstyle.

South Korea

In 1973,

Park Chung-hee introduced the Minor Offenses Act which limited the length of hair for males and mandated a minimum length of skirts for females. There are no specific definitions of acceptable hair length, and violators were often taken to police stations and had their hair cut against their will.[24]

Vietnam

Main article: Ohaguro § Other parts of East Asia

The Han Chinese referred to the various non-Han "barbarian" peoples of north Vietnam and southern China as "Yue" (

Viet) or Baiyue, saying they possessed common habits like adapting[clarification needed] to water, having their hair cropped short and tattooed. The Han also said their language was "animal shrieking" and that they lacked morals, modesty, civilization and culture.[25]

When Han Chinese ruled the Vietnamese in the

Later Lê dynasty.[27]

See also

General

References

  1. ^ a b "272". Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  2. ^ "Muslims in uniform can keep beard". Times of India.
  3. ^ "Muslims in Indian Army Can Wear Beards, Court Rules". arabnews.com. 14 December 2003.
  4. ^ "Indian Navy -- Beards & Moustaches". Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "Iran Launches Holy War on Haircuts". ABC News. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  7. ^ Singh, Anita (5 July 2010). "Iran government issues style guide for men's hair" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  8. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  9. ^ "Iran shuts 'Western' barber shops". 23 August 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  10. ^ "North Korean College Students Ordered to Adopt Leader Kim's Haircut". Radio Free Asia. 26 March 2014 – via rfa.org.
  11. ^ Uffalussy, Jennifer (20 April 2017). "Does North Korea Really Have State-Approved Hairstyles?". Yahoo Life – via www.yahoo.com.
  12. ^ "Tajikistan shaves 13,000 beards in 'radicalism' battle". Al Jazeera. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  13. ^ Kholiqzod, Mirzonabi; Olimov, Amriddin; Baumgartner, Pete (12 January 2019). "No Country For Bearded Young Men: Only 'Well-Groomed' Tajiks Getting Passports". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  14. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  15. ^ Charuvastra, Teeranai (20 November 2017). "NEW BUZZ CUTS IMPOSED ON ALL THAI POLICE, SOLDIERS". Khaosod English. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  16. ^ Sasipornkarn, Emmy (23 July 2020). "Thailand's school haircut controversy reflects authoritarian attitudes". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  17. ^ Sulejmani, Mirjan (3 November 2016). "Beard and haircut restriction during the Enver Hoxha regime in Albania (1945-1990)". Heritage Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  18. ^ Berry, Melissa (24 June 2020). "Our Puritan Ancestors' Fashion War against Long Hair". GenealogyBank. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  19. JSTOR 41649963
    . Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  20. ISBN 978-9004393516
    .
  21. ISBN 978-9004393516
    .
  22. ^ "Chonmage, Samurai Topknot Hair Style". Samurai World. 20 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020.
  23. ^ Negishi, Shigeo (5 October 2015). "Why did samurai warriors adopt such a unique hairstyle?". Kokugakuin University. The Japan News. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  24. ^ Kang, Hyun-kyung (22 February 2019). "'Ridiculous' 1970s". The Korea Times. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  25. ISSN 1835-1794.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link
    )
  26. ^ Nguyễn, Ngọc Huy (1997). "The tradition of human rights in Vietnam". The Vietnam Review. 3: 35.
  27. ISBN 978-0231511100
    .
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