Doris Stevens
Doris Stevens | |
---|---|
Born | Dora Caroline Stevens October 26, 1888 Omaha, Nebraska, US |
Died | March 22, 1963 New York City, US | (aged 74)
Education | Omaha High School |
Alma mater | Oberlin College |
Occupation(s) | Suffragist, activist, author |
Years active | 1913–1963 |
Known for | Suffragist, women's rights advocate |
Spouses |
Doris Stevens (born Dora Caroline Stevens; October 26, 1888 – March 22, 1963) was an American suffragist, woman's legal rights advocate and author. She was the first female member of the American Institute of International Law and first chair of the Inter-American Commission of Women.
Born in 1888 in
Once the right to vote was secured, Stevens turned her attention to women's legal status. She supported passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and worked with Alice Paul from 1927 to 1933 on a volume of work comparing varying impact on law for women and men. The goal in compiling the data was to obtain an international law protecting women's right of citizenship. The research was completed with the help of feminists in 90 countries and evaluated laws controlling women's nationality from every country. Gaining approval for the work from the League of Nations in 1927, Stevens presented the proposal Pan American Union in 1928, convincing the governing body to create the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM). In 1931, she joined the American Institute of International Law, becoming its first female member. In 1933, her work resulted in the first treaty to secure international rights for women. The Convention on the Nationality of Women established that women retained their citizenship after marriage and Convention on Nationality provided that neither marriage nor divorce could affect the nationality of the members of a family, extending citizenship protection to children.
Ousted from the CIM in 1938, and the NWP in 1947 over policy disputes, Stevens became vice president of the Lucy Stone League in 1951, of which she had been a member since the 1920s. She fought the roll-back of policies removing the gains women had made to enter the work force during World War II and worked to establish feminism as an academic field of study. She continued fighting for feminist causes until her death in 1963.
Early life
Dora Caroline Stevens was born on October 26, 1888, in
She went on to further her education graduating from Oberlin College in 1911[3][4] with a degree in sociology, though she had originally pursued music. While in college, she was known for her romances and for being a spirited suffragette. Her unruly behavior and disdain for feminine propriety were cultivated during her college years.[5] After graduation, Stevens worked as a music teacher and social worker in Ohio, Michigan.[4] and Montana[6] before moving to Washington, D.C., where she became a regional organizer with the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).[4]
Suffrage
In 1913, Stevens arrived in Washington to take part in the June picketing of the Senate. She did not plan to stay, but Alice Paul convinced her to do so.[7] She was hired by the NAWSA,[4] and was assigned to the newly formed Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (CUWS),[8] which had been created by Alice Paul and Mary Ritter Beard.[9] At that time, the Congressional Union was a subdivision of the NAWSA, though it operated independently.[10] Stevens was hired to serve as executive secretary in Washington, D. C., as well as serve as regional organizer[8][11] and was assigned the eastern district. Paul had divided the nation into quadrants of twelve states each and assigned Stevens to the eastern area, Mabel Vernon to the middle west, Anne Martin to the far west, and Maud Younger to the south.[12] The regional organizers were tasked with educating groups about the suffrage bills that were in Congress[11] and garnering support from each state for ratifying national suffrage. Rather than follow the previous strategy of achieving enfranchisement on a state-by-state basis, the Congressional Union Strategy was full federal approval. This issue, caused a rift in the suffrage movement at the 1913 Convention, causing Paul and her supporters to break ties with the NAWSA and become an independent organization.[13]
With the fissure, the Congressional Union began a reorganization to push for campaigns against Democratic candidates because they had not supported suffrage while they were in control of the legislature.[13] Paul established an all-woman advisory council of suffrage workers and prominent women which included Bertha Fowler, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Helen Keller, Belle Case La Follette, May Wright Sewall and educators such as Emma Gillett, Maria Montessori, and Clara Louise Thompson, a Latin Professor at Rockford College, among others, to lend credibility to the new organization.[14] Stevens became the national organizer, charged with organizing women in states in which they were able to vote to use their ballots and oppose any candidate not in favor of full enfranchisement of women.[15] One of the first places Stevens traveled to was Colorado,[16] where CUWS was successful in attaining commitment from one congressman to support the women's cause.[15] Returning from that success in January 1915, she went to New York City[17] and Newport, Rhode Island to campaign before heading west.[18] She campaigned in Kansas, hoping to secure delegates for a convention planned in San Francisco for September.[6]
Arriving in
At the beginning of 1916, Stevens announced the policy that the CUWS had organized in twenty-two states and planned on recruiting delegates for each of the 435 House Districts. The delegates were required to form committees to press Congressional Members to favor suffrage and make them aware that their constituents were in favor of women attaining the vote.[24] Another strategy Stevens began implementing early in 1916 required CUWS members to go to other states in which women were allowed to vote, establish residence and register to vote. In this way, they could vote in state and national elections in the hope of filling the legislature with legislators who favored suffrage. Stevens registered to vote in Kansas that year.[25] On June 5, 1916, the CUWS became the National Woman's Party (NWP), having a single platform to acquire a constitutional amendment for national women's suffrage.[16][26] After attending the NWP convention in Chicago in June, Stevens headed to a convention in Colorado.[27] By October, Stevens was organizing and managing the NWP election campaign in California.[28]
Arrest
Due to the United States' entry into
Stevens met her first husband,
Over the years, Stevens held several important NWP leadership positions, including Legislative Chairman[42] and membership on the executive committee.[43] In 1920, Alva Belmont was elected president of the NWP[44] and Stevens served as Belmont’s personal assistant, even writing Belmont's autobiography.[45] Belmont and Steven's relationship was contentious, but the younger Stevens accepted years of control by Belmont over many of her personal actions. Traveling to Europe with Belmont for work of the NWP, Belmont insisted that Steven's fiancé could not join them and when he did, Belmont removed to France without Stevens.[46]
On December 5, 1921, in
Equality activism
The focus of the NWP shifted to equality under the law, including equal employment opportunities, jury service, nationality for married women and any other provision which legally prohibited women from having full legal equality. In 1923, the
From the end of the War, a growing belief among women's organizations was the notion that all women faced similar problems as subordinates to men and that combining their interests might lead to gains. At the
The initial Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) was made up of seven women delegates who were charged with finalizing the report for the next Pan-American Conference (1933) to review civil and political equality for women.[57] Stevens served as chair of the CIM from its creation in 1928[62] until her ouster in 1938.[63] By August, Stevens was back in Paris working on the report. She and other suffragists picketed the French president, Gaston Doumergue, in 1928[64] in an attempt to get the world peace delegates to support an equal rights treaty.[65] They were dismissively described by a journalist who did cover the event as "militant suffragettes," and a Paris paper called the protest "an amusing incident."[64] Though arrested, they were released upon providing proof of their identities.[65]
In 1929, Stevens returned to the United States and began to study law, taking classes at the
Seventh Pan-American Conference
Stevens was very active in working with Latin American feminists through the CIM, even though focused on perusing her own interests over the concerns of many Latin American feminists.[71] [72] Historian Katherine Marino describes in Feminism for the Americas (2019) how Stevens refused to fund conference travel for fellow Latin American CIM members like Clara Gonzalez and effectively sidelined the well-known and respected Uruguayan feminist Paulina Luisi from the CIM.[73] At the Seventh Pan-American Conference, held in 1933 in Montevideo, Uruguay, the women presented their analysis of the legal status of women in each of the 21 member countries. The first report ever to study in detail the civil and political rights of women, it had been prepared solely by women. They proposed a Treaty on the Equality of Rights for Women, and it was rejected by the conference, though it was signed by Cuba, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Uruguay.[74] Three of those states had already granted suffrage to women, and none of the four ratified the Treaty after the conference. However, the women had presented the first international resolution to recommend suffrage for women.[75] Next, Stevens presented their materials which showed the disparity between rights of men and women. For example, in 16 countries of the Americas women could not vote at all, in two countries they could vote with restrictions, and in three countries they had equal enfranchisement. In 19 of the American countries, women did not have equal custody over their children, including in seven US states, and only two countries allowed joint authority for women of their own children. None of the Latin American countries allowed women to serve on juries, and 27 US states prohibited women from participating in juries. Divorce grounds in 14 countries and 28 states were disparate for men and women, and a woman could not administer her own separate property in 13 countries and two US states.[76]
After reviewing the data, the conference approved the first international agreement ever adopted on women's rights.[74] The Convention on the Nationality of Women made it clear that should a woman marry a man of a different nationality, her citizenship could be retained.[74] The text stated, "There shall be no distinction based on sex as regards to nationality". The conference also passed the Convention on Nationality, which established that neither marriage nor divorce could affect the nationality of the members of a family, extending citizenship protection to children as well.[77] The Roosevelt administration, hoping to get rid of Stevens, then argued that the women's task was completed and the CIM should be abandoned. Not wanting to bow to US pressure, the Conference did not vote to continue the CIM, but instead voted as a unit, with the exception of Argentina, to block the US proposal.[78]
Later career
It would take FDR another five years,[63] with the help of the League of Women Voters to replace Stevens.[79] Making the argument that Stevens was appointed by the Conference of the Pan-American States and not as a U.S. delegate, FDR agreed to give permanent status to the CIM, if each state was allowed to appoint their own delegates. Securing approval, he then immediately replaced Stevens with Mary Nelson Winslow.[63] Stevens did not go quietly and the clash continued throughout 1939 with Eleanor Roosevelt backing Winslow and suffragists backing Stevens.[80] Eleanor's objection to Stevens was multi-faced, in that she did not think that the Equal Rights Amendment would protect women and on a personal level, she believed Stevens behaved in an unladylike manner.[81]
In 1940, Stevens was elected to serve on the National Council of the National Woman's Party.[1] The following year, when Alice Paul returned from a two-year trip to Switzerland to establish the World Woman’s Party (WWP), difficulties arose. Paul experienced both challenges to the direction she was taking the NWP and had personality conflicts with members,[82] including Stevens. When Alva Belmont died in 1933, the bequest she had promised Stevens for years of personal service was instead directed to the NWP. Stevens sued the estate, eventually receiving US$12,000, but she believed that Paul had sabotaged her relationship with Belmont.[83] After Paul's resignation in 1945, Stevens did not support Paul's hand-selected replacement, Anita Pollitzer and led an unsuccessful attempt to challenge her leadership.[84] Pollitzer was seen as a figurehead for Paul and an internal dispute arose over the NWP’s emphasis on the WWP and international rights rather than domestic organizing. During these tensions, a dissenting faction of NWP members tried to take over party headquarters and elect their own slate of officers,[85] but Pollitzer’s claim to leadership was supported by a ruling of a federal district judge.[84]
Stevens parted ways with the NWP in 1947 and turned instead to activity in the
From 1951 to 1963, Stevens served as vice-president of the Lucy Stone League,
Stevens died on March 22, 1963, in New York City,[1] two weeks after having a stroke.[91]
Legacy
In 1986, Princeton University established an endowed chair in women’s studies through the Doris Stevens Foundation.[83][4]
In 2004, the film Iron Jawed Angels was made about the early days of the suffrage movement. Doris Stevens was portrayed by Laura Fraser.[92]
Shaina Taub began developing the show Suffs in the early 2010s, after she read Jailed for Freedom by Doris Stevens.[93]
Selected works
- Stevens, Doris (1919). The militant campaign. Washington, D.C.: The National Woman's Party. OCLC 71644630.
- Stevens, Doris (1920). Jailed for Freedom. New York, New York: Boni and Liveright. OCLC 574971418.
- Stevens, Doris (1928). L'Egalité des droits pour les femmes par Convention Internationale: Discours prononcé à la session plénière non-officielle de la 6ème conférence Pan-Américaine. Pan-American Conference publication (in French). Washington, D.C.: The National Woman's Party. OCLC 758520361.
- Stevens, Doris (1933). Tribute to Alva Belmont: late president of the National Woman's Party. Washington, D.C.: Inter American Commission of Women, Pan American Union. OCLC 731402801.
- Stevens, Doris (1934). History of equal rights treaty signed at the VII International Conference of American States by Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador and Cuba. Washington, D.C.: Inter American Commission of Women, Pan American Union. OCLC 827304625.
- Stevens, Doris (1936). A comparison of the political and civil rights of men and women in the United States : statement interpreting the laws of the United States ... and presented for action by the 7th International Conference of American States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 276997382.
- Stevens, Doris (1936). En prison pour la liberté! Comment nous avons conquis le vote des femmes aux États-Unis (in French). Paris, France: A. Pedone. OCLC 9513999.
- Stevens, Doris (1940). Paintings & drawings of Jeannette Scott. Mount Vernon, New York: Privately printed for James Brown Scott. OCLC 423924981.
See also
- List of suffragists and suffragettes
- List of women's rights activists
- Timeline of women's suffrage
- Women's suffrage organizations
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gotwals 2007.
- ^ a b Trigg 2014, p. 36.
- ^ Dayton Daily News 2004.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sewall-Belmont House & Museum 2011.
- ^ Trigg 2014, p. 40.
- ^ a b The Wichita Beacon 1915, p. 9.
- ^ Stevens 1920, p. 12.
- ^ a b Adams & Keene 2010, p. 16.
- ^ Beard & Lane 1977, p. 95.
- ^ Risjord 2005, p. 206.
- ^ a b Albuquerque Morning Journal 1914, p. 1.
- ^ Wheeler 1995, p. 171.
- ^ a b Buechler 1990, p. 56.
- ^ Adams & Keene 2010, p. 17.
- ^ a b Chicago Daily Tribune 1915, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Simkin 2014.
- ^ The Washington Post 1915, p. 16.
- ^ La Grande Observer 1915, p. 6.
- ^ San Francisco Chronicle 1915, p. 1.
- ^ a b Oakland Tribune & 8/1915, p. 9.
- ^ Fort Wayne Sentinel 1915, p. 8.
- ^ Oakland Tribune & 9/1915, p. 17.
- ^ The Washington Times 1915, p. 3.
- ^ The Washington Herald 1916, p. 10.
- ^ The Leavenworth Times 1916, p. 1.
- ^ Haskin 1916, p. 8.
- ^ Chicago Daily Tribune 1916, p. 5.
- ^ San Francisco Chronicle 1916, p. 8.
- ^ Southard 2007, pp. 399–400.
- ^ Southard 2007, pp. 407.
- ^ The Charlotte Observer 1917, p. 5.
- ^ Tyrone Daily Herald 1917, p. 1.
- ^ San Antonio Express 1963.
- ^ a b Tiller 1917, p. 39.
- ^ Tiller 1917, p. 44.
- ^ Austin Daily Herald 1950, p. 4.
- ^ a b Decatur Herald 1929, p. 1.
- ^ The Palm Beach Post 1918, p. 1.
- ^ The Leavenworth Times 1919, p. 1.
- ^ Johnson 1920, p. 4.
- ^ Stevens 1920.
- ^ The Washington Herald 1919, p. 5.
- ^ a b Sherman 1924, p. 3.
- ^ a b Freeman 2002, p. 129.
- ^ Hoffert 2011, p. xi.
- ^ Rupp 1989, pp. 300–301.
- ^ The New York Times 1921, p. 22.
- ^ a b The New York Times 1922, p. 15.
- ^ Miescher, Mitchell & Shibusawa 2015, p. 275.
- ^ a b Miller 2010, p. 243.
- ^ McKay & Jarrett 2007, p. 95.
- ^ Rupp 1989, p. 295.
- ^ Freeman 2002, p. 130.
- ^ Cott 1987, p. 337.
- ^ Stephen 1926, p. 20.
- ^ Sandell 2015, pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b c Lee 1929, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Lee 1929, p. 2.
- ^ Trigg 1995, p. 79.
- ^ Lee 1929, p. 3.
- ^ Trigg 1995, p. 57.
- ^ Lee 1929, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Bredbenner 1998, pp. 246–247.
- ^ a b Ivy 1928, p. 4.
- ^ a b Press-Courier 1928, p. 1.
- ^ Seminar on Feminism and Culture 1990, p. 17.
- ^ Sickmon 1930, p. 3.
- ^ Lee de Muñoz Marín 1931, p. 1.
- ^ Campbell 1931, p. 4.
- ^ McNamara 1931, p. 4.
- ^ Trigg 1995, p. 77.
- ^ Marino 2019, p.67-95
- ^ Marino 2019, p. 78-81
- ^ a b c 1933 resolutions 2015.
- ^ Towns 2010, p. 795.
- ^ Ganzert 1936, pp. C-5, C-10.
- ^ Shepherd 2014, p. 326.
- ^ Towns 2010, p. 796.
- ^ Trigg 1995, pp. 64–65.
- ^ The Delta Democrat-Times 1939, p. 6.
- ^ Pfeffer 1996.
- ^ Gavin, Clamar & Siderits 2007, pp. 75–76.
- ^ a b c d e Rupp 1989, p. 292.
- ^ a b Sicherman & Green 1980, p. 552.
- ^ Short & Purcell 2013.
- ^ Toledo Blade 1950, p. 10.
- ^ The Racine Sunday Bulletin 1963, p. 2A.
- ^ Oakland Tribune 1935, p. 1.
- ^ a b Pearson 1954, p. 4.
- ^ Rupp 1989, pp. 304–305.
- ^ San Antonio Express 1963, p. 10-D.
- ^ Iron Jawed Angels 2004.
- ^ Culgan, Rossilynne Skena (February 28, 2024). "A first look at Broadway's new rendition of 'Suffs,' the beloved musical about women's suffrage". Time Out New York. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
Sources
- Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (2010). After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5647-5.
- Beard, Mary Ritter; Lane, Ann J. (1977). Making Women's History: The Essential Mary Ritter Beard. New York City, New York: Feminist Press at CUNY. ISBN 978-1-55861-219-8.
- Bredbenner, Candice Lewis (1998). A nationality of her own: women, marriage, and the law of citizenship. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20650-2.
- Buechler, Steven M. (1990). Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8135-1559-5.
- Campbell, Lilian (September 15, 1931). "Feminist".
- Cott, Nancy F. (1987). The Grounding of Modern Feminism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04228-3.
- Freeman, Jo (2002). A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9805-9.
- Ganzert, Frederic W. (December 27, 1936). "Get Half a Loaf (pt 1)".
- Gavin, Eileen A.; Clamar, Aphrodite; Siderits, Mary Anne (2007). Women of Vision: Their Psychology, Circumstances, and Success. New York, New York: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-0110-5.
- Gotwals, Jenny (September 2007). "Stevens, Doris, 1888–1963. Papers of Doris Stevens, 1884–1983 (inclusive), 1920–1960 (bulk): A Finding Aid". Harvard University Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- Haskin, Frederic J. (June 5, 1916). "The Woman's Party".
- Hoffert, Sylvia D. (2011). Alva Vanderbilt Belmont: Unlikely Champion of Women's Rights. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00560-1.
- Ivy, William (September 21, 1928). "Post Cards From Europe". Anniston Star. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via Newspaper Archive.
- Johnson, James Weldon (September 4, 1920). "The Nineteenth Amendment Ratified".
- Lee, Muna (October 1929). "The Inter-American Commission of Women" (PDF). Pan-American Magazine: 1–5. Retrieved July 13, 2015. contained in Cohen, Jonathan, ed. (2004). A Pan-American Life: Selected Poetry and Prose of Muna Lee. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Lee de Muñoz Marín, Muna (1931). The governing board of the American Institute of International Law approves Equal Rights and names Doris Stevens first woman member, Session 29–31 October 1931 (Report). Washington, D.C.: Pan American Union. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- McKay, Claude; Jarrett, Gene Andrew (2007). A Long Way from Home. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8135-3968-3.
- McNamara, Sue (August 26, 1931). "Marshal World Army of Women".
- Miescher, Stephan F.; Mitchell, Michele; Shibusawa, Naoko (2015). Gender, Imperialism and Global Exchanges. West Sussex, England: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-05219-7.
- Miller, Kenneth E. (2010). From Progressive to New Dealer: Frederic C. Howe and American Liberalism. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-03742-4.
- Pearson, Drew (October 20, 1954). "Washington Merry-Go-Round". Prescott Evening Courier. Prescott, Arizona. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- Pfeffer, Paula F. (1996). "Eleanor Roosevelt and the National and World Woman's Parties". The Historian. 59 (1). Hoboken, New Jersey: ISSN 0018-2370. Archived from the originalon February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- Risjord, Norman K. (2005). Populists and Progressives. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2171-1.
- Sandell, Marie (2015). The Rise of Women's Transnational Activism: Identity and Sisterhood Between the World Wars. London, England: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-730-4.
- Rupp, Leila J. (Summer 1989). "Feminism and the Sexual Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of Doris Stevens". Feminist Studies. 15 (2). College Park, Maryland: Feminist Studies, Inc.: 289–309. JSTOR 3177789.
- Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America (1990). Women, culture, and politics in Latin America. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90907-6.
- Shepherd, Laura J., ed. (2014). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-75252-2.
- Sherman, John Dickinson (October 23, 1924). ""Miss" or "Mrs." When the Ghost Walks". La Plata Republican. La Plata, Missouri. Retrieved February 26, 2016 – via
- Short, Jessica; Purcell, Katharine (2013). Fairchild, Mary Jo (ed.). "Anita Pollitzer". South Carolina: Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd (1980). Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-674-62733-8.
- Sickmon, May C. (April 26, 1930). "Nationality of Women and the Hague Conference". The Erie County Republican. Hamburg, New York. Retrieved February 26, 2016 – via
- Simkin, John (August 2014). "Doris Stevens". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- Southard, Belinda A. Stillion (2007). "Militancy, power, and identity: The Silent Sentinels as women fighting for political voice". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 10 (3). East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press: 399–417. S2CID 143290312.
- Stephen, Isabel (March 28, 1926). "Marriage Contract won't work!". Zanesville Times Signal. Zanesville, Ohio. Retrieved February 26, 2016 – via
- Stevens, Doris (1920). Jailed for Freedom. New York, New York: Boni and Liveright.
- Tiller, Theodore (July 22, 1917). "From the Picket Line to Jail (pt 1)".
- Towns, Ann (2010). "The Inter-American Commission of Women and Women's Suffrage, 1920–1945". Journal of Latin American Studies. 42 (4). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 779–807. . Retrieved July 13, 2015.
- Trigg, Mary K. (2014). Feminism as Life's Work: Four Modern American Women through Two World Wars. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-7314-4.
- Trigg, Mary (1995). "To Work Together for Ends Larger Than Self: The Feminist Struggles of Mary Beard and Doris Stevens in the 1930s". Journal of Women's History. 7 (2): 52–85. S2CID 144171486.
- Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill (1995). Votes for Women!: The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-837-4.
- "Appointment by FDR Stirs up Feminine Feud in Washington".
- "Battle Between Suffragists and New York Cops".
- "Brilliant Leader of Suffragists in Charge of New York Election".
- "Conclave Is to Be Biggest".
- "Delegation of Women Rebuffed".
- "Democrats Plagued with Their Record on Suffrage".
- "Doris Stevens Dies at 70; Was Women's Rights Zealot". The Racine Sunday Bulletin. Racine, Wisconsin. March 24, 1963. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via
- "Doris Stevens Given Divorce from D. F. Malone".
- "Dudley Field Malone, Famed Attorney, Dies". Austin Daily Herald. Austin, Minnesota. October 6, 1950. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via Newspaper Archive.
- "Dudley Field Malone's Wife Will Keep Her Own Name".
- "Feminist Leader Weds Washingtonian".
- "Gives Quietus to Suffrage Program".
- "Hardware Dealer Married Malone".
- "Iron Jawed Angels: Doris Stevens". Iron Jawed Angels. 2004. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- "Law Suit at Portland One of Sequels of Congress".
- "Lucy Stone League Renews Battle of Women to Retain Maiden Names". Toledo Blade. Toledo, Ohio. March 26, 1950. section 5. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- "Miss Doris Stevens, Suffragist, Returns".
- "Seen & Overheard". Dayton Daily News. October 24, 2004. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via HighBeam Research.
- "Suffrage Leaders Coming".
- "Suffragette Leader Dies". San Antonio Express. March 24, 1963. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via Newspaper Archive.
- "Suffragist Pickets Get 60 Days in Jail". Tyrone Daily Herald. Tyrone, Pennsylvania. July 18, 1917. Retrieved February 24, 2016 – via
- "Suffragists Storm Kellogg Conference".
- "Suffragists to Make Last Effort on Congress". Albuquerque Morning Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico. June 8, 1914. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via Newspaper Archive.
- "Tells Plans of Suffrage Hosts to Demand Vote from Congress". The Wichita Beacon. Wichita, Kansas. July 17, 1915. Retrieved February 24, 2016 – via
- "They Lack Nerve, Woman Asserts of Suffragists".
- "Twelve Thousand Dollars Subscribed to Cause of Suffrage Following Malone's Eloquent Plea".
- "Woman's Party State Branch".
- "Woman's Smile Is Getting Her the Vote". Fort Wayne Sentinel. September 29, 1915. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via Newspaper Archive.
- "Women Busy in the West".
- "Women Declare 92 Votes in Senate".
- "Women Organize in Many States".
- "Women We Celebrate: Doris Stevens". Sewall-Belmont House & Museum. Washington, DC: Sewall-Belmont Organization. 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- "The World's First Treaty of Equality for Women – Montevideo, Uruguay, 1933". Organización de los Estados Americanos. Washington, DC: Inter-American Commission of Women. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
External links
- Works by Doris Stevens at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Doris Stevens at Internet Archive
- Works by Doris Stevens at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Doris Stevens Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
- passport photo 1921, Doris Stevens