Eryngium maritimum

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Eryngium maritimum
Botanical illustration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Eryngium
Species:
E. maritimum
Binomial name
Eryngium maritimum

Eryngium maritimum, the sea holly or sea eryngo, or sea eryngium, is a

umbellifer
.

Etymology

E. maritimum was formally described by

Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum I: 233 (1753). The generic name Eryngium derives from Greek and may have developed from a description of the plant by Theophrastus (300 BC), who referred to it as "Eryngion", meaning a spiny plant.[1] Alternatively, the name may have derived from the Greek word "eruggarein", meaning to eructate (belch), since the plant was used to treat various digestive disorders such as trapped gases.[2]

The

specific epithet maritimum means "of the sea".[3]

The common English name appears to date from the 16th century. In his 1548 publication The Names of Herbes, the naturalist William Turner stated that "Eryngium is named in englishe sea Hulver or sea Holly".[4]

Taxonomy

Although hybrids of E. maritimum have been reported, they are relatively few. For example, records have been made of a hybrid between E. maritimum and E. campestre (=Eryngium x rocheri Corb. ex Guétrot) in France,[5][6] and in the region of Valencia, Spain.[7]

The species' chromosome number is 2n = 16.[8]

Description

Sea holly is a glabrous, intensely glaucous, clump-forming perennial growing to around 60 cm tall. It is a slightly succulent xerophyte with a deep, well-developed root system and waxy leaf cuticle. The leaves are stiff, spiny, and leathery. The basal leaves, which measure 5 – 15 cm in length and are rolled when young,[9] are palmately 3-lobed and suborbicular, truncate, or cordate at the base.[8] The stem leaves are similar, but are smaller, sessile, and palmate. All leaves have thick margins, often with purplish veins, and stomata on both sides. The petiole is channeled and dilated at the base.[9]

The

cotyledons are abruptly contracted into a petiole.[8]

The flowers are bluish white and measure 8mm across, in 1.5 – 2.5 cm heads

bracteoles are longer than the flowers. The sepals measure 4 – 5 mm and are longer than the petals.[8]

The fruit is 13 – 15 mm, more or less uncompressed and covered in stigmatic papillae which become longer towards the apex. The

styles are about 6 mm long, divergent to somewhat recurved.[8]

It flowers June to September.

Identification

Apart from the context of its specific coastal habitat, sea holly may also be distinguished from its

congeners by the deeper, strongly spiny teeth on the basal leaves and stem leaves.[11]

Distribution

Throughout its range, sea holly is a coastal species, occurring locally and almost continuously along the coastlines of England and Ireland. In Great Britain, it is most abundant on the south and west coasts, but now largely extinct from the coasts of northeast England and Scotland; however, it may have once been more common and widespread there.[12] It was formerly extant in Shetland, but never properly established at the northernmost limit of its native range. The last Shetland record was made from Fitful Head in 1884, where the plant probably once grew extensively on the sands of the Bay of Quendale.[13]

In Europe and adjacent parts of northern Africa and the Middle East, the plant has a wide native distribution.

Azov Seas.[12] The distribution also extends northwards into Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Lativa, and Estonia, along the Skagerrak and the Swedish islands of Gotland and Öland.[17] The Scandinavian distribution is relatively southerly, extending only as far north as southern Norway and Sweden.[18]

Sea holly has been introduced to parts of eastern North America, where it was once valued as an ornamental plant for seashore restoration.

marram grass.[20]

Habitat and ecology

Sea holly characteristically grows on the well-drained substrates of sand dunes and shingles confined to regions with mild winters.[12] More rarely, it may be found growing on rocky coasts with patches of sand interspersed between artificial hard coastal protection features with a similar structure to shingle. In northern Britain, its distribution is limited by the lack of suitable dune systems to grow on[21] It withstands the harsh environmental conditions typical of beaches and coastal dune habitats worldwide; namely low soil nutrient levels, frost, strong salty winds, high temperatures and insolation, and periodic sand burial.[12]

Sea holly is associated with various shingle and strandline communities, where it may be scattered within the vegetation. On shingles, sea holly occurs within Honckenya peploides-Cakile maritima strandline community above the tidal limit [22] On dunes, sea holly may be found growing in the Elymus farctus ssp. boreali-atlanticus foredune community,[22] the pioneer vegetation on foredunes, with Elytrigia juncea (E. farctus) as a dominant species.

Sea holly is a poor ecological competitor that generally thrives in open areas,[23] declining when habitats are invaded by shrubby species such as Rosa rugosa, Hippophae rhamnoides, Elaeagnus commutata and Salix repens due to substantial shading effects[12] This is because sea holly is a light-demanding plant,[24] although it is protected against water stress through excessive insolation thanks to its succulent equifacial leaves.[25]

Sea holly has deep, well-developed

internodes gradually lengthen in such a way that the perennating buds are brought closer to the ground surface for ensuring the plants' survival throughout the growing seasons.[26]

Status

Despite a widespread native European distribution, populations of this species have been declining substantially in the northern parts of its range, with some of these already having become extinct. It is now threatened or endangered in most European countries and included in endangered plant lists and

Red Data Books of several of these countries[27] In Britain, its historic decline may be at least partly attributable to being dug up from the wild on account of its popularity as an ornamental plant in gardens on dry soils.[28]

In culture, use and relationship with humans

Like other species in the genus, E. maritimum has been traditionally consumed to combat various ailments, especially thanks to the plant's high

L. monocytogenes.[31]

The roots of E. maritimum were formerly candied as a sweetmeat and recommended by

Dioscorides as a remedy for flatulence. The young shoots may also be eaten like asparagus.[8]

Sea holly has often been represented in paintings and other artwork, such as in works by Irish artist Patrick O'Hara and on postage stamp prints such as the 1967 one-franc stamp in

Goethe.[34]

They are named in a speech by

Falstaff
:

"Let the sky rain potatoes;
let it thunder to the tune of Green-sleeves,
hail kissing-comfits and snow eringoes [sea-holly],
let there come a tempest of provocation..."

— Falstaff, Act 5, scene v, "The Merry Wives of Windsor", William Shakespeare

Sea holly was nominated the 2002

M.P.C. 111803).[37]

Gallery

  • On the shore of the Mediterranean Sea near the mouth of Dalyan River, Turkey
    On the shore of the Mediterranean Sea near the mouth of Dalyan River, Turkey
  • Whole plant, Meia Praia beach, Lagos, Portugal
    Whole plant, Meia Praia beach, Lagos, Portugal
  • Flowers, Meia Praia beach, Lagos, Portugal
    Flowers, Meia Praia beach, Lagos, Portugal
  • In Rewa, Poland
    In Rewa, Poland
  • Close-up of inflorescence
    Close-up of inflorescence
  • MHNT botanical specimen
    MHNT
    botanical specimen
  • In Aggelohori, Greece
    In
    Aggelohori
    , Greece

References

  1. ^ Blindow I. 2006. Pflanze des Monats: Die Stranddistel. Inselnachrichten August, pp. 17–18. Hiddensee.
  2. ^ Huxley A, Taylor W. 1989. Flowers of Greece and the Aegean. Hogarth Press, London, UK.
  3. ISBN 0-398-06179-3
  4. ^ Grigson G. 1974. A Dictionary of English Plant Names. Allen Lane. pg. 192
  5. ^ Stace CA. 1975. Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles. Academic Press, London, UK.
  6. ^ Wörz A. 1999. A taxonomic index of the species of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae: Saniculoideae). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie), 5.
  7. ^ Aparicio Rojo JM. 2002. Aportaciones a la flora de la comunidad Valenciana, I. Flora Montiberica 22: 48–74.
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-901158-02-X
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9560144-0-5
  10. ISBN 978-0-00-718389-0
  11. ISBN 0-521-42793-2
  12. ^ a b c d e f Isermann M, Rooney P. 2014. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Eryngium maritimum. Journal of Ecology 102: 789 – 821.
  13. ISBN 0-900662-56-5
  14. ^ Hegi G. 1975. Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. V.2, Parey, Berlin, Germany
  15. ^ Hultén E, Fries M. 1986. Atlas of North European Vascular Plants (North of the Tropic of Cancer). Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany
  16. ^ Fitter AH, Peat HJ. 1994. The ecological flora database. Journal of Ecology 82: 415 – 42
  17. ^ Fröman, I. 1930. Phyllitis, Helichrysum och Eryngium på Gotland. Botaniska Notiser 1930: 225 – 232
  18. ^ Fremstad E, Moen A. 2001. Truete vegetasjonstyper i Norge, pp. 1–231. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim, Norway
  19. ^ Lieberman AS, O'Neill CR. 1988. Vegetation use in coastal ecosystems. Information Bulletin (Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication), 198: 1 – 31.
  20. ^ Weeda EJ. 1987. Nederlandse oecologische flora. Wilde planten en hun relaties. IVN, Haarlem, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  21. ^ Doody JP. 2008. Sand Dune Inventory of Europe. National Coastal Consultants, EUCC - The Coastal Union, in association with the IGU Coastal Commission, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  22. ^ a b Rodwell JS (ed.). 2000. British Plant Communities. Vol. 5. Maritime Communities and Vegetation of Open Habitats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
  23. ^ Stasiak J. 1986. The population size of Eryngium maritimum L. on the Polish Baltic Sea coast. Biologia 7: 65–75.
  24. ^ Ćwikliński E. 1972. Rozmieszczenie mikołajka nadmorskiego Eryngium maritimum na wybrzeźu szczecińskim. Chronmy Przyrode Ojczysta 28: 21 – 29.
  25. ^ Eberle G. 1979. Unsere Stranddistel (Eryngium maritimum). Zur Lebensgeschichte einer stark gefährdeten Pflanze. Verhandlungen Natur und Heimat und Naturhistorisches Museum 16: 73–94.
  26. ^ Burmester, A. 2008. Beiträge zur Biologie und Anatomie ausgewählter Pflanzenarten (Angiospermae) der zentraleuropäischen Küstenflora. Doctoral dissertation, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel.
  27. ISSN 1407-009X
    .
  28. ^ Mabey R. 1996. Flora Britannica. Random House
  29. ^ Rjeibi I, Saad AB, Ncib S, Souid S. 2017. Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of Eryngium maritimum (sea holly). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 5 (5):212-215.
  30. ^ Meot-Duros L, Le Floch G, Magné C. 2008. Radical scavenging, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of halophytic species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116: 258 - 62.
  31. ^ Erdem SA, Nabavi SF, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Izadi M, Nabavi SM. 2015. Blessings in disguise: a review of phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of plants belonging to the genus Eryngium. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 25: 53 DOI 10.1186/s40199-015-0136-3
  32. ^ Robyns A. 1976. Eryngium maritimum en het domaniaal natuurreservaat van de Westhoek. Dumortiera 4: 16 – 17.
  33. ^ Bloom JH. 1903. Shakespeare's Garden. Methuen & Co, London, UK.
  34. ^ Albrecht W. 1997. Zeitgenössische Alpen- und Italienbeschreibungen in Goethes "Reise-Tagebuch 1786": Probleme ihrer Berücksichtigung für die Textkonstitution und Kommentierung innerhalb einer neuen historisch-krittischen Ausgabe der Tagebücher Goethes. Editio Beihefte 9: 179–185.
  35. ^ Plantlife. Sea Holly. Available at https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/sea-holly (accessed 03/10/2022)
  36. ^ "199194 Calcatreppola (2006 AO)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  37. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 17 October 2018.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eryngium_maritimum&oldid=1219587802"