Erzurum
Erzurum | |
---|---|
Monument | |
UTC+3 (TRT) | |
Climate | Dfb |
Website | www |
Erzurum (
and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010.The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age.[3]
Erzurum has winter sports facilities and hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade.[4]
Name and etymology
The city was originally known in Armenian as Karno K'aghak' (Armenian: Կարնոյ քաղաք), meaning city of Karin, to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին).[1] It is presumed its name was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis.[5] An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the Kamsarakans, the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian Kārin Pahlav family, lent its name to the locale that eventually became the city.[6]
During Roman times, Erzurum was named Theodosiopolis (
It received its present name after its conquest by the
Some older sources derive the name Erzurum from the
During the brief period it came under Georgian rule,[when?] the city was known as Karnu-kalaki (Georgian: კარნუ-ქალაქი).[11]
History
Early history
The surroundings of Erzurum at the
Later, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the
As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors
Middle Ages
Theodosiopolis was conquered by the
In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by
Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and
It served as the capital of the
Modern history
In 1821, during the last major
World War I and Turkish War of independence
The 40,000-strong Armenian population was deported from the city and killed en masse during the 1915 Armenian genocide. Their cultural institutions, including churches, clubs, and schools, were looted, destroyed, or otherwise left derelict. When Russian forces occupied Erzurum in 1916, there were scarcely 200 Armenians left alive.[24]
The city was also the location of
Inspectorate General
In September 1935 Erzurum was made the seat of the newly created third
Ecclesiastical history
Theodosiopolis was important enough in the Late
Its historically recorded Suffragan Bishops were :
- Petrus I, intervening at the council of 448 convoked by Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople in his see to condemn Archimandrite Eutyches as a heretic for his extreme opposition to Nestorianism
- Manasse intervened at the Council of Chalcedon in 451
- Petrus II participated in the 533 dispute in Constantinople between 'orthodoxy' and Monophysitism
- As ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
Council of Theodosiopolis (593)
After the long
As Ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic
Demographics
In 1829 Erzurum had 130,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 Armenians.[32] In 1909, there were 60,000 inhabitants, including 15,000 Armenians (2,500 families).[32] Armenians mainly lived in the northern and northwestern districts of the city.[32] On the eve of the First World War, 37,480 Armenians lived in the kaza of Erzurum, with 43 churches, three monasteries and 52 schools.[32] All but about 200 Armenians were executed during the Armenian genocide.[32]
Today, the city has a Lom population.[33]
Economy
One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been Atatürk University. Established in 1950, it is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for winter sports at the nearby Palandöken Mountain.
Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.
For now, Erzurum is the ending point of the
Tourism
Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the 13th century
Culture
Cuisine
One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is
Kadayıf Dolması is an exquisite dessert made with walnut.
Other regional foodstuffs include Su böreği (wet pastry), ekşili dolma (sour stuffed vegetables), kesme çorbası (soup), ayran aşı yayla çorbası (nomads soup), çiriş, şalgam dolması (stuffed turnip), yumurta pilavı (egg pilaf), and kadayıf dolması.[38]
Education
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020) |
The Erzurum Technical University[40] and the Atatürk University[41] are located in Erzurum.
Sanasarian College was formerly in Erzerum.
Sports
Venues
- Kazım Karabekir Stadium
- Erzurum Ice Hockey Arena
- GSIM Yenişehir Ice Hockey Hall
- Milli Piyango Curling Arena
- Kiremitliktepe Ski Jump
International events hosted
Erzurum has hosted the following international winter sports events:
- 11th World Ice Hockey U18 Championships-Division III – Group B Tournament– March 9–15, 2009
- 12th World Ice Hockey U18 Championships-Division III – Group A Tournament – March 8–14, 2010
- 25th Winter Universiade – January 27 – February 6, 2011
- World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship – April 23 – 29, 2012
- European Curling Championships – Group C Tournament – October 5–10, 2012
- 11th IIHF World Championship Division III – April 15 – 21, 2012
- 2017 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival – February 12 – 17, 2017
The city's initial football club Erzurumspor, which during 1998–2001 played in the Turkish Super League, was forced to relegate to the Turkish Regional Amateur League due to financial problems. It was finally dissolved in 2015.
After dissolution of Erzurumspor due to financial problems, Erzurum is presented by
Erzurum's football venue, the
Frank Lenz disappearance
In May 1894 American bicyclist Frank Lenz disappeared outside the city on the final leg of his quest to circumnavigate the globe on a bike.[42]
Climate
Erzurum has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb, Trewartha climate classification: Dcb) with very cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. The average maximum daily temperature during August is around 28 °C (82 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), on 31 July 2000. ; January is the coldest month, with an average minimum daily temperature around −16 °C (3 °F). The coldest recorded temperature is −37.2 °C (−35.0 °F) on 28 December 2002. Snow cover is frequent in winter, but the dry nature of the climate usually prevents large accumulation.
Climate data for Erzurum (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–2023) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
29.6 (85.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.5 (97.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
36.5 (97.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
3.9 (39.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.2 (13.6) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.1 (46.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.9 (3.4) |
−14.7 (5.5) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
3.4 (38.1) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −36.0 (−32.8) |
−37.0 (−34.6) |
−33.2 (−27.8) |
−22.4 (−8.3) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−34.3 (−29.7) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16.2 (0.64) |
19.4 (0.76) |
34.9 (1.37) |
55.9 (2.20) |
72.4 (2.85) |
42.1 (1.66) |
21.9 (0.86) |
16.5 (0.65) |
22.7 (0.89) |
46.8 (1.84) |
25.6 (1.01) |
21.3 (0.84) |
395.7 (15.58) |
Average precipitation days | 10.63 | 11.07 | 12.8 | 14.93 | 16.8 | 10.73 | 6.93 | 6.17 | 5.3 | 10.3 | 8.77 | 11.23 | 125.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
79.9 | 79.6 | 75.5 | 68.0 | 65.7 | 60.8 | 53.6 | 49.7 | 52.8 | 65.8 | 74.3 | 81.4 | 67.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 108.5 | 121.5 | 155.0 | 183.0 | 235.6 | 300.0 | 331.7 | 316.2 | 252.0 | 201.5 | 144.0 | 89.9 | 2,438.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.5 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 6.7 |
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[43] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020)[44]
|
Notable natives
Armenians
- Hakop Karnetsi, (1618–1673) Armenian historian, geographer
- Ghoukas Karnetsi, (1722–1799) Catholicos of All Armenians (1780–1799)
- Hovhannes Karnetsi, (1750–1820) Armenian poet, pedagogue
- Armenak Arzrouni, (1901–1963) Armenian photographer
- Nikita Balieff, Armenian stage performer
- Arshak Gafavian, Armenian military commander
- Johannes Avetaranian (a.k.a. Mehmet Sükrü), Seyyid (self-proclaimed descendant of the prophet Muhammed), Christian missionary
- Karekin Pastermadjian, a leader of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and an ambassador of Armeniato the US
- Vartkes Serengülian, Armenian deputy in the Ottoman parliament killed during the course of the Armenian Genocide[45]
- Kourken Yanigian, American-Armenian author, engineer who murdered two Turkish consular officials in 1973
Turks
- Acun Ilıcalı Television programmer
- Galatasaray
- Arif Sağ, Turkish singer, bağlama virtuoso
- Bülent Güven, Political Scientist and Politician
- president of Turkey
- Fethullah Gülen, Islamic writer and preacher
- Hasan Çelebi, world-famous Islamic calligrapher
- Huseyin Avni Ulas, Influential Politician during the early period of the Republic of Turkey
- İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi, Turkish and Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist
- Russo-Turkish Warof 1877–78
- Orhun Ene, Turkish Basketball player
- Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Islamic scholar known for his book titled The Big Book of Islamic Catechism (Büyük İslâm İlmihali)
- Recep Akdağ, minister of health of Turkey
- Şair Nef'i, 17th century Turkish poet
Others
- Markos Vafiadis, leading cadre of the Communist Party of Greece(KKE)
Twin towns and sister cities
Notes and references
- ^ OCLC 495469475.
- ^ Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ Chariton, Jesse David (2011). "The Mesopotamian Origins of the Hittite Double-Headed Eagle". UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research. XIV – via ResearchGate.
- ^ "25th Winter Universiade - Erzurum 2011 - Main Results". www.fisu.net. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
- ^ a b (in Armenian) Darbinian, M. "Erzurum," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93.
- ^ Pourshariati 2017.
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8..
- ^ a b See Joseph Laurent's extensive note in his (in French) L’Arménie entre Byzance et l’Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu’en 886, 1919, new edition revised and updated by Marius Canard (Lisbon: Librairie Bertrand, 1980), pp. 87–88, note 83.
- ^ (in German) Markwart, Joseph. Südarmenien und die Tigrisquellen nach griechischen und arabischen Geographen (Vienna: Mechitharisten-Buchdruckerei, 1930), pp. 41, 334, 339.
- ^ Robert H. Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003), pp 42–44.
- ^ Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 5, p. 412, Tb., 1980.
- ^ Kemalettin Köroğlu: The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroğlu/G. Darbyshire (Hrsg.): Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van. 6.–10. August 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005), p. 101.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 103.
- ^ Garsoïan, Nina G. "The Foundation of Theodosiopolis-Karin" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 63–72.
- ^ (in Armenian) Arakelyan, Babken N. "Hayastani Khoshor Kagh'ak'nere" [The Great Cities of Armenia] in Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmutyun [History of the Armenian People]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 3, p. 232.
- ^ Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 310, 320.
- ^ Whittow. The Making of Byzantium, p. 322.
- ^ Arakelyan. "The Great Cities of Armenia", pp. 232–233.
- ISBN 978-605-4567-52-2); pp.133–134
- ^ John A Boyle. "Persia (RLE Iran A): History and Heritage" p 43
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle, Vol.III, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, 1140.
- Dadrian, Vahakn N. Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 141.
- ISBN 0-06-055870-9.
- ^ Kévorkian, Raymond. The Armenian Genocide: A History. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 289-318.
- ^ See Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Competition for Erzerum, 1914–1921" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 378ff.
- ^ a b "Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri". Dergipark. p. 2. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.
- ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
- ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 536, nº 80, e p. 551, nº 112
- ^ Meyendorff 1989, p. 108-109, 284, 343.
- ^ "Titular See of Aprus, Turkey". GCatholic. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ a b c d e "Kaza Erzurum". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
- ^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 369.
- ^ "Europe gas pipeline deal agreed". BBC News. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
- ^ "Turkey, EU countries sign gas pipeline deal". Today's Zaman. 2009-07-13. Archived from the original on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
- ^ "Nabucco Summits Begins". Turkish Press. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
- ^ Ian Kelly (2009-07-13). "Signing Ceremony for the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Nabucco Pipeline" (Press release). United States Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
- ^ a b Erzurum city guide, travel guide, hotel guide, tourism guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://erzurumguide.com/
- ISBN 9781527526013.
- ^ "Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi". www.erzurum.edu.tr. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ^ "Atatürk University". Atatürk University.
- ^ "A lens on Lenz on the South Side".
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- )
- ^ Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide, pp. 533-34.
- ^ "Erzurum ile Azerbaycan kenti Şuşa 'kardeş şehir' oldu". Yeşil Iğdır Gazetesi (in Turkish). 2022-09-22. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "Urmia, Erzurum sign sisterhood agreement". 7 April 2015.
Further reading
- Published in the 19th century
- Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823). "Erzerum". A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.). New Haven: S. Converse.
- OL 7178931M.
- "Erzeroom". Handbook for Travellers in Turkey (3rd ed.). London: J. Murray. 1854. OCLC 2145740.
- Published in the 20th century
- Wilson, Charles William; Maunsell, Francis Richard (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). pp. 758–759.
- (in Armenian) Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. "Կարին-Թեոդուպոլիսը ավանդության և պատմության մեջ" [Karin-Theodosiopolis in Tradition and History]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 3 (1971).
- ISBN 9780881410556.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Published in the 21st century
- Enayatollah, Reza (2017). "Erzerum". In ISSN 1875-9831.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.) Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003.
- Sinclair, Thomas A. (2016). "Erzurum". In Fleet, Kate; ISSN 1873-9830.
- "Erzurum". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
Sources and external links
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2017). "KĀRIN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
- Erzurum Chamber of Commerce
- GCatholic - former & titular see Theodosiopolis in Armenia
- Bilkent Üniversitesi Erzurum Yerleşkesi
- Over 600 well-organized pictures of museum, city, sights
- Erzurum (Garin): Its Armenian History and Traditions - includes information on local Armenian monasteries, schools, poetry, dialect, figures, proverbs, habits, etc.
- ArchNet.org. "Erzurum". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.
- Bibliography – Ecclesiastical history
- Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 441
- Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Tomo I, coll. 437–438
- Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 6, p. 402