Eurasian spoonbill

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Eurasian spoonbill
Adult in breeding plumage

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Threskiornithidae
Genus: Platalea
Species:
P. leucorodia
Binomial name
Platalea leucorodia
Breeding range in Europe in blue (also in Asia and Africa, not shown)

The Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), or common spoonbill, is a wading

Northern Shoveller
.

Taxonomy and systematics

A study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills found that the Eurasian spoonbill is sister taxon to a clade containing the royal and black-faced spoonbills.[4]

The Eurasian spoonbill has three subspecies:[5]

Birds in Asia are sometimes separated as P. l. major.

Description

Eurasian spoonbill video

This species is almost unmistakable in most of its range. The breeding bird is all white except for its dark legs, black bill with a yellow tip, and a yellow breast patch like a pelican. It has a crest in the breeding season. Non-breeders lack the crest and breast patch, and immature birds have a pale bill and black tips to the primary flight feathers. Unlike herons, spoonbills fly with their necks outstretched. The Eurasian spoonbill differs from the African spoonbill with which in overlaps in winter, in that the latter species has a red face and legs, and no crest.

They are mostly silent. Even at their breeding colonies the main sounds are bill snapping, occasional deep grunting and occasional trumpeting noises.

Distribution and habitat

Common spoonbill in Danube Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine
in breeding plumage, Spain

This species is found widely in Europe, Asia and Africa. In Europe, it breeds from the United Kingdom and Portugal in the west, locally through the continent; ranging north to Denmark and east to the

Korean Peninsula, as well as Kuwait, southern Iraq, Iran, southern Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. In Africa, it breeds locally in coastal Mauritania, but more widely along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coasts. Compared to birds breeding in warmer parts of Asia, in Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, they are largely residential birds or only move short distances locally; more northern breeders generally migrate south to overwinter in the northern half of Africa or warmer parts of Asia. However, some northern birds do remain in the general region during the winter, including the United Kingdom, Iberian Peninsula, France, the Mediterranean and other European areas.[1][6]

Eurasian spoonbills show a preference for extensive, shallow wetlands with muddy clay and/or fine, sandy beds. They may inhabit any type of marsh, river, lake, floodplain, bog or

mangrove swamp, be it fresh, brackish or saline water. They are especially attracted to locations with undisturbed islets (for nesting), with dense, riparian-emergent vegetation (e.g. reedbeds) and scattered trees/shrubs, especially willow Salix spp., oak Quercus spp. or poplar Populus spp. Eurasian spoonbills may also frequent sheltered marine habitats during the winter, such as deltas, estuaries, tidal creeks and coastal lagoons.[1]

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Migrant breeding in Ranganathittu, south India
Museum specimen - île Kiji, Mauritania

More northerly breeding populations are fully migratory but may only migrate short distances while other, more southerly populations are resident and nomadic or partially migratory. In the

Palearctic, the species breeds in spring (e.g. from April) but in tropical parts of its range it times breeding to coincide with rainfall. Breeding is normally in single species colonies or in small single species groups amidst mixed-species colonies of other waterbirds such as herons, egrets and cormorants. Outside the breeding season Eurasian spoonbills forage singly or in small flocks of up to 100 individuals. Migration is usually conducted in flocks of up to 100 individuals. Most activity takes place during the morning and evening (although in coastal areas foraging is governed by tidal rhythms), they often roost communally in roosts which are up to 15 km (9.3 mi) away from the feeding areas.[1]

The nest is a platform of sticks and vegetation which is either constructed on the ground on islands in lakes and rivers or in dense stands of reeds, bushes, mangroves or deciduous trees up to 5 m (16 ft) above the ground. Within colonies neighbouring nests are usually quite close together, no more than 1 or 2 m (3.3 or 6.6 ft) apart. Breeding colonies are normally sited within 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) of feeding areas, often much less (although the species may also feed up to 35–40 km (22–25 mi) away).[1]

Feeding

The diet consists of aquatic

mollusks, newts, crustaceans, worms, leeches, frogs, tadpoles and small fish up to 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long. It may also take algae or small fragments of aquatic plants (although these are possibly ingested accidentally with animal matter).[1] They use sideways sweeps of their beaks to filter out the tiny fish and shrimps.[7]

Conservation

Overall, the Eurasian spoonbill is not threatened and the total global population was estimated at 63–65,000 mature birds in 2015.

increasing temperatures.[16] In the United Kingdom, it was extirpated around 1668, although in the previous century it had been a widespread breeding species in southern England and Wales, even near London.[17] There were breeding attempts again in the mid-1990s, with the first successful breeding in 1998.[18][19] This culminated with the formation of a small colony of 6 breeding pairs at Holkham in Norfolk in 2010. In 2011, 8 breeding pairs nested, successfully fledging 14 young, and in 2018 the colony had increased to 28 breeding pairs.[17][19]

Threats to the Eurasian spoonbill include habitat loss and degradation by drainage and pollution, it is especially adversely affected by the disappearance of reed swamps. In Greece disturbance from fishing once caused the population to decline, and human exploitation of eggs and nestlings for food has threatened the species in the past.[1] Breeding colonies are highly vulnerable to general disturbances and predators like red fox.[16][19] Consequently, colonies are often restricted to islands free of ground predators;[13] however, in some places, pairs in mainland colonies may breed successfully by nesting off the ground in trees and bushes.[11]

The research network Eurasian Spoonbill International Expert Group was formed in 1991.[20] It made an action plan for the bird in 2008.[21] In 2013 the group joined the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds.

Gallery

  • Nestlings
    Nestlings
  • Immature Eurasian spoonbill, Bundala National Park
    Immature Eurasian spoonbill, Bundala National Park
  • ID composite
    ID composite
  • 1726 drawing by Jacobus Houbraken
    1726 drawing by Jacobus Houbraken
  • Hieronymus Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights, 15th century
    Hieronymus Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights, 15th century
  • New International Encyclopedia, 1902
    New International Encyclopedia
    , 1902

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22697555A155460986.en
    . Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  4. ISSN 1175-5326
    .
  5. doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.7.2
    . Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  6. ^ "Spoonbill". RSPB. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  7. ISBN 0563 38792 0
  8. ISBN 9780946888528
    .
  9. ^ "European Red List of Birds" (PDF). BirdLife Europe. 1 August 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  10. ^ Lok, T.; Overdijk, O.; Horn, H.; Piersma, T. (2009). "De lepelaarpopulatie van de Waddenkomt het einde van de groei in zicht?". Limosa. 82: 149–157.
  11. ^
    S2CID 90180890
    .
  12. ISBN 978-90-5011-161-4
    .
  13. ^ a b Nyegaard, T.; Meltofte, H.; Tofft, J.; Grell, M.B. (2014). "Truede og sjældne ynglefugle i Danmark 1998-2012". Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. 108 (1).
  14. ^ a b Holm, TS; et al. (2020). "Fugle 2018-2019, NOVANA" (PDF). Aarhus University. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Varmere klima sender flere fuglearter nordpå til Danmark". Dansk Ornitologisk Forening (Danish Ornithological Society). 18 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  16. ^ a b "Mange skestorke flokkes i det våde danske sommerland". Dansk Ornitologisk Forening (Danish Ornithological Society). 26 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  17. ^ a b "Breeding spoonbills return to Holkham". 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014.
  18. ^ Unwin, Brian (27 August 2000). "Spoonbills return to breed in the UK after 300 years". The Independent. London.
  19. ^ a b c "Focus on: Eurasian Spoonbill". BirdGuides. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  20. ^ "AEWA International Species Expert Groups (ISEG) | AEWA".
  21. ^ "International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Spoonbill (Complete) (TS No.35) | AEWA".

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Platalea leucorodia.
Wikispecies has information related to Platalea leucorodia.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_spoonbill&oldid=1198895360"