FMRFamide

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FMRFamide
Names
Other names
FMRF amide; H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2; L-Phenylalanyl-L-methionyl-L-arginyl-L-phenylalaninamide
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
UNII
  • CSCC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)N
Properties
C29H42N8O4S
Molar mass 598.77 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

FMRFamide (H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) is a neuropeptide from a broad family of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) all sharing an -RFamide sequence at their C-terminus. First identified in Hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria),[1] it is thought to play an important role in cardiac activity regulation.[2] Several FMRFamide related peptides are known, regulating various cellular functions and possessing pharmacological actions, such as anti-opiate effects.[3] In Mercenaria mercenaria, FMRFamide has been isolated and demonstrated to increase both the force and frequency of the heartbeat through a biochemical pathway that is thought to involve the increase of cytoplasmic cAMP in the ventricular region.[4]

FMRFamide is an important neuropeptide in several phyla such as

Annelida.[5]
It is the most abundant neuropeptide in
tachykinin families, however the neuropeptide’s function is not known. Generally, the neuropeptide is encoded by several genes such as flp-1 through flp-22 in C. elegans. The common precursor of the FaRPs is modified to yield many different neuropeptides all having the same FMRFamide sequence. Moreover, these peptides are not functionally redundant.[6]

In invertebrates, the FMRFamide-related peptides are known to affect

feeding behaviour and reproduction. In vertebrates such as mice, they are known to affect opioid receptors resulting in elicitation of naloxone-sensitive antinociception and reduction of morphine-induced antinociception.[7]

Detection of this neuropeptide is important because its expression lays down the foundation of the CNS in the early stages of development in invertebrates. In recent years, neuromodulatory actions of FMRFamide in invertebrates have become more apparent. This is, in part, due to the extensive studies done on the Planorbid and Lymnaeid families of pond snails.[8]

See also

References

  1. PMID 877582
    .
  2. S2CID 6604186
    .
  3. S2CID 29936481
    .
  4. ^ Higgins et al., 1978 [full citation needed]
  5. PMID 15261735. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  6. S2CID 71981
    .
  7. S2CID 21256534
    .
  8. PMID 3171684
    .

External links
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