Ficus insipida
Ficus insipida | |
---|---|
Roots | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Moraceae |
Genus: | Ficus |
Subgenus: | F. subg. Pharmacosycea |
Species: | F. insipida
|
Binomial name | |
Ficus insipida | |
Synonyms[2] | |
Ficus insipida is a common tropical tree in the fig genus of the family Moraceae growing in forest habitats along rivers. It ranges from Mexico to northern South America.[3]
Taxonomy
The tree was
In the 1960 Flora of Panama, Gordon P. DeWolf Jr. lumped the species F. adhatodifolia and F. crassiuscula as synonyms of F. insipida,[6] but his taxonomic interpretation was not followed by subsequent authorities.[2]
- Ficus insipida subsp. insipida glabrous twigs, leaves and petioles.[7] Occurs in Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, Venezuela to Bolivia.[8]
- Ficus insipida subsp. scabra C.C.Berg - Much hairier plant. Occurs in the Guianas, from Venezuela to northeast Brazil.[7]
With about 750 species,
Mysteriously,
Description
This is a tree with buttress roots that ranges from 8–40 m (26–131 ft) tall.[6] Because this is a pioneer species which quickly colonises secondary forest, and it is also a fast-growing species which can grow into a massive tree in only 100 years or so, it is generally readily recognisable as the largest trees in such secondary woodlands.[13]
Leaves vary shape from narrow to ellipse-shaped; they range from 5–25 cm (2.0–9.8 in) long and from 2–11 cm (0.79–4.33 in) wide.[6]
Similar species
In Costa Rica or Panama it may be confused with Ficus yoponensis, but this similar lowland fig tree has smaller leaves, stipules and fruit, and only occurs in
Distribution
The nominate subspecies occurs from Mexico south throughout Central America to Colombia and Venezuela and thence to Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Amazonian Brazil, and north from Venezuela to
In Mexico it has been recorded to occur in the
In Bolivia it has been recorded in the northern and eastern departments of Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando and Santa Cruz: most of the country except the Andes in the southwest. In Ecuador it is known from the provinces of Esmeraldas, Imbabura, Manabí, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbíos and Zamora-Chinchipe.[17] In Colombia the species has been recorded in the departments of Amazonas, Antioquia, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caquetá, Casanare, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Guaviare, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima and Valle.[19]
The distribution in Brazil includes, besides Amapá and Pará mentioned above, the states of Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia. In the state of Pará both subspecies appear to occur, although this is unclear.[20]
Prehistoric distribution
Although it is often stated that the
Spatial distribution
The nominate subspecies is quite common in Nicaragua and Panama,[3][13] but subspecies scabra is conversely said to be a rare tree in the Guianas.[5]
Ecology
Habitat
The typical habitat of the nominate subspecies is lowland forests down to the coast.[3][8] Ficus insipida subsp. insipida does not grow above 1,100m in Costa Rica,[8][18] and is found down to 50m,[18] or sea level.[8] It grows between 0–700m in altitude in Nicaragua (exceptionally up to 1300m).[3] It can be found in either very humid, humid or dry climates, but it is almost always encountered growing along rivers, and often on slopes.[3][8][18] It is found in thickly wooded small hills abutting the coast in Atlantic Costa Rica.[21]
The scabra subspecies appears to have a slightly different habitat preference, being typically found on slopes in either rainforest or mountain savannas in the Guianas.[5]
Lifecycle and community ecology
Like many figs and other rainforest fruit trees, F. insipida is a 'mass-fruiter', and like many (tropical rainforest) figs but unlike many rainforest fruit trees, individual F. insipida trees fruit according to a staggered, asynchronous schedule with respect to other neighbouring conspecifics. Thus, irrespective of the season, there is always a fig flowering and fruiting somewhere, which can be
It is a
The flowers found within the figs of F. insipida are pollinated by the females of tiny wasps belonging to the genus
It uses
Uses
The latex is sold in South America as an anthelmintic, marketed as 'doctor oje' (ojé in Brazil). An analysis of overdoses in one area of Peru found only 3 cases that were apparently fatal and 39 cases requiring hospitalization over a 12 year period, which, based on an analysis of probable sales in the region, amounted to very low 0.01–0.015% fatality and 0.13–0.2% hospitalization rates.[25] The authors concluded the product was safe when dosed properly. No serious adverse effects were observed in any of several clinical trials on the product conducted in Peru, except for possibly one miscarriage in one 18-year-old woman (who did not disclose her pregnancy to those running the clinical trial) receiving a very low dose of ojé.[26]
The latex can be purified, leaving a complex of enzymes known as
It was initially observed that intestinal nematodes dissolved in a ficin solution, which increased interest in the product at the time as an anthelmintic, although it was not widely adopted.Ficin is a mix of different enzymes and can be produced from many different species of Ficus. The main proteolytic enzyme found in ficin produced from F. insipida has officially been named
According to Schultes and Raffauf in their 1990 book The Healing Forest, the fruit of Ficus anthelmintica (an antiquated
Conservation
As of 2021, the conservation status has not been assessed by the
References
- . Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Ficus insipida Willd". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Todzia, Carol A. (March 2020). "Ficus insipida Willd". Flora de Nicaragua (in Spanish). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- .
- ^ ISBN 90-9000987-6.
- ^ doi:10.2307/2394704. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d Vázquez Avila, M.; Cees, Berg; Kooy, F. (1984). "New taxa of South American Ficus (Moraceae)" (PDF). Acta Amazonica. 14 (2, suppl.): 199, 201. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i González, J. (5 December 2016). "Ficus insipida Willd". Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica (in Spanish). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- JSTOR 4135449.
- ^ .
- ^ Rønsted, N.; G.D. Weiblen; W.L. Clement; et al. (2008). "Reconstructing the phylogeny of figs (Ficus, Moraceae) to reveal the history of the fig pollination mutualism" (PDF). Symbiosis. 45 (1–3): 45–56.
- ^ PMC 4368618.
- ^ a b c Pérez, Rolando; Condit, Richard. "Ficus insipida". Trees, Shrubs, and Palms of Panama. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Center for Tropical Forest Science. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0950-7. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-691-14710-9. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
- ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture. 19 June 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ^ a b c "Ficus insipida Willd". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Gonzalez, Jose; Ocampo, Mery (4 April 2011). "Ficus insipida". Biodiversity of Costa Rica (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ^ a b "ontrato de Realización de los Diseños del Proyecto Específico de Senderización y Aprovechamiento Turístico Sostenible con Participación Comunitaria en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca – Manzanillo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-06339-3. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
- ^ JSTOR 4393905.
- ^ Horn, Michael H. (1997). "Evidence for Dispersal of Fig Seeds by the Fruit-Eating Characid Fish Brycon guatemalensis Regan in a Costa Rican Tropical Rain Forest". Oecologia. 109 (2): 259–264. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- (HTML abstract)
- ^ a b c d "Ficin". Vitamins & Supplements. WebMD LLC. 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- ^ a b Perelló, Mario; Arribére, María Cecilia; Caffini, Néstor; Priolo, Nora (2000): Proteolytic Enzymes from the Latex of Ficus pumila L. (Moraceae).Acta Farm Bonaerense 19(4): 257–262.
- ^ Rodrigues, Eliana; Rieli Mendes, Fúlvio; Negri, Giuseppina (2006). "Plants indicated by Brazilian Indians to Central Nervous System disturbances: A bibliographical approach". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 6: 211–244. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
- ^ "Moraceae" (in Portuguese). Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- IUCN. Retrieved 13 August 2021.