Fokker F28 Fellowship
F28 Fellowship | |
---|---|
A Piedmont F28-1000 on approach (1989)
| |
Role | Regional jet |
National origin | Netherlands |
Manufacturer | Fokker |
First flight | 9 May 1967 |
Introduction | 28 March 1969 with Braathens SAFE
|
Status | In limited military service |
Primary users | Garuda Indonesia (historical) AirQuarius Aviation (historical) Linjeflyg (historical) Biman Bangladesh Airlines (historical) |
Produced | 1967–1987 |
Number built | 241 |
Variants | Fairchild 228 |
Developed into | Fokker 70 Fokker 100 |
The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a twin-engined, short-range jet airliner designed and built by Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.
Following the Fokker F27 Friendship, an early and commercially successful turboprop-powered regional airliner, Fokker decided to embark on developing a new turbojet-powered commuter aircraft that would build upon its experiences with the F27. During the design phase, a high level of attention was paid to market research and operator concerns; amongst other changes made, the prospective jetliner was increased in size, changing its maximum seating capacity from 50 to 65 passengers. During April 1962, Fokker announced the formal launch of the F28 Fellowship.
On 9 May 1967, the prototype F28-1000 conducted its
Development
By 1960, Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker was engaged in multiple programmes; these included military aircraft such as the
During April 1962, Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker announced the launch of the F28 Fellowship. The programme was a collaborative effort conducted between a number of European companies, namely Fokker itself, West German aerospace companies Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and VFW-Fokker, and Short Brothers of Northern Ireland. Substantial government funding was also invested in the project; reportedly, the Dutch government provided 50% of Fokker's stake, while the West German government contributed 60% of the overall 35% German stake.[citation needed] Fokker had also approached several other aviation companies with offers of involvement, including France's Sud Aviation and Britain's Hawker Siddeley.[1]
Initial design work centered on an aircraft capable of transport a maximum of 50 passengers across distances up to 1,650 km (1,025 mi), the design was later modified so that it could accommodate up to 65 seats in a five-abreast configuration, noticeably increasing its maximum takeoff weight, on the basis of market research.[5] The enlarged aircraft was roughly comparable in capacity to that of the British Vickers Viscount, a successful turboprop airliner.[6] The design was capable of speeds well in excess of turboprop-powered competitors, but retained a relatively low cruise speed in comparison to contemporary jet-powered designs, facilitating its use of a relatively straight low-mounted wing and achieving favourable low-speed characteristics as to enable the type's use from 85% of existing airports used by the F27 and the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3. According to Flying, the tentative airliner could achieve double the productivity of the preceding F27, while the company itself referred to the jetliner as a complement to its turboprop-powered sibling.[6]
At one stage of development, Fokker had reportedly intended for the F28 to be powered by a pair of
The responsibility for both design and production of the F28 was divided between the partner companies. Fokker designed and built the nose section, centre fuselage, and inner wing; MBB/Fokker-VFW constructed the forward
The F28-1000 prototype, registered PH-JHG, first flew on 9 May 1967, flown by Chief Test Pilot Jas Moll, Test Pilot Abe van der Schraaf, and Flight Engineer Cees Dik.
Design
The Fokker F28 Fellowship was a short-haul, twin-engined jetliner, sharing broad similarities to the
The F28 was equipped with wings that had a slight crescent angle of
The F28 is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Spey turbojet engines; dependent on model, these would be were capable of generating up to 9,850 lbf (43.9 kN) of thrust.[13] While the feature was available at the time, Fokker chose not to equip the engines of early F28s with a water-methanol injection system, as they determined that the engines already possessed sufficient performance even when being flown under hot-and-high conditions.[5] Most onboard systems are designed with simplicity in terms of operability and serviceability; no hydraulic system was used, as actuation of the undercarriage and steering relied on pneumatic pumps, instead.[9] However, the F28 was outfitted with comparatively advanced electronics, as Fokker's design team viewed this factor as directly relating to overall competitiveness.[1]
One uncommon feature of the F28 was the movable split-sections installed on the tail cone; these would be hydraulically opened outwards to act as a variable air brake. A similar approach had also been used on the contemporaneous Blackburn Buccaneer strike fighter and on the later-built British Aerospace 146 regional airliner. The design is unique in that it not only slows the aircraft down rapidly, but also it can aid in rapid descents from economic cruising altitudes and also allowed the engines to be set at higher speeds, which helped eliminate lag time. This means the engines respond faster if needed for sudden speed increases or go-arounds on the approach to landing. The Fellowship had a retractable tricycle landing gear, which used large, low-pressure tyres, enabling the use of unpaved airstrips. The use of antiskid brakes on the main wheels of the undercarriage also contributed to a shorter landing run.[1]
Variants
A variant of the F28, equipped with an extended fuselage, was named F28-2000; this model could seat up to 79 passengers instead of the 65 seats on the F28-1000. The prototype for this model was a converted F28-1000 prototype, and first flew on 28 April 1971. The models F28-6000 and -5000 were modified models of the F28-2000 and F28-1000, respectively; the main features of these models was the addition of
Perhaps the most successful model of the F28 was the F28-4000, which debuted on 20 October 1976 with one of the world's largest Fokker operators, Linjeflyg. This version was powered by quieter Spey 555-15H engines, and had an increased seating capacity (up to 85 passengers), a larger wingspan with reinforced wings, a new cockpit, and a new "wide-look" interior featuring enclosed overhead lockers and a less 'tubular' look. The F28-3000, the successor to the F28-1000, featured the same improvements as the F28-4000.[citation needed]
- F.28 Mk 1000 (F28-1000)
- With a maximum capacity of 70 passengers, it was approved on 24 February 1969, the 1000C had a main-deck large cargo door.[14]
- F.28 Mk 2000 (F28-2000)
- A Mark 1000 with a fuselage stretch of 57 in (1.4 m) in front of and 30 in (0.76 m) aft of the wing, 79 maximum passengers, it was approved on 30 August 1972.[14] Though it first flew on 28 April 1971, and successfully began revenue service with Nigeria Airways in October 1971, only 10 were built.[10]
- F.28 Mk 3000 (F28-3000)
- A Mark 1000 with a 60 in (1.5 m) wingspan extension, it was approved on 19 July 1978, with a 3000C variant with a large main-deck cargo door.[14] A successful variant, featuring greater structural strength and increased fuel capacity, it began revenue service with Garuda Indonesia.[10]
- F.28 Mk 4000 (F28-4000)
- Approved on 13 December 1976, it is built on the longer Mark 2000, with two
Undeveloped variants
- F.28 Mk 5000 (F28-5000)
- This was to combine the shorter fuselage of the Mk 3000 and an increased wingspan. Rolls-Royce RB183 Mk555-15H engines were to be used. Although expected to be an excellent plane to operate on short runways due to its superior power, the project was abandoned.[10]
- F.28 Mk 6000 (F28-6000)
- It first flew on 27 September 1973, and had the longer fuselage of the Mk 2000/4000 with an increased wingspan and leading edge slats. It was certified in the Netherlands on 30 October 1975. Two were built by 1976.[10][15]
- F.28 Mk 6600 (F28-6600)
- Proposed version, not built[10]
- Fairchild 228
- Proposed 50-seat American version to be assembled by Fairchild-Hiller with Rolls-Royce RB.203 Trent engines[16] Project cancelled.
Operators
By 2019, no Fokker F28 aircraft remained in civil service.
Current military/government operators
- LADE (2)
- Colombian Air Force(2)
Accidents and incidents
The following is a list of Fokker F28 accidents and incidents:
- Braathens SAFE Flight 239 – 23 December 1972, (Asker, suburb of Oslo, Norway): 41 fatalities - 40 immediately from the crash, and 1 in 1976 from injuries originally caused by the crash. First fatal crash of a Fokker Fellowship.
- Itavia – 1 January 1974, (Caselle Torinese, airport of Turin, Italy): 38 fatalities. Flight IH897 from Cagliari to Geneva with intermediate stops in Bologna and Turin, crashed about 2 miles south of Runway 36 while attempting to land in fog. Airplane involved was registered I-TIDE.
- Turkish Airlines Flight 301 – 26 January 1974, (İzmir, Turkey): 66 fatalities. The aircraft crashed 100 m (330 ft) away from the airfield during takeoff because of icing and over-rotation.
- Marmara Seaon its second approach. The first approach failed when a power outage caused the runway lights to fail. Cause of the accident is unknown.
- Garuda Indonesia Airways Flight 150 – 24 September 1975 near Palembang, Indonesia: 26 fatalities. Crashed on approach in fog killing 25 people out of 61 passengers and crew. 1 person was killed on the ground.
- Turkish Airlines - 23 December 1979, 41 fatalities. Jet named "Trabzon" was destroyed that flew into the side of a hill nearby ESB airport from Samsun Airport (SSX). The crew had deviated from the localizer course while on an ILS approach.
- Polonia International Airport. There was bad weather at the time of the crash.
- NLM CityHopper Flight 431 – 6 October 1981 (Moerdijk, Netherlands): 17 fatalities, the aircraft flew into a tornado which broke off one of the wings.
- Tanjung Karang-Branti Airportin bad weather, 27 fatalities.
- Nigeria Airways Flight 250 – 28 November 1983 (Enugu, Nigeria): 53 fatalities, 19 survivors. Controlled flight into terrain in poor weather.
- Air Ontario Flight 1363 – 10 March 1989 (Dryden, Ontario, Canada): 24 fatalities. Due to various factors including snow, ice and lack of use of anti-icing measures.
- Korean Air Flight 175 - 25 November 1989 (Gimpo, South Korea) The plane was on a regularly scheduled flight from Seoul to Ulsan, improper flight preparation caused wing icing which, in turn, caused the number one engine to lose power on take-off. The pilot immediately lost directional control and aborted the take-off. However, the abort was so abrupt that the aircraft overran the runway and exploded in flames. The airframe was not salvageable after the fire was eventually extinguished and was written off. No one died in the crash.
- LaGuardia airport
- Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 724 – Fokker F-28 Mk-3000 Registered PK-GFU - 1 June 1993. Domestic Flight (Sorong, Indonesia): 41 fatalities. Controlled flight Into terrain - The aircraft crashed onto a rocky beach on Bad Weather Landing procedures at Jefman Airport[19]
- Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 746 – 12 October 1994 (near Natanz, Iran): 66 fatalities.
- Air Mauritanie Flight 625 – 1 July 1994: All 4 crew and 76 of the 89 passengers on board were killed when their plane crashed at Tidjikja Airport.
- On 28 October 1997, a Trigana Air Service Fokker F-28 Fellowship 3000 passenger plane returned to land at Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta International Airport after the aircraft experienced technical problems two minutes after takeoff. Smoke and severe heat had entered the cockpit and the passenger cabin. The airplane sustained damage due to the heat.
- TANS Peru Flight 222 – 9 January 2003: None of the 41 passengers and 5 crew members aboard the Fokker F-28 survived after the aircraft hit a mountain near Chachapoyas, Peru.
Aircraft on display
- Indonesia
- 11117 – F28-3000 registered A-2803 on static display at Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force Base, Jakarta in Indonesian Air Force VIP livery.[20][21][22]
- 11175 – F28-4000 registered PK-MGJ preserved as a cinema in Baturraden, Central Java.[23]
- Myanmar
- 11114 – F28-4000 registered XY-ADW preserved as a bar at the Sky Palace Hotel in Naypyidaw.[24]
- 11161 – F28-4000 registered XY-AGH at the Defence Services Museum, Naypyidaw in Myanma Airways livery.[25]
- 11232 – F28-4000 registered XY-AGA at the Civil Aviation Training Institute, Yangon International Airport, Yangon.[24]
- Norway
- 11009 – F28-1000 registered LN-SUC at the Braathens SAFE livery.[26]
- United States
- 11016 – F28-1000 registered N500WN at Wayne Newton's Casa de Shenandoah, Las Vegas, Nevada.[27]
Specifications
Variant | -1000[13] | -2000[13] | -4000[28] | -3000[28] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seating[a] | 65 | 79 | 85 | 65 |
Hold | 459 cu.ft / 13m³ | 559 cu.ft / 15.9m³ | 459 cu.ft / 13 m³ | |
Length | 89 ft 10in /27.4m | 97 ft 2in / 29.6m | 89 ft 10.7in / 27.4m | |
Height | 27 ft 9.5in / 8.47m | |||
Wingspan | 77 ft 4in / 23.6m | 82 ft 3in / 25.07m | ||
Wing | 822 ft² / 76.4m², 16° sweep, 7.3:1 AR | 850 ft² / 79m², 16° sweep, 8:1 AR | ||
Max takeoff weight | 65,000 lb / 29,480 kg | 73,000 lb / 33,110 kg | ||
Empty weight | 35,517 lb / 16,144 kg | 36,953 / 16,707 kg | 38,825 lb / 17,611 kg | 37,139 lb / 16,846 kg |
Max payload | 18,983 / 8,629 kg | 17,547 / 7,976 kg | 23,317 lb / 10,556 kg | 19,003 lb / 8,620 kg |
Max Fuel | 2,869 Imp Gal / 13,040 l | |||
2× Turbofans | Rolls-Royce Spey Mk 555-15 | Rolls-Royce Spey Mk 555-15H | ||
Unit thrust | 9,850 lbf / 43.9 kN | |||
Cruise | 458kn / 848 km/h Max, 359kn / 666 km/h LR | 436kn / 808 km/h Max, 354kn / 656 km/h LR | ||
Fuel Consumption | 6,180 lb/h / 2,800 kg/h Max, 3,260 lb/h / 1,480 kg/h LR | 4,980 lb/h / 2,260 kg/h Max, 3,252 lb/h / 1,475 kg/h LR | ||
Max PL Range | 920nmi / 1,705 km | 900nmi / 1,668 km | 1,550nmi / 2,872 km | |
Takeoff (MTOW, ISA, SL) | 5,500 ft / 1,676m | |||
Landing (MLW, SL) | 3,540 ft / 1,079m | 3,495 ft /1,065m | 3,173 ft / 967m | |
Service ceiling | 35,000 ft (10,700 m)[14] |
- ^ 5-abreast, 31in / 79cm pitch
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
- List of jet airliners
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e May 1963, p. 94.
- ^ a b c d Eden 2016, p. 124.
- ^ May 1963, p. 25.
- ^ May 1963, pp. 25, 92.
- ^ a b May 1963, pp. 93-94.
- ^ a b c May 1963, p. 92.
- OCLC 892869921.
- OCLC 892869921.
- ^ a b c d May 1963, p. 93.
- ^ ISBN 978-84-95088-87-1.
- ^ Eden 2016, pp. 126-127.
- ^ May 1963, pp. 92-93.
- ^ a b c "Commercial aircraft survey". Flight International. 24 October 1974.
- ^ a b c d e "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. A.037 for Fokker F28" (PDF). EASA. 3 September 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ Taylor 1976, p. 137
- ^ "What happened to the Fairchild 228?". AAHS Journal. Spring 1998.
- ^ "World Airline Census 2018". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
- ^ Flight International, 3–9 October 2006
- ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Fokker F-28 Fellowship 3000 PK-GFU Sorong-Jefman Airport (SOQ)".
- ^ "Taman Halim dengan Monumen Edukasi Pesawat F-28 Diresmikan". tni-au.mil.id (in Indonesian). 8 January 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ "Fokker F28 TNI-AU". aviahistoria.com (in Indonesian). 15 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ "A-2803 – Fokker F28-3000 Fellowship – 11117 – JetPhotos". jetphotos.com. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ "REGISTRATION DETAILS FOR PK-MGJ". Planelogger. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^ a b "Fokker News". Stichting AIRnieuws Nederland. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
- ^ "Fokker F-28-4000, XY-AGH / 1114". ABPic. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^ "Fokker F 28 1000 Fellowship". Norwegian Aviation Museum. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^ "11 Unusual Preserved Airliners in the USA". Airport Spotting. 2017-07-03. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^ a b "Commuter airliner guide". Flight International. 21 March 1981.
Bibliography
- "Andean Air Power...The Peruvian Air Force". Air International. Vol. 34, no. 5. May 1988. pp. 224–235, 240.
- Eden, Paul E. "The World's Most Powerful Civilian Aircraft." Rosen Publishing Group, 2016. ISBN 1-4994-6588-2
- May, Darryl. "Holland's Short-Haul Jet Transport." Flying Magazine, Vol. 72, No. 1. January 1963. pp. 25, 92-94. ISSN 0015-4806.
- Taylor, John W. R., ed. (1976). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1976–77. London: Jane's Yearbooks. ISBN 978-0-354-00538-8.
Further reading
- "Slatted F.28". Flight International. 7 December 1972.
- "F.28 update". Flight International. 1 May 1975.