French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle in 2019.
| |
Class overview | |
---|---|
Name | Charles de Gaulle class |
Operators | French Navy |
Preceded by | Clemenceau class |
Succeeded by | |
Cost | €3 billion (2001) |
Built | 1989–2000 |
In commission | 2001–present |
Planned | 1 |
Completed | 1 |
History | |
France | |
Name | Charles de Gaulle |
Namesake | Charles de Gaulle |
Ordered | 3 February 1986 |
Builder | Naval Group |
Laid down | 14 April 1989 (stacking of elements in prefabrication since 24 November 1987) |
Launched | 7 May 1994 |
Maiden voyage | 18 May 2001 |
Renamed | Ordered as Richelieu on 3 February 1986, renamed Charles de Gaulle 18 May 1987[1][2] |
Homeport | Toulon, France |
Identification | |
Nickname(s) | CDG |
Honours and awards | Jack with the colours of the Ordre de la Libération (back) |
Status | in active service |
General characteristics | |
Type | Aircraft carrier |
Displacement | 42,500 t (41,800 long tons) (full load)[3] |
Length | 261.5 m (857 ft 11 in) LOA |
Beam |
|
Height | 66.5 m (218 ft 2 in) |
Draught | 9.43 m (30 ft 11 in) |
Propulsion | |
Speed | 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) |
Range | Unlimited distance; 20–25 years |
Endurance | 45 days of food |
Capacity | 800 commandos, 500 t (490 long tons; 550 short tons) of ammunition |
Complement |
|
Sensors and processing systems |
|
Electronic warfare & decoys |
|
Armament |
|
Aircraft carried |
|
Charles de Gaulle is the flagship of the French Navy. The ship, commissioned in 2001, is the tenth French aircraft carrier, the first French nuclear-powered surface vessel, and the only nuclear-powered carrier completed outside of the United States Navy. She is named after French president and general Charles de Gaulle.
The ship carries a complement of
Development
Construction
The carrier replaced Foch, a conventionally powered aircraft carrier, in 2001. Clemenceau and Foch were completed in 1961 and 1963 respectively; the requirement for a replacement was identified in the mid-1970s.
The hull was
Construction quickly fell behind schedule as the project was starved of funding, which was worsened by the economic recession in the early 1990s.[15][16] Total costs for the vessel would top €3 billion. Work on the ship was suspended altogether on four occasions: 1990, 1991, 1993, and 1995.[13] The ship was commissioned on 18 May 2001, five years behind the projected deadline.[17]
In 1993, it was alleged by
Trials and technical problems
Charles de Gaulle entered sea trials in 1999 which identified the need to extend the flight deck to safely operate the E-2C Hawkeye.[16] This operation sparked negative publicity, however, as the same tests had been conducted on both Foch and Clemenceau when the F-8E (FN) Crusader fighter had been introduced. The 5 million francs for the extension was 0.025% of the total budget for the Charles de Gaulle project.
The ship left
On 5 March 2001, Charles de Gaulle returned to sea with the ex-Clemenceau propellers and reached 25.2 knots (46.7 km/h; 29.0 mph) on her trials.
On 16 September 2001 the French press reported slightly higher than acceptable radioactivity levels aboard Charles de Gaulle, thought to be caused by a faulty isolation element. It was later discovered that the radioactivity levels matched the design, but that the regulations concerning acceptable radioactivity levels had changed. While the United States was preparing its response to the 11 September attacks in the form of Operation Enduring Freedom, French media complained about the lack of deployable French military power. At the same time, the Defence Commission reported the maintenance of the Fleet to be substandard. In this context, Charles de Gaulle, then under repairs, was again an object of criticism, with former President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing describing it as a "half-aircraft-carrier" and requesting the launching of the second carrier vessel (named PA2) to guarantee an availability rate of 100%.
Maintenance and upgrades
Charles de Gaulle's first major
On 14 October 2010, a four-month cruise was cut down to a single day when the ship suffered an electrical fault in its propulsion system.[24]
The aircraft carrier underwent an 18-month midlife upgrade and refit begun in February 2017 and returned to service in September 2018.[25][26][27] The nuclear reactor was refueled, standard maintenance was completed, and the ship's combat system was modernized, to better communicate with allies and support the Rafale fighters employed by the carrier.
Operational service
On 11 October 2001, the frigate Cassard, four AWACS aircraft and Charles de Gaulle were involved in a successful trial of the Link 16 high-bandwidth secure data network. The network allows real-time monitoring of the airspace from the South of England to the Mediterranean Sea. The collected data were also transmitted in real-time to the frigate Jean Bart through the older MIL-STD-6011 system.
Afghanistan
On 21 November 2001, France decided to send Charles de Gaulle to the Indian Ocean in support of Operation Enduring Freedom against
Embarked air power comprised sixteen Super Étendards, one E-2C Hawkeye, two Rafale Ms, and several helicopters. The Super Étendards carried out their first missions above Afghanistan on 19 December, executing reconnaissance and bombing missions, covering over 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi)Approximately 770 sorties were carried out from the carrier.[28]
On 18 February 2002, a
In March 2002, Super Étendards and six land-based
On 2 May 2002, Charles de Gaulle arrived in Singapore for relief, and returned to Oman on 18 May 2002.[30]
Indian-Pakistani crisis
In June 2002 while Charles de Gaulle was in the Arabian Sea, armed Rafale fighters conducted combat air-patrols with the United States Navy off the coast of India and Pakistan,[31][32] marking a significant point in the Rafale M's operational career and its integration with the carrier.[33]
Continuing operations
Charles de Gaulle participated in further actions as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005. She returned to Southwest Asia in May 2006 and shortly after supported coalition efforts over Afghanistan. The aircraft carrier regularly participates in the annual bilateral naval exercises between the Indian and French navies
Fifth overseas deployment: Task Force 473 and Operation Agapanthus 2010
A French naval task group, designated
The task group commander, Rear Admiral Jean-Louis Kerignard, defined force's mission as follows:On 28 November 2010, according to an
In December 2010, during its deployment to the
Between 7–14 January 2011, Task Force 473 participated in bilateral naval exercises, code-named
Operation Agapanthus 2010 concluded on 21 February 2011. Task Force 473 completed more than 1,000 flying hours flown from Charles de Gaulle in support of NATO's
2011 Mediterranean operations
On 20 March 2011, Charles de Gaulle was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 which called for a no-fly zone over Libya.[44] Accompanying Charles de Gaulle were the frigates Dupleix and Aconit and the fleet replenishment tanker Meuse.[45]
During Unified Protector, the air fleet had flown 1,350 sorties during the intervention in Libya. Charles de Gaulle was then withdrawn for maintenance at Toulon on 10 August.[46]
Following this deployment, Charles de Gaulle underwent maintenance and upkeep during an at-sea underway period in December 2011.[47]
2012 FANAL exercises
On 2 February 2012, Charles de Gaulle was underway for three days of sea trials. Beginning on 5 February 2012, carrier qualifications began for the pilots of its air group. This included transitioning of pilots flying Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) strike fighters to the new Rafale M fighters.[47]
On 16 March 2012, Charles de Gaulle departed for a one-month deployment to the Mediterranean Sea.
Operations against Islamic State
In January 2015, Charles de Gaulle began being prepared for exercises in the Indian Ocean. In late February, the carrier and its battle group entered the
On 5 November 2015, France announced Charles de Gaulle would return to the area to conduct operations
In late September 2016, Charles de Gaulle was deployed from
In 2020, while continuing
Mission Clemenceau
The aircraft carrier led the carrier strike group Task Force 473 on a five-month long operation that began in March 2019, through the Mediterranean Sea. Aircraft from Charles de Gaulle participated in the last major combat against the Islamic State in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani and then sailed for the Indian Ocean. Arriving in Singapore on 28 May, the aircraft carrier participated in a bilateral exercise with the Singapore Armed Forces.[71]
COVID-19 pandemic
In April 2020, 40 crew members began to show symptoms of COVID-19, requiring Charles de Gaulle to return to her home port Toulon arsenal earlier than planned, as reported on 8 April by the Ministry of Armed Forces.[72][73]
After 66 tests were conducted, the ministry announced on 10 April that 50 tests had returned positive.[74] Three sailors were evacuated by helicopter to Saint Anne Army Teaching Hospital .[74][75]
On 19 April, The New York Times reported that 1,081 crew members in the carrier's naval group had tested positive, nearly all of which were on board Charles de Gaulle. The figure equated to nearly 60 percent of the carrier's total complement.[76]
On 11 May 2020, Florence Parly reported to the National Assembly the conclusions of two investigations[b] into the outbreak on board the carrier, stating that the virus had first arrived before a stopover made in Brest, and that although the command and medical team aboard the carrier had "excessive confidence"[c] in their ability to deal with the virus, the investigations did not consider them at fault.[77][78][79]
Parly further explained that the introduction of the virus on board the carrier happened sometime between when it left Limassol, Cyprus, on 26 February 2020, and when it arrived at Brest on 13 March 2020.[78] During this time, personnel had been brought on board via air from either Cyprus, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Spain, or Portugal.[78] The spread of the virus, however, was exacerbated by the stopover at Brest.[78] Social distancing and other measures were taken after the stopover, but they weighed heavily on crew morale, so after enforcing the strict measures for a fortnight, they were relaxed, and a concert on board was authorized for 30 March 2020.[77] Parly also noted that all soldiers aboard Charles de Gaulle have since recovered from the disease except for one sailor, who was still hospitalized after leaving the ICU.[77] Later analysis by physicians at the Military Instruction Hospital Sainte Anne in Toulon found that 60% of Charles de Gaulle's 1,706 crewmembers were antibody-positive by the end of quarantine.[80]
Clemenceau 21
Charles de Gaulle led the carrier strike group (CSG), as part of the “Clemenceau 21” mission, which set sail on 21 February 2021. The CSG is deployed for several months to the Mediterranean Sea, then to the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf and is set to return to Toulon in June.[81]
From 18 November to 2 December 2021, the Charles de Gaulle took part in Exercise POLARIS 21 in the western
Clemenceau 22
Charles de Gaulle set sail on 1 February, leading the French carrier strike group (CSG) to the Mediterranean as part of Clemenceau 22 from February to April 2022. This CSG consisted of one air defence destroyer, Forbin; one air defence frigate, Alsace; one anti-submarine frigate, Normandie; one Rubis-class submarine; and one Durance-class replenishment oiler, Marne. The CSG was joined by other three other allies' ships and one submarine.[83]
Carrier air group
The carrier air group (le groupe aérien embarqué) operates three squadrons (11F, 12F, 17F) of fifteen Rafale M aircraft each, and one squadron (4f) of three E-2C Hawkeye aircraft:
- Flottille 11F
- Flottille 12F
- Flottille 17F
- Flottille 4F
Typically two Rafale squadrons are expected to rotate in the Charles de Gaulle carrier air group, and a pair of E-2Cs would supplement them. In peacetime, the number of aircraft on board may be lower: 30 (of 40 maximum) Rafale M, 2 E-2C Hawkeye, and 2 (of 4 maximum) AS365 Dauphin helicopters. Although 30 Rafales, divided into two squadrons, are expected to be on board, usually some aircraft remain in France for upgrade or training. US Navy F-18 Hornets and C-2 Greyhounds regularly conduct qualification arrested landings and catapult launches from Charles de Gaulle. In June 2011, two US Navy C-2A(R) Greyhounds were assigned to the French Navy to conduct operational carrier on-board delivery (COD) missions for Charles de Gaulle during the NATO intervention in Libya.
In 2019, Charles de Gaulle operated 35 aircraft during exercises, its record: 2 Dauphin helicopters, 30 Rafale M, 2 E-2C Hawkeye, and 1 NH90 NFH Caiman. In the event of war, the carrier is expected to operate close to its full complement of 40 aircraft. The air group took part in combat operations in Afghanistan, Syria, and Libya.
French aircraft carrier procurement
The French Navy aimed to be a two-carrier navy, mainly to ensure that at least one ship is operational at all times even when the other is under repair. This scheme requires another aircraft carrier to be built; however, Charles de Gaulle is the only aircraft carrier currently serving.
Cost considerations have made equipment standardization a necessity. In this context, there is a possibility of collaboration with Britain for future aircraft carriers. Thales UK (with BMT) made the design for the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier[84] suitable for construction for France as the French aircraft carrier PA2. Both countries took steps to make such a scenario possible: The new carrier had to be conventionally propelled to meet the requirements of the Royal Navy. France favoured nuclear propulsion, and a study was conducted to see if it was more cost-efficient than gas turbines.[85] However, the 2013 French Defence White Paper cancelled the plan for a second carrier.[86][87]
Following completion of the midlife upgrade, in October 2018 the French armed forces minister announced an 18-month study to determine the requirements for a future carrier.
See also
- List of aircraft carriers
- List of naval ship classes in service
- Mistral-class French helicopter carrier
Notes
References
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Translated into English
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
- Moulin, Jean (2020). Tous les porte-aéronefs en France: de 1912 à nos jours [All the Aircraft Carriers of France: From 1912 to Today]. Collection Navires et Histoire des Marines du Mond; 35 (in French). Le Vigen, France: Lela Presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-035-4.
- Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 2. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. p. 423. OCLC 165892922.
External links
- Official website (in French)
- Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier at Alabordache.fr (in French)