Frog (American card game)
Six-Bid • Tapp | |
Contracts: frog (pick-up), chico (simple solo) and grand (heart solo) |
Frog, sometimes called solo sixty, is a trick-taking,
Background
Frog is an American derivative of the south German game of
The earliest rules for frog appear in the 1907 edition of Hoyle's Games.[2] Virtually identical rules appear in the 1908 edition of Foster's Complete Hoyle where it is also described as "a very popular game in Mexico, and seems to be an elementary form of Skat, which it resembles in many ways." Almost every American author follows Foster in speculating that frog is derived from Skat, however, as Dummett remarks, "this is, of course, a complete mistake." Moreover, there is no direct evidence that frog or Rana was ever played in Mexico; all the early sources are American.[1][3]
The
Rules
The rules of frog have varied little over time. The following are based on the 1909 edition of Foster's Complete Hoyle which describes it as a "very popular game in Mexico".[3]
Players
Three to five may play, but there are only ever three
Cards
Frog is played with a
Rank | A | 10 | K | Q | J | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 11 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | – |
Deal and auction
The first dealer is chosen by any desired method. The dealer deals a
Beginning with eldest, players may
Frog | |||
Name of contract | Exchange with scat | Suits | Chips/point |
Frog | Yes | ♥ only | x 1 |
Chico | No | ♣, ♠ or ♦ | x 2 |
Grand | No | ♥ only | x 4 |
There is one round of bidding, but a player who announced "Frog" and is outbid by "Chico" may immediately raise to "Grand"; otherwise must pass. The winner of the auction is called the "bidder"[b] and plays alone against the other two active players. The bidder may not play a higher contract than that which won the auction. In a Frog the bidder exposes the widow, picks it up and discards 3 cards, placing them face down to one side. In Chico and Grand, the widow is untouched.
Play
Eldest leads to the first
Scoring
Once the eleventh trick is played out, players count up their
Rule variations
Since the 1950s, most sources modify the pre-war rules slightly as follows:[d]
- The dealer deals 4-(3)-3-4 cards instead of 3-(3)-4-4.
- The widow is not exposed in a Frog
Variants
Solo or Slough
The 1922 Official Rules published a variant of Frog called Solo or Slough. There were changes to some of the contract names and values:[4]
Solo or Slough | |||
Name of contract | Exchange with scat | Suits | Chips/point |
Frog | Yes | ♥ only | x 1 |
Simple Solo | No | ♣, ♠ or ♦ | x 2 |
Heart Solo | No | ♥ only | x 3 |
Other differences were:
- The number of possible players increased to seven
- The cards were fanned face down; the player with the lowest chose whether to be dealer or eldest hand for the first deal
- Cards were dealt singly, the 1st, 4th and 8th going to the widow which was called the slough
- In a Frog, the slough was not exposed
- Players started with 11 chips of one colour each worth 10, and 10 chips of another colour, each worth 1
- The first player unable to pay for winnings lost the game
- There were three systems for payments to or from non-active players:
- They only received payments
- They paid and received
- They paid and received for a Solo, but only received for Frog
- In a variation called Penalty Frog, the bidder paid the Heart Solo rate if a Frog contract was lost
Straight Solo
The same rules mentioned a Straight Solo in which the only change to the Solo/Slough rules above was that the Frog contract was omitted. In a Simple Solo contract, 1 chip was paid per point and 2 chips in a Heart Solo.[4]
Straight Solo | |||
Name of contract | Exchange with scat | Suits | Chips/point |
Simple Solo | No | ♣, ♠ or ♦ | x 1 |
Heart Solo | No | ♥ only | x 2 |
Coeur d'Alene Solo
The same rules introduced a variant called Coeur d'Alene Solo or simply Coeur d'Alene, this being the name of a town in Idaho. This was the same as Solo or Slough except that there were fixed payments for winning instead of point-based payments. Payments were in the ratio 1:2:3 e.g. 25¢ for Frog, 50¢ for Simple Solo and 75¢ for Heart Solo.[4]
Coeur d'Alene | |||
Name of contract | Exchange with scat | Suits | Payment |
Frog | Yes | ♥ only | 25¢ |
Simple Solo | No | ♣, ♠ or ♦ | 50¢ |
Heart Solo | No | ♥ only | 75¢ |
Footnotes
References
Literature
- _ (1907). Hoyle's Games. NY: McClure.
- _ (1922). Official Rules of Card Games. Cincinnati: USPC.
- _ (1924). Hoyle's Standard Games. Cincinnati: USPC.
- Beattie, Rob (2009). The Art of Playing Cards. NY: Quarto. ISBN 9780785836698
- Culbertson, Ely(1957), Phillips, Hubert (ed.), Culbertson’s Card Games Complete, Watford: Argo
- ISBN 0715610147
- Foster, R.F. (1909). Foster's Complete Hoyle. NY: F.A. Stokes.
- Goren, Charles(1961). Goren's Hoyle - Encyclopedia of Games. NY: Chancellor Hall, Ltd.
- ISBN 978-0-141-03787-5
- Pennycook, Andrew (1982). The Book of Card Games. London/NY: Grenada. ISBN 0246117567