Ganden Phodrang
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Ganden Phodrang དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང 甘丹頗章 | |
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1642–1959 | |
Status | Protectorate of the Khoshut Khanate (1642–1717) Protectorate of the Dzungar Khanate (1717–1720) Protectorate of the Qing dynasty (1720–1912) Protectorate of the People's Republic of China (1951-1959) |
Capital | Lhasa |
Common languages | Tibetan |
Religion | Tibetan Buddhism |
Government | Tibetan Buddhist Sacerdotal state Spiritual and Secular lugs gnyis (dual order) |
Dalai Lama | |
• 1642–1682 | 5th Dalai Lama (first) |
• 1950–1959 | 14th Dalai Lama (last) |
History | |
• Established | 1642 |
• Disestablished | 1959 |
Currency | Tibetan currency |
History of Tibet |
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See also |
Asia portal • China portal |
The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (
Name
"Ganden Phodrang" originally referred to the residential quarters of the Dalai Lama lineage at Drepung Monastery since the 2nd Dalai Lama. When the 5th Dalai Lama came to power and the expansion of the Potala Palace began, the Dalai Lama moved away from the actual quarters Ganden Phodrang and stayed at the Potala in the winter and Norbulingka in the summer. According to some, the Ganden Phodrang is represented by the Central Tibetan Administration or Dalai Lama's government-in-exile in Dharamshala, India after 1959. However, this is "Ganden Phodrang" in a different sense, the personal service or labrang of the Dalai Lama.
Ganden (དགའ་ལྡན) is the Tibetan name for the Tushita heaven, which, according to Buddhist cosmology, is where the future Buddha Maitreya resides. Phodrang (ཕོ་བྲང) means palace, hall, or dwelling.
History
Background
Mongol protectorate
The
The 5th Dalai Lama initiated the construction of the
From 1679 to 1684, the Ganden Phodrang fought in the
The Dzungar–Qing Wars (1687–1757) between the Dzungar Khanate and Qing China had a major impact for Tibet. While the military landscape of Inner Asia in the late 17th century was dominated by the conflict between the Dzungars and the Qing, the Ganden Phodrang regime was also involved in the war because of its religious role, which was sometimes disingenuous.[7] In 1705, the Qing conspired with a Dzungar faction to kidnap the 6th Dalai Lama, after the murder of his regent and government official. Due to these actions, Tibet's relationship with the Mongols declined in popularity.[7]
Qing protectorate
In 1717, the last khan of the Khoshut Khanate, Lha-bzang Khan, was killed by the Mongol Dzungar Khanate forces invading Lhasa. The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by the expedition forces of the Qing dynasty from Tibet in 1720, thus beginning the period of Qing rule of Tibet. Tibet was a protectorate of the Qing while remaining a priest and patron relationship. The Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control over Tibet while granting it a degree of political autonomy.[8]
The Kashag, the governing council of Tibet that lasted in Lhasa until the 1950s, was created in 1721 by the Qing. The council was to govern Tibet under the close supervision of the Chinese garrison commander stationed in Lhasa, who quite often interfered with the decisions of the Kashag, especially when Chinese interests were involved.[9]
Soon after 1727 the skilful and politically astute Tibetan
In 1788, problematic relations with Nepal led to wars with Nepal. Tibetans requested Qing intervention, which resulted in the Sino-Nepalese War. After the war, Nepal also agreed to accept the suzerainty of the Chinese emperor. Qing also issued the "Twenty-Nine Article Imperial Ordinance of 1793", which was designed to enhance the ambans' status, and ordered them to control border inspections, and serve as conduits through which the Dalai Lama and his cabinet were to communicate with the Qing emperors. The Golden Urn system was also instituted in this degree, although the system was not always used (in such cases the amban was consulted).
By the mid-19th century, Chinese hegemony over Tibet became weaker. In 1841-1842, the Tibetan army defeated the Sikh Empire's
The first Europeans to arrive in Tibet were the Portuguese missionaries
Post-Qing era
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, which ended Qing rule over Tibet, the 13th Dalai Lama declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. It was considered by the Republic of China as a part of the new republic, which gave Tibet the status of an "Area".[clarification needed] With its proclamation of independence and conduct of its own internal and external affairs in this era, Tibet is regarded as a "de facto independent state" during this period.
This would last until the 1950s, when Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China. The Kashag state structure remained in place for a few years but was formally dissolved in 1959 after the 1959 Tibetan uprising. The Tibet Autonomous Region was established by China in 1965 out of a part of the Tibetan ethno-cultural area. The Central Tibetan Administration was established by the 14th Dalai Lama and based in McLeod Ganj India since 1959.
See also
- Kashag
- Dalai Lama
- Mongol conquest of Tibet
- Khoshut Khanate
- Dzungar Khanate
- Tibet under Qing rule
- Tibet (1912–1951)
- List of rulers of Tibet
- Tibetan Government-in-Exile
- Sikyong
- Lobsang Sangay
References
Citations
- ^
ISBN 9781555846725. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
The Manchu, or Qing, Empire became Tibet's overlord in 1720 when it installed the Seventh Dalai Lama, but this relationship was not rigorously defined and the Manchu made no move to absorb Tibet as a province.
- ^ Shakabpa 1984, p. 111.
- ^ Shakabpa 1984, p. 124.
- ^ JSTOR 29755343.
- ISBN 9788863230581.
- ^ Lamb, Alastair (1965), "Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute" (PDF), The Australian Year Book of International Law: 37–52
- ^ a b c d Alice Travers and Solomon George FitzHerbert,"Introduction: Ganden Phodrang's Military Institutions and Culture between the 17th and 20th centuries, at a Crossroads of Influences", Revue d'Études Tibétaines, mars 2020, Asian Influences on Tibetan Military History between the 17th and 20th Centuries, Paris, No. 53.
- ISBN 978-1-5275-9202-5
- ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
- ^
Compare:
Tirtha Prasad Mishra (21 March 2011). "Une évaluation critique du traité tibéto-népalais de 1856" (in French). Retrieved 13 November 2022.
Le Népal se place donc en protecteur du Tibet (prenant ainsi la place de la Chine) et doit théoriquement l'aider en cas d'agression extérieure. [...] Malgré tout, tant le Tibet que le Népal cherchent à maintenir les relations existantes: pour l'un le traité est une marque d'indépendance, pour l'autre c'est la marque d'une gloire qu'il ne veut pas voir disparaitre.
- ^
Smith, Warren W. (31 July 2019) [1996]. Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-tibetan Relations. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781000612288. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
[...] assistance by Nepal to Tibet, whether under the Nepalese-Tibetan treaty of 1856 or not [...].
- ^
Lin, Hsiao-ting (December 2004). "When Christianity and Lamaism Met: The Changing Fortunes of Early Western Missionaries in Tibet". Pacific Rim Report (36). University of San Francisco. Archived from the originalon 2010-06-26.
- ^ "BBC News Country Profiles Timeline: Tibet". 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- ^ Stein 1972, pg. 83
Sources
- Shakabpa, W. D. (1984), Tibet: A Political History, Potala Publications, ISBN 978-0-9611474-1-9