George Barbu Știrbei
George Barbu Știrbei (Georges Stirbey) | |
---|---|
Georges Achille Fould | |
Foreign Minister of the Principality of Romania | |
In office July 15, 1866 – February 21, 1867 | |
Monarch | Carol I |
Preceded by | Petre Mavrogheni |
Succeeded by | Ștefan Golescu |
Personal details | |
Born | Georges Achille Fould Georg Schütte Harmsen | April 1, 1828
Profession | Soldier, diplomat, businessman, journalist, critic, playwright, biographer |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Wallachia |
Years of service | 1851–1856 |
Rank | General |
Commands | Wallachian militia |
Battles/wars | Crimean War |
George Barbu Știrbei or Știrbeiŭ, also known as Gheorghe, Georgie, or Iorgu Știrbei (
Știrbei remained a legislator of Wallachia and then of the
Știrbei divided the second half of his life between homes in Paris and
Biography
Origins and early life
Știrbei was born in
When his son was born, Barbu Bibescu-Știrbei was merely a
During those years, Barbu fathered six more children by Elisabeta: sons
Following interventions by Russia and the
During late 1851 George joined his father's government, replacing Postelnic Ioan Manu, who was taking a sick leave. During that interval, his sister Elena married count Leo Larisch von Mönnich from Cieszyn Silesia; George and his mother sailed to Vienna to attend the wedding.[23] In 1855, Elena gave birth to his son Georg Larisch, later husband of the Baroness Wallersee.[24] By then, George had ascended to more permanent offices in the administration: in 1853, he was Logothete of the Justice Ministry.[1] The cabinet also included Alexandru Plagino, who was brothers-in-law with the Beizadea; later, his brothers-in-law included Ion Emanuel Florescu.[25]
War Minister
A new Russian intervention came in summer 1853, during the escalation ahead of the
Russia's defeat restored his father to the throne, allowing Știrbei to be decommissioned and to return home; Wallachia and Moldavia had by then been placed under international supervision, ending Regulamentul Organic. The new tutelage of the country involved not only the Ottomans and the Russians, but also France, the
Beizadea Știrbei was eventually sent to France with orders to complete his military education there.
Through his son, Prince Barbu also communicated his plans for establishing the "
Expatriate Moldavian author V. A. Urechia claimed that, in order to secure the "moldy throne" of Wallachia, young Știrbei was actively courting Count von Buol's daughter, Josephine.[42] Appointed Caimacam in July 1856, Alexandru II Ghica immediately ordered State Secretary Plagino and Spatharios Știrbei to be stripped of their offices, and announced a formal investigation of the deposed regime, which caused an uproar among the Știrbeists.[43] In early 1857, the Beizadea had resumed his diplomatic tour—according to notes left by poet Grigore Alexandrescu, he openly associated with Grigore Pereț, who had tried to kill his uncle Bibescu, and asked the Ottomans to send in a military force in support of his agenda; these gaffes caused additional friction between the two conservative camps.[44] Also according to Alexandrescu, Știrbei's father "is not detested, but not for lack of trying" (dacă nu este rău privit vina nu este a sa).[45]
Conservative unionist
Unpopular with the boyars, and faced with their passive resistance, Ghica sought to reconcile with the moderate wing of the
The Știrbeist project was damaged by the election of January 1859, in which both Bibescu brothers stood as candidates in Dolj County.[50] The Beizadea also ran at Dolj's landowners college, in what was reported as a dirty race, complete with "machinations and base intrigues."[51] As reported by Steoa Dunărei, he also took a seat in neighboring Romanați,[52] though he eventually preferred to be listed as a Dolj deputy, along with Dimitrie Bibescu.[53] On January 19–20, he signed up to a Committee of conservative deputies, which supported either his father or Bibescu for the Wallachian throne. Led by physician Apostol Arsache (the Assembly president), they promised to govern Wallachia in accordance with the "principles of moderation and social progress", and also to uphold property against any promises of expropriation.[54]
A set of circumstances, utilized to its advantage by the National Party, resulted in the election to the throne of a Moldavian, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, as Domnitor of both countries—now officially the "United Principalities". His father's ambition of reaching the same result from a more conservative basis was frustrated on January 23, when his own candidacy for the throne was rejected by the deputies.[55] In his later notes, Beizadea Știrbei confided that he had wanted the throne for himself, against both Cuza and his own father;[56] still, he "enthusiastically voted for Cuza".[57] Prince Barbu was ill at home, absenting from the reunion of deputies which unanimously confirmed Cuza; George brought him the proclamation, so that he could sign it.[58]
After his own confirmation to the newly-formed Legislative Assembly, the Beizadea defined himself as the leader of a centrist faction. According to the left-wing's
Eventually, Știrbei joined the Assembly in the 1860 election, taking the majority vote at Craiova. This race was also mired in controversy, after the authorities alleged that he had bribed the electorate.[66] In March, he joined the committee which was to present Cuza with the Assembly's stances, but he resigned over disagreements with his colleagues.[67] During the ramified scandal, his alleged direct threats against Cuza resulted in his arrest.[68][69] He was charged with high treason and, reportedly, "Romanians [felt] passionate about the prisoner, asking that he stand trial."[68] The breach of his parliamentary immunity degenerated into a national embarrassment, prompting the collective resignation of Ion Ghica's Wallachian cabinet.[70] He retook his seat in the 1861 race. This came shortly after violent riots in Craiova, which, Știrbei argued, called for a parliamentary inquiry.[71] Carried by an anti-Cuza majority opposed in particular to land reform, this legislature elected him Vice President, seconding Catargiu.[72] According to various sources, he was also the President of that body.[2][29]
"Monstrous coalition"
An Ottoman diplomat, Aristarchi Bey, recounted in June 1861 that "the prince Stirbey" and other "leading boyars" were fostering "agitation in favor of a foreign prince"; this move, he suspected, had Russian backing.[73] In effect, the Știrbeis' protector, Kiselyov, who was by then the Russian Ambassador to France, pledged some support for bringing the Principalities under a foreign-born Domnitor; George saw Nicholas Maximilianovich de Beauharnais as the most worthy choice for the throne.[56] Together, Știrbei, Alexandru Constantin Moruzi and Manolache Costache Epureanu pushed the Assembly into a deadlock, filibustering over Cuza's attempt to introduce a copyhold (embatic), set aside for landless peasants and supplied from the monastery land reserve.[74]
During those moths, Știrbei drew close to the conservative club formed by Arsache, maintaining only loose contacts with the Catargiu faction—they differed on foreign policy issues, with Știrbei favoring an anti-Ottoman stance that Catargiu thought excessive.[75] In July 1861, Știrbei and Catargiu, who was by then the Prime Minister of Romania, reviewed with alarm a meeting of the left-wing liberals on Filaret Hill, which had demanded increased political representation.[76] That same month, the Beizadea's estate in Băilești witnessed resistance among the tenant farmers, who failed to show up for their corvée.[77] In September, Știrbei's commitments were probed by a French envoy, the Viscount Saint-Vallier, who tried to persuade Știrbei and Plagino that they needed to back down Cuza's project for complete administrative unification. Both interlocutors assured him that they would not oppose this outcome, though Știrbei was still primarily hoping for the institution of a foreign dynasty.[78] During the interview, the Beizadea expressed his worries that Cuza was an all-out radical who cultivated a friendship with the "socialist" Rosetti, noting that he and the entire landowning class were threatened with physical extermination.[79]
Știrbei was described as a covert reactionary by Rosetti, but he protested against the label; a polemic ensued.
Știrbei was subsequently a noted player in the "monstrous coalition", grouping left-liberals and "White" conservatives against Cuza and his centrist government.[88] In September 1863, he and D. Ghica were star defenders at Rosetti's own trial for sedition. Appearing alongside Brătianu and Anastasie Panu, Știrbei now spoke about press freedom as being vital for civic education.[89] With Cuza taking more radical positions on land reform, Știrbei also revised his stance. Alongside a bipartisan committee (comprising Rosetti, Brătianu, Panu, Ion Ghica, Anton I. Arion, Grigore Arghiropol and Nicolae Golescu), he now supported the sale of state land to the landless.[90]
Late in 1863, Știrbei and Grigore Sturdza welcomed Panu as he arrived in Bucharest to supervise the coalition.[91] Cuza's own response to the resistance was a show of force in January 1864, when an Ilfov County's "peasant militia" was paraded through the city streets. The pro-Cuza gazette Aghiuță reported that both Știrbei and Sturdza were successfully intimidated. "Before they left for Paris," they reportedly sent Rosetti a letter demanding to know why he, as the radicals' leader, could not prevent the Bucharest masses from joining in the maneuvers.[92] The Beizadea returned in April "with a political battle plan prepared by the former Princes—Gh[eorghe] Bibescu and Barbu Știrbei—and reviewed on a daily basis by C. A. Rosetti."[93] Publicly, Știrbei Sr had joined a group of former dignitaries in offering some financial support to Cuza's promise of land reform, donating to a compensatory fund for the monastery estates.[94] By April, the process was blocked: according to Aghiuță, the Assembly uncharacteristically decided that a vote on expropriation could not take place as long as a number of deputies, including both Panu and Beizadea Știrbei, were absent from the proceedings.[95]
Under Carol
The Domnitor followed up with a self-coup in May 1864. In the aftermath, Cuza began sending out signals that he intended to establish a Romanian dynasty, allowing references to his illegitimate son, Alexandru "Sașa", as "heir to the throne". This helped to alienate moderates, pushing them closer to the anti-Cuza camp; in June 1865, Știrbei Jr, Bibescu, Brăiloiu, Brătianu, Ion Ghica, Panu and Rosetti, alongside Beizadea Dimitrie Ghica, produced a formal pledge that they would "support by any means the election of a foreign prince from a Western ruling house."[96] During early 1865, Cuza's secretary, Arthur Baligot de Beyne, kept records of the Beizadea's meetings with other opposition heads.[97] Știrbei continued to support union and worked toward national independence for the new state. Also in 1864, he issued a protest against British attempts to consolidate Ottoman suzerainty over the United Principalities. In his note to Drouyn de Lhuys, Știrbei spoke about the "compact and homogeneous race" of Romanians settled "from the Dniester down to the Theiss", united in the aspiration of becoming a single national polity.[56]
Eventually, Cuza was toppled by the "monstrous coalition" in early 1866—a secretive palace coup in which Știrbei allegedly had a prominent role.
Eventually, Știrbei recognized the results of the
The Beizadea joined the 60-man conservative caucus in the Assembly, and, after the
Știrbei was residing in Nice by February 1868, when he attended a gala for the
Bécon withdrawal
From 1869, Beizadea George based himself in Paris, purchasing an apartment on Boulevard Haussmann,[115] and, in 1871, also an Empire-style château in Bécon-les-Bruyères. The latter had been a temporary home by Adolphe Thiers, and then an Orsini residence; heavily damaged by the Paris Commune, it was restored and enlarged by its new owner.[116][117] Settling in France for good, he forfeited his inheritance of the Știrbei Palace on Calea Victoriei, which went to his brothers, alongside the Buftea estates.[118] Instead, he took his parents' residence in Nice and most of Barbu's French assets. The issue, contested between him and his siblings, was settled at the Court of Cassation in 1873. This landmark case imposed on him to share the villa with the other inheritors, with special criteria for calculating the inheritance tax.[119] At the time, Știrbei was suing the administration of Paris for damages to his château, taking Jules Favre as his lawyer.[120] In 1882, as Paris auctioned off the ruins of Tuileries Palace, also destroyed by the Commune, Știrbei purchased the fence, which became part of Bécon complex.[121]
By 1878, Știrbei was a trustee of Le Temps, a
In August 1875, when Carpeaux was made Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, Știrbei was the first to bring him the news, at the church in Courbevoie.[129] The artist died a few weeks later at Bécon, "consoled by the touching care of his princely host."[124] Controversially, Știrbei had purchased Carpeaux's drawings (including his study after the cadaver of Victor Liet)[130] and his seal of authenticity, which technically allowed him to pass plaster cast as the originals; for several years, he battled in court with the Carpeaux estate over ownership of these items, ultimately relinquishing the seal.[125] Before donating the drawings, Știrbei released them as an album, published using photoengraving.[131] Carpeaux's tomb was another issue of contention: the Prince had ordered the body to be buried in Courbevoie, giving it a lavish funeral.[129] The widow, who was kept absent from the ceremony, sued and won, taking the remains to Valenciennes.[132]
Știrbei was also the patron of
In 1883, the Beizadea sold his Romanian estate at Cilieni to Petre Grădișteanu and Dimitrie Sturdza's insurance company, Naționala.[138] From 1885, Știrbei applied for naturalization as a French citizen,[1] which he obtained in 1888.[3] In 1895, he married Simonin. He took personal care of his adoptive daughters' training in art, allowing them to study with Léon Comerre and Ferdinand Roybet.[139] He also bought India and Sweden–Norway's pavilions from the 1878 World's Fair (respectively designed by Caspar Purdon Clarke and Henrik Thrap-Meyer), which became their respective studios.[116][136][140][139]
Final decades
In March 1887, rumors spread that Știrbei intended to replace Alexander of Battenberg on the Bulgarian throne. According to the Moskovskiye Vedomosti, he was supported in this by Britain.[141] Știrbei dismissed such stories, insisting that he had "no intention of reentering the political scene".[142] During that period of his life, although isolated, Știrbei still entertained Romanian guests, including, in 1888, the journalist Alexandru Ciurcu.[143] Following his brother Alexandru's illness and death in early 1895,[144] George also continued to have links with his Romanian family. In 1901, he and his cousin Alexandru Bibescu helped organize the Paris wedding between Dimitrie Știrbei's daughter, Martha, and Hans von Blome.[145] His manor in Băilești was targeted by peasant rebels in early 1907. From Paris, Știrbei sent telegrams asking that the 5th Chasseurs Battalion intervene in force; 42 peasants were killed during the resulting skirmish.[146]
By then, George's large family included numerous figures of importance in politics and literature. Alexandru's children included
From 1891 to 1902, Știrbei edited a posthumous edition of Weiss' complete works at
In 1908, Iorga published in Romania a study on Barbu Știrbei's life and opinions. This included a letter by George Barbu, whom Iorga had thought to be dead, in which he mocked another one of Wallachia's princely families. As recounted by Iorga in 1934, the document enraged one of its descendants, a "very well known Bucharest man", who provoked Știrbei to a duel. The historian himself was asked by the White Prince to step in, helping the two enemies reconcile; he also wrote a letter of apology to George Știrbei, who never answered.[154] Știrbei made the news again in August 1910, when one of his most trusted servants stole his wife's jewelry, worth 18,000 French francs, from her apartment on Boulevard de Courcelles.[155] In 1913, he provided material support for August Pessiacov to publish his contributions to the local history of Craiova.[156]
In 1916, at the height of World War I, Știrbei printed his complete works, including memoirs, as Feuilles d'automne et feuilles d'hiver.[2][157] The book, praised by Iorga for its "wonderful patriotic sentiment", also had a Romanian edition which "no one even noticed."[158] The same year, Les Roumains was republished under his real name, as part of a larger effort to circulate Romanian nationalist and related works in the Allied countries.[159] The Beizadea was a widower from July 1919, when the aged Princess Valérie died at Pontaillac.[160] Știrbei himself died a nonagenarian on the morning of August 15, 1925.[29] His funeral service was held with military honors at the Catholic church of Saint-Charles-de-Monceau, and his burial took place at Père Lachaise Cemetery.[161] In 1926–1928, his daughters were taken to court by the elderly Austrian tenor Georg Schütte Harmsen, who claimed to have been Știrbei's son by a chambermaid. Schütte, who showed records of his Orthodox baptism,[162] received a positive verdict in primary court, but died "of joy" upon receiving the news.[163] The Carpeaux controversy was prolonged into the 1930s and beyond by the sculptor's daughter Louise Clémentel, who repeated allegations made about Știrbei in her La verité sur l'oeuvre et la vie de Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.[164]
In 1928, the Știrbei estate was reportedly worth more than 100 million shilling.[163] From this total, Consuelo assigned a special fund to the Institut de France, which grants an annual Știrbei award.[164] She and Georges Achille inherited most of the assets, including the pavilions. The sisters had conflicting visions: Consuelo, who died in 1927, bequeathed her pavilion to host a memorial museum for Roybet; twenty years later, the municipality of Courbevoie confiscated the land for its own city museum.[165] The core buildings of the château were razed in conjunction with the extension of La Défense, although in the end nothing was built to replace them.[116] The former Swedish pavilion is home to a Roybet museum, which also has art by the Fould–Știrbei sisters.[136] In 2013, the Indian pavilion was restored and, since 2015, has been a studio for sculptors-in-residence.[136][140] Meanwhile, Știrbei's manor in Băilești was nationalized by the Romanian communist regime, and came to house the local town hall.[166]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Badea-Păun, p. 108
- ^ ISBN 973-27-0501-9
- ^ a b c Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 240
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 9–10
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 9–13. See also Hêrjeu, p. 162; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 137–138, 258; Papazoglu & Speteanu, pp. 182, 313
- ^ a b c d e (in Romanian) Alexandra Șerban, "Serial. Boieri mari, Episodul 7: Cum a renăscut neamul Știrbey din propria cenușă. Barbu Știrbey, cel mai abil om din umbra regelui Ferdinand", in Adevărul, February 25, 2017
- ^ Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 240; Iorga (1910), p. 31; Mucenic, pp. 73–74
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 15–17
- ^ Hêrjeu, p. 88
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 15–32
- ^ Iorga (1923), p. 59
- ^ Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 137–138, 258
- ^ Chirică, p. 357
- ^ Mucenic, p. 74
- ^ a b c Badea-Păun, pp. 107–108
- ^ Catargiu, pp. 268–269
- ^ Hêrjeu, pp. 99–100; Iorga, Istoria, pp. 38–39, 67 & (1923), p. 59; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 141; Papazoglu & Speteanu, pp. 169–170
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 31–32, 50; Papazoglu & Speteanu, p. 178
- ^ Chiper, pp. 199, 205–206
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 95–96, 133–134, 149–150, 164, 175, 191. See also Iorga (1923), p. 60; Filitti, p. 70
- ^ a b c Iorga (1923), p. 60
- ^ N. Săvulescu, "Costache Caragiale", in Revista Fundațiilor Regale, Nr. 2/1939, p. 378
- ^ "Nouvelles diverses", in Journal de Constantinople, December 4, 1851, p. 2
- ISBN 80-86388-00-X
- ^ Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 74, 215, 241, 282; Maciu, p. 62; Iorga (1910), pp. 36, 49–50, 53, 82, 158, 166–167; Mucenic, p. 74
- ^ Luminița Gavra, "Restituiri. Statul major princiar al oștirii (1830–1865)", in Document. Buletinul Arhivelor Militare, Nr. 1/2010, pp. 27–28
- ^ Iorga (1910), p. 152
- ^ "On lit dans le Wanderer, de Vienne", in La Presse, December 3, 1853, p. 2
- ^ a b c d "Nécrologie" in Le Temps, August 15, 1925, p. 4
- ^ Badea-Păun, pp. 108–109
- ^ a b c Badea-Păun, p. 109
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 109; Iorga (1910), p. 179
- ^ Meteș, p. 240
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 112
- OCLC 7270251
- ^ Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 240; Papazoglu & Speteanu, pp. 178–179
- ^ Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 73–75
- ^ Filitti, p. 70
- ^ Iorga (1910), p. 183
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 179–181 & (1923), p. 60
- ^ Filitti, p. 79
- ^ Meteș, p. 284
- ^ Maciu, p. 62
- ^ Alexandrescu & Lovinescu, p. 181
- ^ Alexandrescu & Lovinescu, p. 187
- ^ Maciu, p. 64
- ^ Iorga (1910), pp. 90–92
- ^ Chirică, pp. 352–353, 357
- ^ Ștefan Grigorescu, "Alegătorii din Romanați și Olt în timpul domniei lui Cuza", in Memoria Oltului și Romanaților, Issue 4/2016, p. 56
- ^ Gherghe, pp. 128–130, 161, 173–174; Hêrjeu, pp. 199–200; Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, pp. 239–240
- ^ Gherghe, pp. 173–174
- ^ Chirică, p. 356
- ^ Daniel Clain, Din trecutul mișcărilor pentru Unirea românilor, p. 37. Piatra Neamț: Imprimeria Județului Neamț, 1929; Theodorian-Carada, p. 54
- ^ Berindei, pp. 84–85
- ^ Chirică, pp. 357–359; Iorga, Istoria, pp. 339–342; Theodorian-Carada, pp. 55–58. See also Berindei, passim
- ^ a b c Iorga (1923), p. 61
- ^ Saint-Vallier & Ivănescu, p. 9
- ^ Theodorian-Carada, p. 57
- ^ C. A. Rosetti, "Unde ne ducu? (IV)", in Românulŭ, October 1, 1861, p. 866
- ^ Vasile Novac, "Activitatea politică a argeșenilor și mușcelenilor reflectată în paginile ziarului Românul în perioada august 1857 – iunie 1859", in Argessis. Studii și Comunicări, Seria Istorie, Vol. X, 2001, p. 247
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 109. See also Iorga (1910), p. 192
- ^ Vlad, pp. 4–5
- ^ Catargiu, pp. 93–95, 109–110, 155
- ^ "Parte non ufficiale. Principati Riuniti", in Gazzetta Ufficiale, No. 68/1860, p. 3
- ^ Iorga, Istoria, p. 371
- ^ Catargiu, pp. 183–186
- ^ Catargiu, pp. 171–172
- ^ a b "Correo estanjero", in La Discusión. Diário Democrático, April 4, 1860, p. 3
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 109; Catargiu, pp. 183–186; Iorga (1910), p. 192
- ^ Iorga (1910), p. 192
- ^ Catargiu, pp. 212–215; Saint-Vallier & Ivănescu, p. 9
- ^ Catargiu, pp. 213, 237; Hêrjeu, p. 205; Saint-Vallier & Ivănescu, p. 9
- ISBN 90-04-03639-3
- ^ L. Botezan, "Problema agrară în dezbaterile parlamentare din Romînia în anul 1862", in Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai. Historia, Vol. IV, Issue 1, 1961, pp. 133–134
- ^ Vlad, pp. 7–8, 13
- ^ Catargiu, pp. 266–271; Chiper, p. 202
- ^ Giurescu, p. 228
- ^ Saint-Vallier & Ivănescu, pp. 8–10
- ^ Saint-Vallier & Ivănescu, pp. 8–9
- ^ C. A. Rosetti, "Domnuluĭ Georgie Știrbeĭ. Arhon Spătar", in Românulŭ, October 8, 1861, pp. 891–892
- ^ Giurescu, p. 160
- ^ Giurescu, pp. 160–161; V. Mihordea, "Recenzii. Vasile Netea, C. A. Rosetti", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Nr. 5/1971, p. 1064
- ^ "Donaufürstenthümer", in Laibacher Zeitung, No. 140/1862, p. 559
- ^ Iorga, Istoria, p. 375
- ^ Hêrjeu, pp. 210–221; Ungureanu, pp. 501–502
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 110; Giurescu, pp. 168–169; Tanoviceanu, p. 14
- ^ "Revista politica. Domnuluĭ împlinitoriŭ alŭ comuniĭ (suburbiea) Amd̦a", in Românulŭ, April 14, 1863, p. 1
- ^ Giurescu, pp. 160–161, 168–169, 239, 354; Tanoviceanu, pp. 14–15; Ungureanu, p. 501
- ^ "Curți și tribunalurĭ. Curtea Apelativă Criminale. Audința de la 10 Septemvrie", in Romănulŭ, September 14, 1863, pp. 1–4
- Alexandru D. Xenopol, Studii economice, pp. 148–149. Craiova: Librăria S. Samitca, 1882
- ^ Hasdeu & Oprișan, pp. 38–39, 77
- ^ Hasdeu & Oprișan, pp. 99–100
- ^ Giurescu, p. 239
- ^ Hasdeu & Oprișan, pp. 117–118
- ^ Hasdeu & Oprișan, p. 172
- ^ Gheorghe Chiriță, "De la domnia pământeană la dinastia de Hohenzollern (1859–1866). Prerogativele și însemnătatea domniei în edificarea statului român modern (II)", in Revista Istorică, Vol. VI, Issues 1–2, January–February 1995, pp. 95–96
- ^ Giurescu, p. 336
- ^ a b Lică, "Diplomația d. ministru de esterne", in Ghimpele, Nr. 9/1866, pp. 34–35
- Gazeta Transilvaniei, Issue 33/1866, p. 132
- ^ Nicolae Filipescu, "Conservatism și liberalism", in Epoca, March 15 (27), 1886, p. 1
- ^ "Principatele române unite", in Telegrafulu Romanu, Issue 55/1866, p. 419
- ^ (in Romanian) Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Ghislain de Diesbach despre anul 1866", in România Literară, Nr. 45/2006
- ^ Iorga (1910), p. 193
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 110. See also Iorga (1910), pp. 193–194 & (1923), p. 61
- ^ Badea-Păun, pp. 110–111. See also Iorga, Correspondance, p. viii
- ^ Iorga, Correspondance, pp. ix–x; Lucia Tafta, "Relațiile economice româno-franceze: aranjamentul comercial din noiembrie 1876", in Muzeul Național, Vol. XII, 2000, p. 124
- ^ Dan Moroianu, "Dezbateri parlamentare și patimi politice între 1866–1867", in Buridava, Vol. VI, 2008, p. 135
- ^ "Romania", in Albina, Nr. 7/1868, p. 2
- ^ a b Badea-Păun, p. 111
- ^ P. Boutet, "Nouvelles diplomatiques et internationales", in Le Mémorial Diplomatique, No. 18/1870, p. 205
- ^ a b Chesneau, p. 212
- ^ "Epitome of News. Banquet", in County Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser, February 8, 1868, p. 6
- ISBN 978-2-600-03965-9. See also Iorga, Correspondance, pp. vii–viii & (1923), pp. 61–62
- ISBN 973-21-0562-3
- ^ Badea-Păun, pp. 111
- ^ a b c (in French) Mylène Sultan, "Les métamorphoses de deux jumelles", in L'Express, December 4, 2008
- ^ Badea-Păun, pp. 111–112. See also Chesneau, p. 213
- ^ Mucenic, pp. 74–75
- ^ "Art 19,304. Étranger.—Partage.—Biens français et étrangers.—Attribution des biens français à l'un des copartageants.—Droit de soulte.—Partage testamentaire antérieur, non suivi d'effet", in Journal de l'Enregistrement et des Domaines, No. 2703, December 11, 1873, pp. 551–556
- ^ "Informations", in Journal de Loiret, August 13, 1873, p. 2
- ISBN 2-87673-390-0
- ^ "Assurances", in Annuaire-almanach du Commerce, de l'Industrie, de la Magistrature et de l'Administration, Vol. 82, 1879, p. 685
- ^ Lăcusteanu & Crutzescu, p. 240; Mucenic, p. 74
- ^ OCLC 697992494
- ^ a b Badea-Păun, pp. 112–113
- ^ Guillot, p. 32
- ^ Chesneau, pp. 211–212
- ^ D. S. MacColl, "The Centenary of Carpeaux", in The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 282, September 1926, p. 146
- ^ a b Loÿs Delteil, "Carpeaux", in Le Peintre Graveur Illustré (XIXe et XXe Siècles), Vol. 6 (Rude—Barye—Carpeaux—Rodin), 1910, [n. p.]
- ^ Guillot, pp. 21, 43
- ^ Chesneau, p. 189
- ^ Guillot, p. 42
- The Open Court, Issue 12/1910, pp. 747–748
- ^ "Exposition des œuvres de Feyen-Perrin", in La Lorraine Artiste, No. 48/1888, p. 191
- ^ Badea-Păun, pp. 112, 114
- ^ a b c d Zafar Masud, "Art History: The Art of Architecture", in Dawn, June 18, 2017
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 114
- ^ Petre Grădișteanu, "D. Dimitrie Sturdza și art. 7 din Constituție", in Adevărul, January 18, 1908, p. 1
- ^ a b Badea-Păun, pp. 114–115
- ^ a b (in French) "Hauts-de-Seine. La nouvelle vie du Pavillon des Indes", in Le Parisien, May 5, 2015
- ^ "Edición de la Noche. Últimos telegramas", in La Iberia. Diario Liberal, April 11, 1887, p. 2
- ^ "Ultime informațiuni", in Epoca, March 26 (April 7), 1887, p. 3
- ^ Alexandru Ciurcu, "În cestiunea Expozițiunei din 1889", in Gazeta Săténului, Nr. 12/1888, p. 187
- ^ Mucenic, pp. 75–76
- ^ Félix, "Le Monde et la Ville. Salons", in Le Figaro, November 18, 1901, p. 2
- ^ Moraru, passim
- ^ Radu R. Rosetti, Mărturisiri, I, pp. 92, 126–127, 191, 194–195. Bucharest: Convorbiri Literare, 1933
- ^ a b (in Romanian) Constantin Ciopraga, "Anna principesă Brâncoveanu contesă de Noailles", in Convorbiri Literare, August 2008
- ^ (in Romanian) Simona Lazăr, "Prințul Alexandru Bibescu, un sonetist francez", in Jurnalul Național, March 18, 2011
- ^ Șerban Cioculescu, "Breviar. E. Lovinescu – Opere", in România Literară, Issue 19/1985, p. 19
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 108; Filitti, p. 70; Iorga (1910), p. 78
- ^ Badea-Păun, pp. 111–112
- ^ Badea-Păun, pp. 112–115; Chesneau, p. 189; Guillot, pp. 21, 43
- ^ Iorga (1934), pp. 34–35
- ^ "A travers Paris. La perle des valets de chambre", in Le Matin, August 5, 1910, p. 5
- ^ August Pessiacov, "Prefață la a doua ediție", in Schițe din istoria Craiovei, p. 6. Craiova: Institutul Samitca, 1914
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 111; Chiper, p. 206; Iorga, Correspondance, p. viii. See also Iorga (1923), passim & (1934), p. 35
- ^ Iorga (1934), p. 35
- ^ Zoltán Baranyai, "Comptes-rendus critiques", in Revue des Études Hongroises et Finno-Ougriennes, Vol. 3, 1925, pp. 307–308
- ^ "Nécrologie" in Le Gaulois, July 3, 1919, p. 2; "Nouvelles diverses", in Le Petit Journal, July 3, 1919, p. 3
- ^ Serigny, "Le Monde & la Ville. Deuil", in Le Figaro, August 18, 1925, p. 2; Valfleury, "Nécrologie" in Le Gaulois, August 18, 1925, p. 2
- ^ "Tribunaux. Autour de la succession du prince Stirbey", in L'Homme Libre, January 12, 1927, p. 3
- ^ a b (in Portuguese) "Alegria que mata", in Revista da Semana, Nr. 45/1928, p. 6
- ^ a b Badea-Păun, p. 113
- ^ Badea-Păun, p. 115
- ^ Moraru, p. 5
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