Craiova
Craiova | |
---|---|
Constantin Mihail Palace • Bibescu Manor House • Museum of Oltenia • University of Craiova • Carol I National College | |
UTC+3 (EEST) | |
Postal code | 200xxx |
Area code | (+40) 251 |
Vehicle registration | DJ |
Website | www |
Craiova (
Eight villages are administered by the city: Făcăi, Mofleni, Popoveni, Șimnicu de Jos, Cernele, Cernelele de Sus, Izvoru Rece, and Rovine. The last four were a separate commune called Cernele until 1996, when they were merged into the city.
Etymology and names
There are two possible etymologies for Craiova:
In Hungarian, the town is either referred to as Királyi, a remnant of the city's Hungarian rule during the Árpád dynasty,[9] or as Krajova.[10] The German name of the city is Krajowa.[11]
History
Wallachia 1475–1718
Habsburg Monarchy 1718–1739
Wallachia 1739–1859
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862
Romanian United Principalities 1862–1866
Romania 1866–present
Craiova, which occupied the site of the
as used for coins.The economic power of the Craiovești family at the end of the 16th century was about 100 villages (182 financial goods). This power gave them a statute of political autonomy so big, that the hospodars ruling at that time were not able to keep in power without an alliance with this powerful dynasty. From the Craiovești family there were chosen a lot of hospodars to rule the country: Neagoe Basarab, Radu de la Afumați, Radu Șerban (1602–1611), Matei Basarab, Constantin Șerban, Șerban Cantacuzino, Constantin Brâncoveanu.
In 1395 Craiova was probably the scene of a victory won by the
] Frequently referred to as "a city" after the first half of the 16th century, the Craiova area was always regarded as an important economic region ofUnder Prince
During the
Costache Romanescu, a citizen of Craiova, was among the leaders of the Provisional Government during the
Around 1860, there were 4,633 buildings in Craiova, which were 3,220 houses, 26 churches, 11 schools and 60 factories and workshops. In all, the city also housed about 90 industrial establishments, of which 12 were mills, 3 breweries, 2 gas and oil factories, 4
The period following the
In 1900, Craiova had 43.1% of the industrial units of
In the interwar period, Craiova, as the centre of an agricultural region, experienced little further
In the early 1960s, under the
After the
Geography
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Craiova has a humid continental climate (Dfa), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa). This results in a combination of occasional cold winters, but too mild of a climate to contain permanent snow cover, along with long and hot summers.
Annually, Craiova experiences 64 days with fog, more frequently in winter than other seasons. The city also experiences 34 days per year with thunder, and 1 day with hail.[12]
Climate data for Craiova (1991–2020, extremes since 1931)[i] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
28.4 (83.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
35.3 (95.5) |
38.8 (101.8) |
40.4 (104.7) |
40.8 (105.4) |
40.1 (104.2) |
34.4 (93.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
40.8 (105.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
1.3 (34.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.3 (32.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.1 (24.6) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
6.9 (44.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.5 (−22.9) |
−27.4 (−17.3) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−24.1 (−11.4) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.5 (1.67) |
33.9 (1.33) |
45.9 (1.81) |
48.8 (1.92) |
67.6 (2.66) |
74.5 (2.93) |
73.3 (2.89) |
47.5 (1.87) |
52.5 (2.07) |
51.9 (2.04) |
48.4 (1.91) |
50.2 (1.98) |
637 (25.08) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 13.7 (5.4) |
11.7 (4.6) |
6.6 (2.6) |
2.5 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.5 (1.0) |
7.9 (3.1) |
10.2 (4.0) |
55.1 (21.7) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.6 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 77.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
89 | 87 | 81 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 73 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 88 | 91 | 80 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
6.1 (43.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.6 (43.8) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 94 | 125 | 177 | 210 | 254 | 276 | 299 | 291 | 219 | 159 | 89 | 75 | 2,268 |
Source 1: NOAA[13][12] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity, 1973–1992)[14] |
- ^ Snowfall and Dew Point are for 1961-1990 period
Demographics
Historical population of Craiova | |||||||||||||
Year | Population | %± | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1859[15] | 21,521 | — | |||||||||||
1900[16] | 45,438 | 111.1% | |||||||||||
1912 census[17] | 51,404 | 13.1% | |||||||||||
1930 census | 63,215 | 22.9% | |||||||||||
1941 census[18] | 77,051 | 21.9% | |||||||||||
1948 census | 84,574 | 9.7% | |||||||||||
1956 census | 96,897 | 14.5% | |||||||||||
1966 census | 148,711 | 53.4% | |||||||||||
1977 census | 221,261 | 48.7% | |||||||||||
1992 census | 303,959 | 37.3% | |||||||||||
2002 census | 302,601 | −0.4% | |||||||||||
2011 census | 269,506 | −10.9% | |||||||||||
2021 census | 234,140 | −13.1% |
As of 2021[update], 234,140 inhabitants live within the city limits,
Ethnic composition (2011):
- Romanians: 241,176 (89.5%)
- Roma: 5,291 (2.0%)
- Other: 808 (0.3%)
- Data unavailable: 22,231 (8.2%)
Ethnic composition (2021):
- Romanians: 190,634 (81.4%)
- Roma: 2,639 (1.1%)
- Other: 922 (0.4%)
- Data unavailable: 39,945 (17%)
Economy
In the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova was characterized by economic growth and the increased presence of trade, commerce, and public services. Similarly to other large urban areas, Craiova became a commercial, administrative and cultural centre.
During the
Around 1860 in Craiova there were 4633 buildings, of which 3220 were houses, 26 churches, 11 schools, and 60 factories or workshops. There were also approximately 90 establishments with an industrial character, of which 12 were
In 1900, Craiova held 43.1% of the industrial units in Oltenia, having 924 industrial firms (of which 20 establishments belonged to heavy industry, using 1078 workers). In 1925, the number of heavy industry establishments had increased to 49, and in 1930 the number of workers was 5530. The banking industry was also present; at the beginning of the 20th century, there were 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change.
In the
In 1939, there were only 7 industrial units with over 100 workers in Craiova: the "Oltenia" clothing factory, the "Scrisul Românesc" ("The Romanian Writing") publishing house, the "Concordia" macaroni factory, the "Barbu Druga" bread and macaroni factory, the "Semănătoarea" factory and the "Traiul" bread factory. The only branch of industry at the same level of development as other centers of the country was graphic art. The two printing houses "Ramuri" and "Scrisul Românesc" were well-known all over Romania and abroad.
Starting in the 1960s the city became a powerful industrial center; it developed industry in machinery, tools, aircraft, chemicals, food, light industry, construction materials, electronics, extraction, and energy. The
During the
Of the city's working population (about 110,000 persons), 38% are employed in industry, 15% in trade and repair services, 10% in transport and storage, 8% in education, 5.7% in the medical field.[citation needed]
Politics
The Craiova Municipal Council, chosen at the
Party | Seats | Current Council | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Democratic Party (PSD) | 10 | |||||||||||
National Liberal Party (PNL) | 9 | |||||||||||
Save Romania Union (USR) | 5 | |||||||||||
Ecologist Party of Romania (PER) | 3 |
Craiova Group
The Craiova Group, inspired by the Visegrád Group, was founded on 24 April 2015 in Craiova by Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia.[20] Greece later joined to the organization in 2017.[21]
Landmarks
- Madona Dudu Church – built between 1750 and 1756, renovated in 1844, after being destroyed by an 1831 earthquake. [citation needed] Murals were completed by Gheorghe Tattarescu.
- St. Demetrius Cathedral
- The Church of Coșuna Monastery – the oldest building preserved in Craiova, dating from 1483. [citation needed]
- Băniei House – the oldest non-religious building that exists in Craiova, dating from 1699. Today it hosts the Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art.
- Craiova Art Museum – the building that houses the museum was built in 1896, following the plans of the French architect Paul Gotereau. Its main attraction is the art gallery dedicated to Constantin Brâncuși, exhibiting six of his early sculptures (including variants of his best-known works)
- Museum of Oltenia – founded in 1915 and divided into three sections: ethnography, history and natural science. The collection is based on donations made in 1908.
- Nicolae Romanescu Park (formerly Bibescu Park) – the largest and most well-known park in Craiova. Through the initiative of Nicolae P. Romanescu, the mayor of Craiova at that time, the park was designed by French architect Émile Rendont. Plans for the park were awarded the gold medal at the 1900 World Fair; work began in 1901 and was completed in 1903.
- Botanical Garden– The garden was laid out by the botanist Alexandru Buia and was opened in 1952.
- Jiu Meadow
Education
The first school in Craiova was founded in 1759 by Constantin Obedeanu. In the spring of 1826 Obedeanu's school took the name Școala Naţională de Limba Română which means National School of Romanian Language. This was the second Romanian high school after Saint Sava high school in Bucharest (founded in 1818).
- Frații Buzești National College
- Carol I National College (former Nicolae Bălcescu Popular College).
- Elena Cuza National College
- Stefan Velovan College
- Henri Coanda College
- Traian Vuia College
- Nicolae Titulescu College
- Stefan Odobleja Computer Science College
- "Constantin Brâncuși" Technical College of Arts and Handicrafts
- Tudor Arghezi Theoretical College
- Seventh Day Adventist Theological College
- Matei Basarab College
- George Bibescu Technological College
- UCECOM Spiru Haret College
- Marin Sorescu Art College
- Auto Transport College
- Gheorghe Chitu Economic College
- Energetic Technical College
- Charles Laugier College
- Petrache Triscu Sportive College
- Costin D. Nenitescu Technical College
- Food Industry Technical College
- Sf. Stefan Ecological College
- Auto Technological College
- Railway Transport Industrial College
Universities:
Sport
The first football teams in Craiova appeared in 1921, Craiovan Craiova and Rovine Griviţa Craiova. They merged in 1940, forming a team,
- footballteam
- footballteam
- Divizia A is a basketball team play in Polyvalent Hall
- handball team play in Polyvalent Hall
- Divizia A1 is a volleyball team play in Polyvalent Hall
Transportation
Public transportation in Craiova started in September 1948 with only 2 buses, received from Bucharest. The buses connected the Craiova railway station with the Nicolae Romanescu Park. The tram was first introduced in 1987, on an 18.4 km (11.43 mi) double-track line, as a result of the state's intention of keeping energy consumption low. The public transport in Craiova today consists of 3 tram lines and 17 bus lines. It is operated by the RAT Craiova , a corporation run by City Hall. There are 190 buses and 35 trams serving the city today.
Craiova is also a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national Căile Ferate Române network.
There are daily trains with service from Craiova to: Bucharest (3 hours), Brașov (6 – 8 hours - via connecting service), Cluj-Napoca (8 – 10 hours - connecting service), Sibiu (4 – 7 hours), Sighișoara (8 – 11 hours - connecting service), Timișoara ( 5 hours) [citation needed]
The city is served by
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
|
Notable people
Gallery
-
Town Hall
-
St. Demeter Church
-
National Theatre
-
Băniei House
-
Downtown
-
University of Medicine and Pharmacy
-
University of Craiova
-
Nicolae Romanescu Park
Notes
- ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ "Date generale << Metropola Craiova" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2017-03-21. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
- ^ a b c "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.
- ^ "Craiova". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ^ "Craiova"[dead link] (US) and "Craiova". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
- ^ "Craiova". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ^ "Populația României în fiecare localitate din țară - Recensământul 2021 vs. 2011" (in Romanian). hotnews.ro. 2 February 2023.
- ^ ISBN 9789004180109, p.272
- ISSN 0495-1719. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
A középkorban fő helye Királyi [Craiova], neve utal az Árpád-kori magyar hatalomra.
[In the Middle Ages, its main seat was Királyi [Craiova], the name of which refers to the Hungarian rule during the Árpád dynasty.] - ISBN 978-963-334-002-8. Retrieved 8 August 2022. p. 346:
Sud-Vest régió legnagyobb városa, Krajova (Dolzs megye központja) a Zsil folyó közelében fekszik.
[The largest city in the Sud-Vest region, Craiova (the centre of Dolj County), is located near the river Jiu.] - ISSN 0932-660X. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Die 21.684 in Deutschland verkauften Mini-SUV EcoSport stammten von Ford România aus Krajowa (Királyi/Craiova).
[The 21,684 EcoSport mini SUVs sold in Germany came from Ford Romania in Krajowa (Királyi/Craiova).] - ^ NOAA. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Craiova 1991–2020 normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Craiova (Krajowa), Walachei / Rumänien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world. Deutscher Wetterdienst. November 23, 2016.
- ^ Analiza rezultatelor Recensamantului General al Populatiei Romaniei de la 1899 (in Romanian)
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
- ^ "A Handbook of Roumania". Retrieved 2011-12-19.
- ^ Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948
- ^ "Population at 20 October 2011" (in Romanian). INSSE. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.[dead link]
- ^ "Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia Establish Craiova Group for Cooperation". Novinite. 24 April 2015.
- ^ Bochev, Venelin (6 December 2018). "Craiova Group – too late or better late than never?". European Policy Centre.
- ^ "Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon". © 2008 Mairie de Lyon. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
References
- Istoria Craiovei, Titu Georgescu, Constantin Barbacioru, Florea Firan, Virgil Joita, Constantin Mocanu, Luchian Deaconu, Ion Dogaru, Editura Scrisul Românesc, 1977
- Florea Firan, Alexandru Firescu, Craiova , Ghidul orașului, Editura Sport-Tourism, 1982
- Documentare statistică privind evoluția economică și socială a municipiului Craiova, Dolj County Statistical Office, 1992
External links
Media related to Craiova at Wikimedia Commons
- Craiova travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official city website Archived 2017-08-20 at the Wayback Machine (in English)