Girón Formation
Girón Formation | |
---|---|
Ma | |
Type | Girón |
Named by | Hettner (1892) Langenheim |
Location | Lebrija River |
Year defined | 1954 |
Coordinates | 7°11′39″N 74°09′13″W / 7.19417°N 74.15361°W |
Region | Santander |
Country | ![]() |
Thickness at type section | 3,346 m (10,978 ft) |
![]() Paleogeography of Northern South America 150 Ma, by Ron Blakey |
The Girón Formation (
The formation forms the
Definition
The formation was first defined by
Description
The Girón Formation extends over a distance of about 325 kilometres (202 mi) from
.Lithologies
The Girón Formation is characterized by a thick sequence of red
Stratigraphy and depositional environment
The Girón Formation in large areas of its extent overlies the
In the central area at the type locality in the Lebrija River valley, the formation unconformably overlies the Bocas Formation and is overlain by the Tambor Formation.[1] On the Mesa de Los Santos and the Bucaramanga Massif, the formation overlies the Jordán Formation with an angular unconformity dipping 10 to 15°.[10] In the central part it is overlain by the Rosablanca Formation. In the southernmost extent of the formation, along the road from Busbanzá to Corrales, the Girón Formation unconformably rests upon the Floresta Formation.[11] The formation forms the economic basement in the Middle Magdalena Valley.[5]
The age has been estimated to be
The formation was deposited in an
Provenance
The grains composing the Girón Formation have been analyzed using X-ray diffraction, resulting in quartz as principal component (73 to 97%), and clay minerals belonging to the kaolinite group (2 to 4%) and illite-mica (3-19%). It has been suggested a main component of the provenance for the sediments was the Devonian Floresta Formation.[17]
Tectonics
Norte de Santander |
Santander |
Extent of the Girón Formation![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
The Girón Formation probably deposited as a result of regional uplift of the Santander and Floresta Massifs in the Late Jurassic.
Outcrops
The Girón Formation is found, apart from its
The Girón Formation also crops out along the highway from Bucaramanga to Piedecuesta where frequent landslides of the fractured rocks occur in the rainy season.[35][36][37]
See also
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
- Cesar-Ranchería Basin
- Guavio Formation
- Valle Alto Formation
References
- ^ a b c Pulido González, 1985, p.9
- ^ a b Osorio & Velandia, 2015, p.979
- ^ Fúquen et al., 2011, p.43
- ^ a b c Royero Gutiérrez, 2001, p.16
- ^ a b Garavito Cubillos, 2008, p.31
- ^ Fúquen, 2011, p.105
- ^ Royero Gutiérrez, 2001, p.13
- ^ Fúquen, 2011, p.46
- ^ Royero Gutiérrez, 2001, p.15
- ^ a b Ayala et al., 2005, p.50
- ^ Ulloa et al., 2003, p.45
- ^ Méndez Espinosa, 2017, p.33
- ^ Méndez Espinosa, 2017, p.32
- ^ Fúquen, 2011, p.45
- ^ Fúquen et al., 2011, p.15
- ^ Jiménez et al., 2016, p.318
- ^ Méndez Espinosa, 2017, p.147
- ^ Mojica & Kammer, 1995, p.170
- ^ Osorio & Velandia, 2015, p.975
- ^ Jiménez et al., 2016, p.314
- ^ Plancha 151, 2009
- ^ Ayala et al., 2005, p.53
- ^ Ayala et al., 2005, p.62
- ^ Fúquen, 2011, p.77
- ^ Plancha 86, 1981
- ^ Plancha 97, 2009
- ^ Jiménez et al., 2016, p.315
- ^ a b Plancha 120, 2010
- ^ Plancha 66, 2009
- ^ Plancha 172, 1998
- ^ Plancha 111, 1999
- ^ Plancha 76, 2009
- ^ Plancha 135, 2009
- ^ Plancha 136, 1984
- ^ Taponada Vía Bucaramanga-Bogotá - 1984 - El Tiempo
- ^ Derrumbes en Piedecuesta en Santander tienen incomunicadas a dos veredas Archived 2020-07-05 at the Wayback Machine - 2017 - RCN Radio
- ^ Enormes derrumbes taponan cuatro ejes viales de Santander. Paso restringido a un carril - 2018 - El Frente
Bibliography
- Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina; Veloza Fajardo, Gabriel Eduardo; Bayona, Germán; Gómez Casallas, Mayeli; Rapalini, Augusto Ernesto; Costanzo Álvarez, Vincenzo; Aldana, Milagrosa; Cortés, Martin (2005), "Paleomagnetísmo y Mineralogía Magnética en las unidades del Mesozoico de Bucaramanga y el Macizo de Floresta" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 30: 49–66, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Fúquen M., Jaime A.; Ceballos, Leonardo; Marín, Edwin; Patiño, Alejandro; Pedraza, Andrea (2011), Geología de las Planchas 98 Durania y 99 Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander - Colombia (PDF), INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–119, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Garavito Cubillos, Flavio (2008), Structural analysis of an area in the northern central part of the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia (PDF), Colorado School of Mines, pp. 1–105, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Jiménez, Giovanny; López, Oscar; Jaimes, Leonardo; Mier Umaña, Ricardo (2016), "Variaciones en el estilo estructural relacionado con anisotropias de basamento en el Valle Medio del Magdalena" (PDF), , retrieved 2018-10-09
- Méndez Espinosa, Sandra Catalina (2017), Análisis de procedencia de rocas siliciclásticas de las formaciones Girón y Tibasosa en el Macizo de Floresta (MSc. thesis), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 1–219
- Mojica, Jairo; Kammer, Andreas (1995), "Eventos Jurásicos en Colombia" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 19: 165–172, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Osorio, Diego; Velandia, Francisco (2015), Espesor estratigráfico medido y análisis de fracturas en la sección tipo de la Formación Girón (Río Lebrija), XV Congreso Colombiano de Geología, Bucaramanga, pp. 975–979, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Pulido González, Orlando (1985), Reseña explicativa del mapa geológico preliminar de la Plancha 135 San Gil 1:100,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–24, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Royero Gutiérrez, José María (2001), Geología y geoquímica de la Plancha 111 Toledo - Norte de Santander 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–56
- Ulloa, Carlos; Rodríguez, Erasmo; Rodríguez, Gloria Inés (2003), Memoria Explicativa de la Plancha 172 Paz de Río 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–109
Maps
- Royero Gutiérrez, José María; Vargas Higuera, Rodrigo (1999), Mapa Geológico de Santander 1:300,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Daconte, Rommel; Salinas, Rosalba; Royero, José María; Clavijo, Jairo; Arias, Alfonso; Carvajal, Luz S.; López, Martín E.; Angarita, Leonidas; Mendoza, Hernando (2009), Plancha 66 - Miraflores - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Daconte, Rommel; Salinas, Rosalba (1980), Plancha 76 - Ocaña - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Vargas, Rodrigo; Arias, Alfonso (1981), Plancha 86 - Ábrego - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Vargas, Rodrigo; Arias, Alfonso (2009), Plancha 97 - Cáchira - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Royero, José María; Zambrano, J.; Daconte, Rommel; Mendoza, H.; Vargas, Rodrigo (1999), Plancha 111 - Toledo - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Ward, Dwight E.; Goldsmith, Richard; Jimeno, Andrés; Cruz, Jaime; Restrepo, Hernán; Gómez, Eduardo (2010), Plancha 120 - Bucaramanga - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Angarita, Leonidas; Carrillo, Víctor; Castro, Alfonso; Daconte, Rommel; Niño, Mario; Pulido, Orlando G.; Rodríguez, J. Antonio; Royero, José María; Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas, Rosalba (2009), Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Vargas, Rodrigo; Arias, Alfonso; Jaramillo, Luis; Tellez, Noel (1984), Plancha 136 - Málaga - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Pulido González, Orlando (2009), Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09
- Ulloa, Carlos E.; Guerra, Álvaro; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-10-09