Floresta Formation

Floresta Formation
Floresta Formation
Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Approximate paleocoordinates	51°42′S 48°06′W / 51.7°S 48.1°W
Region	Boyacá
Country	Colombia
Thickness at type section	600 m (2,000 ft)
	; Paleogeography of the Middle Devonian; 380 Ma, by Stampfli & Borel

The Floresta Formation (

bivalves have been found in the Floresta Formation. Some fragments of Placoderm fish fossils were found in the Floresta Formation, while the overlying Cuche Formation

is much richer in fish biodiversity.

Etymology

The formation was first described as Floresta Series by Olsson and Carter in 1939. The current definition was given by Botero in 1950. The formation is named after Floresta, Boyacá, where the formation outcrops.^[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Floresta Formation is characterized by a lower sequence of shales and ochre to beige siltstones with alternating coquinas, while the upper part consists of siltstones with sandy beds.^[2]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Floresta Formation overlies the

Onondaga Formation of New York is considered time equivalent too.^[5] The formation contains concretions and a high diversity of fossils. The formation was deposited in a transgressional and regressional epicontinental marine environment at the edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.^[6] The uppermost part of the formation has been deposited in a deltaic setting,^[7] with the lower sequence formed in a coral reef environment.^[8]

Fossil content

Remains of

Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., Pterinea sp., Strophodonta sp., Thamnopora sp., and Vitulina sp. have been described from the Floresta Formation.^[19] Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov., Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov. and Tarijactinoides sp. nov.,^[16] were newly described in 2015.^[3]

Outcrops

class=notpageimage|

Type locality of the Floresta Formation in the north of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Floresta Formation is found at the Floresta Massif around its type locality in Floresta, Boyacá,^[20] stretching to the south until between Busbanzá and Nobsa and to the west close to Belén, Cerinza and Tutazá.^[21] The formation is also found in the upper course of the Chicamocha River in the eponymous canyon.

Many of the fossils are on display in the paleontological museum of Floresta.

Regional correlations

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events	Catatumbo	Cordillera	proximal Llanos	distal Llanos	Putumayo	VSM	Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations	Guayabo	Soatá Sabana	Necesidad	Guayabo	Gigante Neiva		fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque			Gigante Neiva
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela			Caimán	Honda				^[24]^[26]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding	León	hiatus	Caja	León	Caimán		Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[25]^[27]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2	C1		Carbonera C1		Ospina		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[26]^[25]
17.3			C2		Carbonera C2				Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19			C3		Carbonera C3				Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands	C4		Carbonera C4			Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Foredeep	C5		Carbonera C5		Orito		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[23]^[26]
25	Late Oligocene		C6		Carbonera C6		Orito		Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene		C7		C7		Pepino	Gualanday	Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[23]^[26]^[28]
32	Oligo-Eocene		C8	Usme	C8	onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[28]
35	Late Eocene		Mirador	Usme	Mirador				Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[25]^[29]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene		Socha		Los Cuervos				Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[25]^[29]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂	Los Cuervos	Bogotá	Los Cuervos			Gualanday	Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas	Barco		Rumiyaco	Gualanday	Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[22]^[23]^[26]^[25]^[30]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction	Catatumbo	Guadalupe				Monserrate	Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[22]^[25]
72	Campanian	End of rifting	Colón-Mito Juan					Monserrate				^[25]^[31]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event	La Luna	Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[22]^[25]^[32]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[26]^[32]
113	Aptian		Capacho	Fómeque			Motema	Yaví	Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[23]^[25]^[33]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity	Aguardiente	Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[22]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1	Tibú- Mercedes	Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[22]
133	Valanginian		Río Negro	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[23]^[34]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea	Jordán	Arcabuco	Buenavista Batá		Saldaña		fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[26]^[35]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Montebel Noreán	hiatus		Saldaña		Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[36]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2	Mucuchachi	Montebel Noreán			Payandé					^[26]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						Cerro Neiva ()				^[37]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Cerro Neiva ()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Ambicá ()	fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[34]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet					Ambicá ()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian	Silurian mystery	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet
425	Early Silurian	Silurian mystery	hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	San Pedro (450-490)		Duda ()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	San Pedro (450-490)	Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá	Guape ()		Río Nevado ()	Hígado () Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)				^[42]^[43]^[44]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	Chicamocha (490-515)	Quetame ()	Ariarí ()		SJ del Guaviare (490-590)	San Isidro ()				^[45]^[46]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		Quetame ()				San Isidro ()				^[44]^[47]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		El Barro ()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[48]^[49]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	Bucaramanga (600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[45]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[50]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			Ariarí (1000)			La Urraca (1030-1100)				^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]
1300		Rondônia-Juruá orogeny			pre-Ariarí	Parguaza (1300-1400)		Garzón (1180-1550)				^[55]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					Garzón (1180-1550)				^[56]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					Maimachi (1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[57]
1800		Tapajós orogeny				Mitú (1800)						^[55]^[57]
1950		Transamazonic orogeny				pre-Mitú						^[55]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean	Carajas-Imataca orogeny										^[55]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58], García González et al. (2009),^[59] and geological report of Villavicencio^[60]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[61]

References

^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.64
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.332
^ ^a ^b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.355
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.331
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.168
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.6
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.169
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.170
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.335
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.336
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.340
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.342
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.344
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.346
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.348
^ ^a ^b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.352
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
^ ^a ^b Giroud López, 2014, p.39
^ Floresta Archived 2022-08-16 at the Wayback Machine at Fossilworks.org
^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.70
^ Plancha 172, 1998
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

Giroud López, Marie Joëlle. 2014. El Mar en la Localidad Tipo del Devónico Medio, del Municipio de Floresta - Boyacá, Colombia, 1-174.
Universidad de La Habana
. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Janvier, Philippe, and Carlos Villarroel A. 1998. Los Peces Devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales. Geología Colombiana 23. 3-18. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Mojica, Jairo, and Carlos Villarroel A. 1984. Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. Geología Colombiana 13. 55-80. Accessed 2017-03-31. Archived 2017-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
Morzadec, Pierre; Michal Mergl; Carlos Villarroel; Philippe Janvier, and Patrick R. Racheboeuf. 2015. Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review. Bulletin of Geosciences 90. 331-358. Accessed 2017-04-04.

Maps

Royero, José María; J. Zambrano; Rommel Daconte; H. Mendoza, and Rodrigo Vargas. 1999. Plancha 111 - Toledo - 1:100,000, 1.
INGEOMINAS
. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Angarita, Leonidas; Víctor Carrillo; Alfonso Castro; Rommel Daconte; Mario Niño; Orlando G. Pulido; J. Antonio Rodríguez; José María Royero, and Rosalba Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas. 2009. Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000, 1.
INGEOMINAS
. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Vargas, Rodrigo; Alfonso Arias; Luis Jaramillo, and Noel Tellez. 1984. Plancha 136 - Málaga - 1:100,000, 1.
INGEOMINAS
. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Pulido González, Orlando. 2009. Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000, 1.
INGEOMINAS
. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1.
INGEOMINAS
. Accessed 2017-06-06.

External links

(in Spanish) Peces devónicos de Colombia, diversidad en los mares y ríos de hace 410-355 millones de años

[61] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58], García González et al. (2009),^[59] and geological report of Villavicencio^[60]

[63] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[61]

[Mojica_p64-1] Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.64

[Morzadec_p332-2] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.332

[Morzadec_p355-3] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.355

[Morzadec_p331-4] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.331

[Giroud_p168-5] Giroud López, 2014, p.168

[Janvier_p6-6] Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.6

[Giroud_p169-7] Giroud López, 2014, p.169

[Giroud_p170-8] Giroud López, 2014, p.170

[Morzadec_p335-9] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.335

[Morzadec_p336-10] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.336

[Morzadec_p340-11] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.340

[Morzadec_p342-12] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.342

[Morzadec_p344-13] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.344

[Morzadec_p346-14] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.346

[Morzadec_p348-15] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.348

[Morzadec_p352-16] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.352

[Janvier_p9-17] Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9

[Giroud_p39-18] Giroud López, 2014, p.39

[FWFloresta-19] Floresta Archived 2022-08-16 at the Wayback Machine at Fossilworks.org

[Mojica_p70-20] Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.70

[Plancha_172-21] Plancha 172, 1998

[UISANH2009_p27-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-24] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-25] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-26] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-27] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-28] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-29] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-30] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-31] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-32] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-33] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-34] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-35] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-36] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-37] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-38] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-39] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-40] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-41] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-42] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-43] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-44] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-45] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-46] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-47] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-48] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-49] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-50] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-51] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-52] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-53] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-54] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-55] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-56] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-57] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-58] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-59] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-60] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-62] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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