Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Coordinates: 5°25′08″N 73°25′17″W / 5.41889°N 73.42139°W / 5.41889; -73.42139
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Late Pliocene

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense (Spanish pronunciation:

Muisca. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense comprises three distinctive flat regions; the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso
. The average altitude of the altiplano is about 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level but ranges from roughly 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).

Etymology

Altiplano in Spanish means "high plain" or "high plateau", the second part is a combination of the departments Cundinamarca and Boyacá.

Geography

Subdivision of the Altiplano, from NE to SW:
• Duitama-Sogamoso Iraca Valley
• Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
• Bogotá savanna

The limits of the Altiplano are not strictly defined. The high plateau is enclosed by the higher mountains of the Eastern Ranges, with the

Chingaza to the east. The Tenza Valley is located to the east of the Altiplano and the Ocetá Páramo and Chicamocha Canyon
are situated to the northeast.

Subdivision

The Altiplano is subdivided into three major valleys, from northeast to southwest:

Climate

The average temperature on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is 14 °C (57 °F), ranging from 0 °C (32 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F). The driest months of the year are from December to March, while rain is more common in April, May, September, October and November. From June to August strong winds are present. Hail is common on the Altiplano.[1]

Panorama of the Iraca Valley of Sogamoso (foreground)–Duitama (left)

Páramos

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is surrounded by and contains various Andean unique ecosystems; páramos. 60% of all páramos in the world are situated in Colombia. (Specifically, in the department of Boyacá with the most relative area of páramos).[2] Boyacá is the department where 18.3% of the national total area is located.[3] To the south the Sumapaz Páramo (largest in the world) forms a natural boundary of the Altiplano. Chingaza contains páramo vegetation, as does the most beautiful Ocetá Páramo in the northeast.[4] On the Altiplano the microclimate of the surroundings of Lake Iguaque produces a páramo.

Panorama of the Playa de los Frailejones on the Ocetá Páramo

Regional geology

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age Paleomap VMM Guaduas-Vélez W Emerald Belt Villeta anticlinal Chiquinquirá-
Arcabuco		 Tunja-
Duitama		 Altiplano Cundiboyacense El Cocuy
Maastrichtian Umir Córdoba Seca eroded Guaduas Colón-Mito Juan
Umir Guadalupe
Campanian Córdoba
Oliní
Santonian La Luna Cimarrona - La Tabla La Luna
Coniacian Oliní Villeta Conejo Chipaque
Güagüaquí Loma Gorda undefined La Frontera
Turonian Hondita La Frontera Otanche
Cenomanian Simití hiatus La Corona Simijaca Capacho
Pacho Fm. Hiló - Pacho Churuvita Une Aguardiente
Albian Hiló Chiquinquirá Tibasosa Une
Tablazo Tablazo Capotes - La Palma - Simití Simití Tibú-Mercedes
Aptian Capotes Socotá - El Peñón Paja Fómeque
Paja Paja El Peñón Trincheras Río Negro
La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian Muzo Cáqueza Las Juntas
Rosablanca Ritoque
Valanginian Ritoque Furatena Útica - Murca Rosablanca hiatus Macanal
Rosablanca
Berriasian Cumbre Cumbre Los Medios Guavio
Tambor Arcabuco Cumbre
Sources


History

Prehistory

Northern South America around 90 Mya
Kronosaurus boyacensis; El Fósil, Villa de Leyva
See also: Muisca Confederation § Prehistory

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is formed as part of the uplift of the

Antarctica
. The isolation of the South American paleocontinent led to a large biodiversity of New World species.

The dominating group of top predators and scavengers for decades of millions of years on the continent were the

terror birds. Fossils of terror birds have been found throughout South America, with a major collection from current Argentina, where the biggest terror bird, Kelenken, roamed the paleopampas in the early Miocene. The forming Andes created a hilly landscape in the regions bordering the former sea inlet from the proto-Caribbean. Other land animals in the Tertiary were the xenungulate Etayoa bacatensis, evidence for which has been found in 1987 in the Bogotá Formation
of the southern Altiplano.

The biodiversity and former tranquility of the isolated ecosystem changed during the Pliocene, when the

Great American Biotic Interchange led to a drastic rearrangement of South American fauna. Migrating species from North America replaced many formerly successful South American animals, among which the terror birds.[6]

The Late Pleistocene of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense has been analysed in detail through various methods based on fossils found on the Altiplano.

Soatá, another Pleistocene lake was present. The largest paleolake in the latest Pleistocene was Lake Humboldt or Lake Bogotá covering the Bogotá savanna. The lake, some 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi) in size, at that time would have been seventy times larger than the biggest lake of Colombia; present-day Lake Tota. Lake Tota is the remnant of a Pleistocene glacial lake higher up the Altiplano to the east. Lake Humboldt is thought to have existed until around 30,000 years ago with as modern remaining water bodies Lake Herrera, wetlands of Bogotá and the Bogotá River. Lake Humboldt had an irregular shoreline with an island in the centre; the present-day Suba Hills
.

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is regarded one of eleven archaeological regions of Colombia.

Equus amerhippus were living on the Altiplano.[9]

Andean preceramic

Pictographs discovered in a rock shelter outside Sáchica, Boyaça
See also: Andean preceramic

Later dated excavations have revealed a transition from a hunter-gatherer society living in

Soatá indicate.[11]

The main part of the diet of the people was formed by

ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua), western mountain coati (Nasuella olivacea), common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and collared anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla).[12]

Rock art

Main article: Muisca art § Rock art

Various archaeological sites with

Madrid, Mosquera, Sáchica, Sibaté, Soacha, Subachoque, Suesca, Sutatausa, Tenjo, Tocancipá, Zipacón, Zipaquirá.[13][14]

Ceramic pre-Columbian

See also: Herrera Period and Muisca Confederation

The ages between 3000 and 1000 years before present corresponds to the Herrera Period, and the era between 1000 BP and 1537, the year of the Spanish conquest, to the Muisca Confederation.[8]

The

indigenous groups. In the Tenza Valley, to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense where the majority of the Muisca lived, they extracted emeralds in Chivor and Somondoco
.

The economy of the Muisca was rooted in their

yuca, potatoes and various other cultivations elaborated on elevated fields (in their language called tá). Agriculture had started around 3000 BCE on the Altiplano. The agriculture of the Muisca was performed on small-scale cropfields, part of more extensive lands, and in a rather egalitarian manner; the higher social classes did not have access to more agricultural products than the lower class Muisca people.[15]
Their main difference was in the construction of their houses and access to meat.

The predominant agricultural product of the Muisca was

self-sufficient in their agricultural products and surpluses of maize (abitago) were traded for more tropical climate fruits such as pineapples, avocados and Ipomea batatas.[18][19] The Muisca used terraces for their agriculture on the often flooded highlands and a system of irrigation and drainage was developed.[20] They cultivated their crops in rows of mounds.[21][22]

Spanish conquest

Main article: Spanish conquest of the Muisca

A delegation of more than 900 men left the tropical city of Santa Marta in April 1536 and went on a harsh expedition through the heartlands of Colombia in search of El Dorado and the civilisation that produced all that precious gold. The leader of the first and main expedition under

Kingdom of Quito in what is now Ecuador.[23]

The conquest of the Muisca on the Altiplano started in March 1537, when the greatly reduced troops of De Quesada entered Muisca territories in Chipatá, the first settlement they founded on March 8. The expedition went further inland and up the slopes of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense into later Boyacá and Cundinamarca. The towns of Moniquirá (Boyacá) and Guachetá and Lenguazaque (Cundinamarca) were founded before the conquistadors arrived at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna in Suesca.[24] continued to Lenguazaque that was founded the next day,[25][26] En route towards the domain of zipa Tisquesusa, the Spanish founded Cajicá and Chía.[27][28] In April 1537 they arrived at Funza, where Tisquesusa was beaten by the Spanish. This formed the onset for further expeditions, starting a month later towards the eastern Tenza Valley and the northern territories of zaque Quemuenchatocha. On August 20, 1537, the zaque was submitted in his bohío in Hunza. The Spanish continued their journey northeastward into the Iraca Valley, where the iraca Sugamuxi fell to the Spanish troops and the Sun Temple was accidentally burned by two soldiers of the army of De Quesada in early September.[23]

Meanwhile, other soldiers from the conquest expedition went south and conquered Pasca and other settlements. The Spanish leader returned with his men to the Bogotá savanna and planned new conquest expeditions executed in the second half of 1537 and first months of 1538. On August 6, 1538, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founded Bogotá as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada, named after his home region of Granada, Spain. That same month, on August 20, the zipa who succeeded his brother Tisquesusa upon his death; Sagipa, allied with the Spanish to fight the Panche, eternal enemies of the Muisca in the southwest. In the Battle of Tocarema, the allied forces claimed victory over the bellicose western neighbours. In late 1538, other conquest undertakings resulted in more founded settlements in the heart of the Andes. Two other expeditions that were taking place at the same time; of De Belalcázar from the south and Federmann from the east, reached the newly founded capital and the three leaders embarked in May 1539 on a ship on the Magdalena River that took them to Cartagena and from there back to Spain. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada had installed his younger brother Hernán as new governor of Bogotá and the latter organised new conquest campaigns in search of El Dorado during the second half of 1539 and 1540. His captain Gonzalo Suárez Rendón founded Tunja on August 6, 1539, and captain Baltasar Maldonado, who had served under De Belalcázar, defeated the cacique of Tundama at the end of 1539. The last zaque Aquiminzaque was decapitated in early 1540, establishing the new rule over the former Muisca Confederation.[23]

New Kingdom of Granada

Main article: New Kingdom of Granada
See also: History of Bogotá

Modern day

Present-day, due to the large population and agriculture of the Altiplano, the original vegetation is at risk.[29]

Timeline of inhabitation

Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia
TequendamaAguazuquePiedras del Tunjo Archaeological ParkGalindo, BojacáBD BacatáLake HerreraChía (Cundinamarca)ZipaquiráEl AbraChecuaTibitóSuevaEl InfiernitoHistory of ColombiaSpanish EmpireSpanish conquest of the MuiscaMuisca peopleHerrera PeriodMuisca Confederation#PrehistoryBochicaMuisca mummificationCeramicAndean preceramicMuisca agricultureHunter-gatherer

Altiplano


Muisca Confederation


Cities

Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá is located in the centre of the Altiplano

Most important city of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is the Colombian capital Bogotá. Other cities are, from northeast to southwest:

Panoramic view from the south of the Bogotá savanna

Hydrology

Map of the Bogotá River basin
The Suárez River flows in the northern part of the Altiplano.
Lake Tota, Colombia's largest lake is situated in the northeast of the Altiplano.
The Tequendama Falls are the most impressive waterfalls of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, and are located in the southwest.
Santa María del Lago wetland

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense hosts a number of rivers and lakes.

Rivers

Magdalena Basin
left
right
Orinoco Basin, via Meta River

Lakes

Natural

Artificial

Waterfalls

Wetlands

La Conejera wetland

Altiplanos in Latin America

Latin America Valley of Mexico Altiplano Cundiboyacense Altiplano Boliviano
M
M
C
C
B
B
Paleolake Lake Texcoco Lake Humboldt Lake Tauca
Human occupation (yr BP) 11,100 – Tocuila 12,560 – El Abra 3530 – Tiwanaku
Pre-Columbian civilisation Aztec Muisca Inca
Today Mexico Mexico City Colombia Bogotá, Tunja Peru Lake Titicaca
Bolivia Salar de Uyuni
Elevation 2,236 m (7,336 ft) 2,780 m (9,120 ft) 3,800 m (12,500 ft)
Area 9,738 km2 (3,760 sq mi) 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi) 175,773 km2 (67,866 sq mi)
References
[30][31][32]
[33][34][35]
[36][37][38]

See also

References

  1. ^ Climates of various cities of Colombia (in Spanish)
  2. ^ Five unmissable Colombian páramos begging to be explored
  3. ^ Nieto Escalante et al., 2010, p.75
  4. ^ Wills et al., 2001, p.117
  5. ^ Hogenboom, Melissa (2015). "There was once a marine reptile that had four nostrils". BBC Earth. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
  6. ^ Marshall, Larry G. (2004). "The Terror Birds of South America" (PDF). Scientific American. 14: 82–89. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
  7. ^ Map of archaeological regions of Colombia – Banco de la República from Colombia Prehispánica, 1989 (in Spanish)
  8. ^ a b c Botiva Contreras, 1989
  9. ^ Cardale de Schrimpff, 1985
  10. ^ Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.64-77
  11. ^ Soatá in the Paleobiology database
  12. ^ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.79
  13. ^ Petroglyphs on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (in Spanish)
  14. ^ Martínez & Mendoza, 2014
  15. ^ Langebaek et al., 2011, p.17
  16. ^ Daza, 2013, pp.27–28
  17. ^ Kruschek, 2003, p.5
  18. ^ Langebaek, 1985, p.4
  19. ^ Schrimpff, 1985, p.106
  20. ^ Daza, 2013, p. 23
  21. ^ Ocampo López, 2007, Ch.V, p.207
  22. ^ García, 2012, p.43
  23. ^ a b c d Conquista rápida y saqueo cuantioso de Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (in Spanish)
  24. ^ Official website Guachetá Archived 2017-07-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  25. ^ Official website Lenguazaque (in Spanish)
  26. ^ Official website Suesca (in Spanish)
  27. ^ History Cajicá (in Spanish)
  28. ^ De Quesada celebrated the Holy Week in Chia (in Spanish)
  29. ^ Calvachi Zambrano, 2012
  30. ^ Acosta Ochoa, 2007, p.9
  31. ^ Bradbury, 1971, p.181
  32. ^ Rodríguez & Morales, 2010, p.2
  33. ^ Aceituno & Rojas, 2012, p.127
  34. ^ Pérez Preciado, 2000, p.6
  35. ^ Area Altiplano Cundiboyacense approximately 25,000 square kilometres (9,700 sq mi)
  36. ^ Ponce Sanginés, 1972, p.90
  37. ^ Datos Generales de Bolivia (in Spanish)
  38. ^ Junta Directiva, 1972, p.71

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Altiplano Cundiboyacense.

General

Geology, geography and climate

Prehistory and preceramic

Herrera

The Salt People

Colonial period

Altiplanos in the Americas

Mexico
Colombia
Bolivia

Visitor attractions

  • Hurtado Caro, José Próspero (2012). Monguí – Boyacá – Colombia.
  • Wills, Fernando; et al. (2001). Nuestro patrimonio – 100 tesoros de Colombia – Our heritage – 100 treasures of Colombia (in Spanish). Tiempo Casa Editorial.
    ISBN 958-8089-16-6
    .
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