Gossypium

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"Cotton plant" redirects here. For the city in the United States, see Cotton Plant, Arkansas.
For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see cotton.

Gossypium
Flower of Gossypium herbaceum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Malvoideae
Tribe: Gossypieae
Genus: Gossypium
L.[1]
Type species
Gossypium arboreum
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Erioxylum Rose & Standl.
  • Ingenhouzia DC.
  • Notoxylinon Lewton
  • Selera Ulbr.
  • Sturtia R.Br.
  • Thurberia A.Gray
  • Ultragossypium Roberty

Gossypium (/ɡɒˈsɪpiəm/)[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gossypieae of the mallow family, Malvaceae, from which cotton is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds. There are about 50 Gossypium species,[3] making it the largest genus in the tribe Gossypieae, and new species continue to be discovered.[3] The name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word goz, which refers to a soft substance.[4]

Cotton is the primary

subtropical
countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Consequently, the genus Gossypium has long attracted the attention of scientists.

The origin of the genus Gossypium is dated to around 5–10 million years ago.

perennials in Australia to trees in Mexico.[3] Most wild cottons are diploid, but a group of five species from America and Pacific islands are tetraploid, apparently due to a single hybridization event around 1.5 to 2 million years ago.[6] The tetraploid species are G. hirsutum, G. tomentosum, G. mustelinum, G. barbadense, and G. darwinii
.

Cultivated cottons are perennial shrubs, most often grown as annuals. Plants are 1–2 m high in modern cropping systems, sometimes higher in traditional, multiannual cropping systems, now largely disappearing. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a

ginning. At the first ginning, the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning, the shorter fibres, called "linters", are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles (which include the eponymous lint). Commercial species of cotton plant are G. hirsutum (97% of world production), G. barbadense (1–2%), G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (together, ~1%).[7]
Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of these species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects and diseases, and drought tolerance. Cotton fibres occur naturally in colours of white, brown, green, and some mixing of these.

Selected species

Subgenus Gossypium

Subgenus Houzingenia

Subgenus Karpas

Subgenus Sturtia

Formerly placed in genus Gossypium

Gossypium genome

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated

allotetraploid cotton. "Allotetraploid" means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct subgenomes, referred to as the At and Dt (the 't' for tetraploid, to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species). The strategy is to sequence first the D-genome relative of allotetraploid cottons, G. raimondii, a wild South American (Peru, Ecuador) cotton species, because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA (retrotransposons mainly). It has nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed
] The A genome of G. arboreum, the 'Old-World' cotton species (grown in India in particular), would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled, then research could begin to sequence the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assemble independently into A and D sequences, respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (

Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x.[11]
They announced they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Cotton pests and diseases

Cotton field in Sukhumi Botanical Garden, photo circa 1912
Cotton field in Greece

Pests

  • Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
  • Cotton aphid
    , Aphis gossypii
  • Cotton stainer
    , Dysdercus koenigii
  • native budworm
    , Helicoverpa punctigera, are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.
    Some other Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae also feed on cotton – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants.
  • Green mirid
    (Creontiades dilutus), a sucking insect
  • Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. ludeni and T. lambi
  • Thrips, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzei

Diseases

See also: List of cotton diseases

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Genus: Gossypium L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-03-12. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  2. ^ "Gossypium". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-387-70809-6
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3
    .
  5. S2CID 212822506
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 12679546
    .
  7. ISBN 9780470660324
    .
  8. ^ "Gossypium". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  9. ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Gossypium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  10. PMID 18056866
    .
  11. ^ APPDMZ\gyoung. "Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing". www.monsanto.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2016-01-31.

External links

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