Grodno Sejm
Grodno Sejm (
Background
The Sejm was called to Grodno by the Russian Empire after the Polish–Russian War of 1792 ended with the victory of Russia and its allies, the Targowica Confederation, in order to confirm Russian demands.[1] Grodno was chosen for the Commonwealth's capital, as Warsaw was deemed too unsafe for Russians (and indeed it would prove so during the Warsaw Uprising next year). Many of the deputies were Russian supporters (like marshal of the Sejm, Stanisław Kostka Bieliński), with Russian representatives bribing some deputies and Russian armies forcing the election of their favoured candidate at local sejmiks.[2][3] The Russians needed to use their army, as well as rely on bribery, in order to bypass the opposition of Polish–Lithuanian deputies, as initially, the sejmiks refused to elect enough deputies to satisfy the requirements of a national Sejm.[3]
The Sejm was eventually called on 17 June.
Proceedings
Many deputies were not allowed to speak, and the main issue on the agenda was the project of 'Eternal Alliance of Poland and Russia', sent to the Sejm by Russian Tsarina Catherine the Great, and presented to the Sejm as the 'request of Polish people' by the Polish supporters of Russia.[6] Nonetheless out of 140 deputies present about 25 vocally protested against the proposal, especially against the Prussian territorial demands. On 2 July the Russian troops surrounded the town, and several deputies (Szymon Szydłowski, Dionizy Mikoreski, Antoni Karski and Szymon Skarżyński) were arrested.[4] With further threats and actions by Russians, on 14 October 1793 the alliance was passed by "acclamation". In fact, after a long debate, around 4 a.m., with Russian forces present and preventing anybody from leaving the room, the marshal of the Sejm asked three times if there is agreement to pass the act. When not a single deputy spoke, Józef Ankwicz, another known supporter of foreign powers, declared that it was as unanimous vote of support ("He who is silent means agreement").[4][7][8]
It was not the first time Russian Empire used such strategy: the fate of the Grodno Sejm resembled that of the Silent Sejm of 1717 – where the only person allowed to speak was the marshal of the Sejm or the Repnin Sejm of 1767–1768, where opponents of Russian intervention were arrested and exiled to Russia.[9]
The Sejm passed the following acts:
- the Eternal Alliance of Poland and Russia: Poland became a subservient Russian ally,diplomatic missions to foreign countries only together with Russians ones[11]
- territorial changes: granting parts of former Commonwealth territory to Russian Empire and Prussia[5]
- were retained
- certain Cardinal Laws (wolna elekcja (free election), liberum veto) were restored, together with the Permanent Council, now presided over by the Russian ambassador.[1][5][13]
- the Polish army was limited to 15,000 men
- Polish highest military award, Virtuti Militari, recently created and awarded during the preceding 1792 war against Russia, was abolished
The Russian Empire guaranteed this new constitution, and sanctions for its violation were stated.[14]
Due to significant territorial losses, the Sejm adjusted the
The Sejm ended on 23 November.[16]
Aftermath
Targowica confederates, who did not expect another partition, and the king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who joined them near the end, both lost much prestige and support.[17][18] The reformers, on the other hand, were attracting increasing support.[14][19] In March 1794 the Kościuszko Uprising had begun. The defeat of the Uprising in November that year resulted in the final Third Partition of Poland, ending the existence of the Commonwealth.[17]
See also
- Silent Sejm (1717)
- Repnin Sejm (1767–1768)
- Partition Sejm (1773–1775)
References
- ^ ISBN 978-90-411-1836-3.
- ^ Henry Smith Williams (1904). The Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor eastern states, China, Japan. Outlook Company. p. 89.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-06-097468-8.
- ISBN 978-0-415-16112-1.
- ^ (in Polish) Edward Krysciak, II rozbiór Polski Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 27 January 2008
- ^ (in Polish) Nr 37 (518) IV kadencja Aneks - Z dziejów parlamentaryzmu polskiego: Zakaz zbytkownych strojów – szczególna uchwała ostatniego Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej
- ISBN 978-90-420-0933-2.
- ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1.
- ISBN 978-1-56324-526-8.
- ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9.
- ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4.
- ^ Encyklopedja powszechna. Orgelbranda. 1866. p. 272.
- ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5.
- ^ a b Henry Smith Williams (1904). The Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor eastern states, China, Japan. Outlook Company. pp. 88–91.
- ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1.
- ISBN 978-83-7006-400-6.
Further reading
- Jones, Robert E., Provincial Development in Russia. Catherine II and Jacob Sievers, Rutgers University Press 1984
- Robert Howard Lord, The Second Partition of Poland: A Study in Diplomatic History, Harvard University Press, 1915
- (in Polish) ISBN 83-233-1840-9
- (in Polish) Volumina Legum, T.X. Konstytucje Sejmu Grodzieńskiego z 1793 r. Wydał Z. Kaczmarczyk przy współudziale J. Matuszewskiego, M. Sczanieckiego i J. Wąsickiego, Poznań 1952.
- (in Polish) J. E. Sievers, Jak doprowadziłem do drugiego rozbioru Polski, Warszawa 1992;
- (in Polish) W. Smoleński, Ze studiów nad historią Sejmu Grodzieńskiego z 1793 r., "Przegląd Historyczny" t. VIII, Warszawa 1919;
- (in Polish) J. Wąsicki, Diariusze Sejmu Grodzieńskiego 1793 roku, "Czasopismo prawno- historyczne" III, Poznań 1951, s. 356–364;
- (in Polish) J. Wąsicki, Konfederacja Targowicka i ostatni Sejm Rzeczypospolitej z 1793 r. Studium historyczno-prawne, Poznań 1952;
- (in Polish) L. Wegner, Sejm Grodzieński ostatni, Poznań 1866.
External links
- (in Polish) Sejmy rozbiorowe Archived 20 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine WIEM Encyklopedia
- (in Polish) Sejmy rozbiorowe Interia Encyklopedia
- (in Polish) Sejmy rozbiorowe PWN Encyklopedia
- (in Polish) Sejm grodzieński 1793
- (in Polish) Aneks – Z dziejów parlamentaryzmu polskiego. Zakaz zbytkownych strojów – szczególna uchwała ostatniego Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej
- (in Polish) Sejm grodzieński, 1793 L .M. Engelhardt, Pamiętniki.