Höðr
Höðr (
According to the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, the goddess Frigg, Baldr's mother, made everything in existence swear never to harm Baldr, except for the mistletoe, which she found too unimportant to ask (alternatively, which she found too young to demand an oath from). The gods amused themselves by trying weapons on Baldr and seeing them fail to do any harm. Loki, the mischief-maker, upon finding out about Baldr's one weakness, made a spear from mistletoe, and helped Höðr shoot it at Baldr.[2][3][4] In reaction to this, Odin and the giantess Rindr gave birth to Váli, who grew to adulthood within a day and slew Höðr.
The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus recorded an alternative version of this myth in his Gesta Danorum. In this version, the mortal hero Høtherus and the demi-god Balderus compete for the hand of Nanna. Ultimately, Høtherus slays Balderus.
Name
According to scholar
The Prose Edda
In the Gylfaginning part of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda Höðr is introduced in an ominous way.
Höðr heitir einn ássinn, hann er blindr. Œrit er hann styrkr, en vilja mundu goðin at þenna ás þyrfti eigi at nefna, þvíat hans handaverk munu lengi vera höfð at minnum með goðum ok mönnum. — Eysteinn Björnsson's edition[8] |
"One of the Æsir is named Hödr: He is blind. He is of sufficient strength, but the gods would desire that no occasion should rise of naming this god, for the work of his hands shall long be held in memory among gods and men." — Brodeur's translation[9] |
Höðr is not mentioned again until the prelude to Baldr's death is described. All things except the mistletoe (believed to be harmless) have sworn an oath not to harm Baldr, so the Æsir throw missiles at him for sport.
En Loki tók mistiltein ok sleit upp ok gekk til þings. En Höðr stóð útarliga í mannhringinum, þvíat hann var blindr. Þá mælti Loki við hann: "Hví skýtr þú ekki at Baldri?" Hann svarar: "Þvíat ek sé eigi hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat at ek em vápnlauss." Þá mælti Loki: "Gerðu þó í líking annarra manna ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir menn. Ek mun vísa þér til hvar hann stendr. Skjót at honum vendi þessum." Höðr tók mistiltein ok skaut at Baldri at tilvísun Loka. Flaug skotit í gögnum hann ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar. Ok hefir þat mest óhapp verit unnit með goðum ok mönnum. — Eysteinn Björnsson's edition[10] |
"Loki took Mistletoe and pulled it up and went to the Thing. Hödr stood outside the ring of men, because he was blind. Then spake Loki to him: 'Why dost thou not shoot at Baldr?' He answered: 'Because I see not where Baldr is; and for this also, that I am weaponless.' Then said Loki: 'Do thou also after the manner of other men, and show Baldr honor as the other men do. I will direct thee where he stands; shoot at him with this wand.' Hödr took Mistletoe and shot at Baldr, being guided by Loki: The shaft flew through Baldr, and he fell dead to the earth; and that was the greatest mischance that has ever befallen among gods and men." — Brodeur's translation[11] |
The Gylfaginning does not say what happens to Höðr after this. In fact it specifically states that Baldr cannot be avenged, at least not immediately.
Þá er Baldr var fallinn, þá fellusk öllum ásum orðtök ok svá hendr at taka til hans, ok sá hverr til annars ok váru allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit. En engi mátti hefna, þar var svá mikill griðastaðr. — Eysteinn Björnsson's edition[10] |
"Then, when Baldr was fallen, words failed all the Æsir, and their hands likewise to lay hold of him; each looked at the other, and all were of one mind as to him who had wrought the work, but none might take vengeance, so great a sanctuary was in that place." — Brodeur's translation[11] |
It does seem, however, that Höðr ends up in
Því næst koma þar Baldr ok Höðr frá Heljar, setjask þá allir samt ok talask við ok minnask á rúnar sínar ok rœða of tíðindi þau er fyrrum höfðu verit, of Miðgarðsorm ok um Fenrisúlf. — Eysteinn Björnsson's edition[12] |
"After that Baldr shall come thither, and Hödr, from Hel; then all shall sit down together and hold speech with one another, and call to mind their secret wisdom, and speak of those happenings which have been before: of the |
Snorri's source of this knowledge is clearly Völuspá as quoted below.
In the Skáldskaparmál section of the Prose Edda several kennings for Höðr are related.
Hvernig skal kenna Höð? Svá, at kalla hann blinda ás, Baldrs bana, skjótanda Mistilteins, son Óðins, Heljar sinna, Vála dólg. — Guðni Jónsson's edition[14] |
"How should one periphrase Hödr? Thus: by calling him the Blind God, Baldr's Slayer, Thrower of the Mistletoe, Son of Odin, Companion of Hel, Foe of Váli." — Brodeur's translation[15] |
None of those kennings, however, are actually found in surviving
Hvernig skal kenna Vála? Svá, at kalla hann son Óðins ok Rindar, stjúpson Friggjar, bróður ásanna, hefniás Baldrs, dólg Haðar ok bana hans, byggvanda föðurtófta. — Guðni Jónsson's edition[16] |
"How should Váli be periphrased? Thus: by calling him Son of Odin and Rindr, Stepson of Frigg, Brother of the Æsir, Baldr's Avenger, Foe and Slayer of Hödr, Dweller in the Homesteads of the Fathers." — Brodeur's translation[15] |
It is clear from this that Snorri was familiar with the role of Váli as Höðr's slayer, even though he does not relate that myth in the Gylfaginning prose. Some scholars have speculated that he found it distasteful, since Höðr is essentially innocent in his version of the story.[citation needed]
The Poetic Edda
Höðr is referred to several times in the Poetic Edda, always in the context of Baldr's death. The following strophes are from Völuspá.
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This account seems to fit well with the information in the Prose Edda, but here the role of Baldr's avenging brother is emphasized.
Baldr and Höðr are also mentioned in Völuspá's description of the world after Ragnarök.
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The poem
The myth of Baldr's death is also referred to in another Eddic poem, Baldrs draumar.
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Höðr is not mentioned again by name in the Eddas. He is, however, referred to in
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Skaldic poetry
Höðr appears in both the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda.
Gesta Danorum
In
Hearing about Hotherus's artifacts, Gelderus, king of Saxony, equips a fleet to attack him. Gevarus warns Hotherus of this and tells him where to meet Gelderus in battle. When the battle is joined, Hotherus and his men save their missiles while defending themselves against those of the enemy with a testudo formation. With his missiles exhausted, Gelderus is forced to sue for peace. He is treated mercifully by Hotherus and becomes his ally. Hotherus then gains another ally with his eloquent oratory by helping King Helgo of Hålogaland win a bride.[27] Meanwhile, Balderus enters the country of King Gevarus armed and sues for Nanna. Gevarus tells him to learn Nanna's own mind. Balderus addresses her with cajoling words but is refused. Nanna tells him that because of the great difference in their nature and stature, since he is a demigod, they are not suitable for marriage.[28]
As news of Balderus's efforts reaches Hotherus, he and his allies resolve to attack Balderus. A great naval battle ensues where the gods fight on the side of Balderus. Thoro in particular shatters all opposition with his mighty club. When the battle seems lost, Hotherus manages to hew Thoro's club off at the haft and the gods are forced to retreat. Gelderus perishes in the battle and Hotherus arranges a funeral pyre of vessels for him. After this battle Hotherus finally marries Nanna.[29] Balderus is not completely defeated and shortly afterwards returns to defeat Hotherus in the field. But Balderus's victory is without fruit for he is still without Nanna. Lovesick, he is harassed by phantoms in Nanna's likeness and his health deteriorates so that he cannot walk but has himself drawn around in a cart.[30]
After a while Hotherus and Balderus have their third battle and again Hotherus is forced to retreat. Weary of life because of his misfortunes, he plans to retire and wanders into the wilderness. In a cave he comes upon the same maidens he had met at the start of his career. Now they tell him that he can defeat Balderus if he gets a taste of some extraordinary food which had been devised to increase the strength of Balderus.[31] Encouraged by this, Hotherus returns from exile and once again meets Balderus in the field. After a day of inconclusive fighting, he goes out during the night to spy on the enemy. He finds where Balderus's magical food is prepared and plays the lyre for the maidens preparing it. While they don't want to give him the food, they bestow on him a belt and a girdle which secure victory.[32] Heading back to his camp, Hotherus meets Balderus and plunges his sword into his side. After three days, Balderus dies from his wound. Many years later, Bous, the son of Othinus and Rinda, avenges his brother by killing Hotherus in a duel.[33]
Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses
There are also two lesser-known Danish–Latin chronicles, the Chronicon Lethrense and the Annales Lundenses, of which the latter is included in the former. These two sources provide a second euhemerized account of Höðr's slaying of Balder.
It relates that Hother was the king of the
Rydberg's theories
According to the Swedish mythologist and romantic poet
Notes
- , corresponding to the Icelandic spelling Höður. The various anglicizations are pronounced in an ad hoc fashion according to the taste and dialect of the speaker.
References
- ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, book 1, ch. 1.
- ISBN 978-1-59017-125-7. Archivedfrom the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-87542-137-7. Archivedfrom the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-57863-170-4. Archivedfrom the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ Orchard 1997, p. 87.
- ^ de Vries 1977, pp. 278–279.
- ^ Orel 2003, p. 165.
- ^ "Gylfaginning [R]: 23–32". hi.is. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2005.
- ^ "Gylfaginning 21–30". Völuspá – voluspa.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
Norse and Germanic Lore site with Old Norse / English translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda
- ^ a b "Gylfaginning [R]: 49–50". hi.is. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2005.
- ^ a b "Gylfaginning 41–50". Völuspá – voluspa.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
Norse and Germanic Lore site with Old Norse / English translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda
- ^ "Gylfaginning 51".
- ^ "Gylfaginning 51–54". Völuspá – voluspa.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
Norse and Germanic Lore site with Old Norse / English translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda
- ^ "Skáldskaparmál – heimskringla.no". www.heimskringla.no.
- ^ a b "Skáldskaparmál 11–20". Völuspá – voluspa.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
Norse and Germanic Lore site with Old Norse / English translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda
- ^ "skaldskaparmal".
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2005.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "The Poetic Edda: Voluspo". sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2005.
- ^ a b c Anderson, Rasmus Bjørn; Buel, James William (1906). "The Elder Eddas [!] of Saemund Sigfusson". google.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ "Heimskringla.no – Eddukvæði : Vegtamskviða". Archived from the original on 8 May 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Heimskringla.no – Eddukvæði : Völuspá in Skamma". Archived from the original on 8 May 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "NORSE GODS: HÖÐR – Ýdalir". Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ "Hurstwic: Skaldic Poetry". www.hurstwic.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 142–145, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 144–147, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 146–149, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 148–151, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 150–151, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 152–155, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 154–155, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 158–159, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 158–161, Book 3.
- ^ Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 160–161, Book 3.
- ^ "lejre". 10 March 2007. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ Investigations into Germanic Mythology, Volume II, Part 2: Germanic Mythology, William P. Reaves translation, iUniverse, 2004
Sources
- Bellows, Henry Adams (trans.) (1936). The Poetic Edda. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Available online Archived 1 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (transl.) (1916). The Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. Available online in parallel text Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-19-811181-9.
- Eysteinn Björnsson (2001). Lexicon of Kennings : The Domain of Battle. Published online: https://web.archive.org/web/20090328200122/http://www3.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/kennings.html
- Eysteinn Björnsson (ed.). Snorra-Edda: Formáli & Gylfaginning : Textar fjögurra meginhandrita. 2005. Published online: https://web.archive.org/web/20080611212105/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/
- Eysteinn Björnsson (ed.). Völuspá. Published online: https://web.archive.org/web/20090413124631/http://www3.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/vsp3.html
- Friis-Jensen, Karsten; Fisher, Peter (2015). Gesta Danorum. Vol. 1 (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198205234.
- Guðni Jónsson (ed.) (1949). Eddukvæði : Sæmundar Edda. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan. Available online
- ISBN 978-0-19-983969-8.
- ISBN 978-0-304-34520-5.
- ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0. Archivedfrom the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- Thorpe, Benjamin (transl.) (1866). Edda Sæmundar Hinns Froða : The Edda Of Sæmund The Learned. (2 vols.) London: Trübner & Co. Available online Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine at Google Books
- de Vries, Jan (1977) [1958 (vol. 5)]. Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (2nd improved ed.). Leiden: Brill.
External links
- MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations of Höðr from manuscripts and early print books.