Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri

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.
Face of the Heysham hogback stone depicting four figures with upraised arms, which have been interpreted as Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri holding up the sky[1]

In

Old Nordic religion
.

Names and etymology

Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri have been variously translated as "The one in the East, West, North and South" and "East, West, North and South".

Old Norse: austr, vestr, suðr and norðr, meaning east, west, south and north respectively.[4]

Attestations

Gylfaginning

The longest description of the dwarfs is given in

Þriði
) describes the creation of the sky:

Old Norse text[5] Brodeur translation[3]

óku þeir ok haus hans ok gerðu þar af himin ok settu hann upp yfir jörðina með fjórum skautum, ok undir hvert horn settu þeir dverg. Þeir heita svá: Austri, Vestri, Norðri, Suðri.

They took his [Ymir's] skull also, and made of it the heaven, and set it up over the earth with four corners; and under each corner they set a dwarf: the names of these are East, West, North, and South.

Kennings

In the

Old Norse: erfiði eða byrði dverganna ("Toil or burden of the dwarfs") and hjálm Vestra ok Austra, Suðra, Norðra ("Helm of Vestri and Austri, Suðri, Norðri").[7][8] An example of this is quoted from the work of Arnórr jarlaskáld.[7][note 1]

Völuspá

The four dwarfs are listed in the section of Völuspá, Dvergatal.[9]

Archaeological record

Heysham hogback

Scholars have proposed that Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri are depicted holding up the sky on a hogback stone in Heysham in Lancashire, although this interpretation remains debated.[6][1] Although it has been argued that the dwarfs are depicted out of proportion and in a bestial manner, it has been noted that they closely resemble the human on the other side of the stone and it was unlikely that the carver intended to depict them as looking differently to humans.[10] It has been suggested that the role of the dwarfs in holding up the heavens would imply they were thought to be very tall; however, it has been noted that the sky could have been conceived of as being close to the earth at the horizon. Judgements on their size cannot be supported either way by the hogback stone as the size of the hogback stone imposed physical limitations on the size of depictions.[11]

Interpretation and discussion

Connection with hall "dwarfs"

It has been noted that the beams that support the roof of the house are known as dvergar ("dwarfs") in Old Norse. This has been connected by some scholars to Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri, suggesting that, as in other cases, the home acts like a microcosm, in which the roof is equated with the sky.[6]

It has been noted that the small wooden blocks that held up the main beam of the roof (

North Germanic heathens saw the hall as representative of the wider world, with the roof equating to the heavens. It is further to be noted that the term for the main roof beam is the same in its singular form as ás, a member of the Æsir (though they differ in plural form).[14][note 2]

It has been argued that this mirroring of the world by the hall is further built up by the design of the hall and the imagery contained within it, such as in the use of pillars that reflect the

Christian churches, Navajo hogans and Cree tents.[15]

Notes

  1. ^ The kenning used for sky in this case is erfiði Austra ("Austri toil")[7]
  2. ^ The plural of the part of the hall (ás) is ásar rather than Æsir, a member of the family of gods.[14]

See also

  • Anemoi, wind gods in Greek mythology assigned to the cardinal directions
  • Atlas, a titan who holds up the sky in Greek mythology
  • Four Heavenly Kings, beings in Buddhist tradition that watch over the cardinal directions
  • Four Holy Beasts, beings in Chinese tradition assigned to the cardinal directions
  • Royal stars, guardians of the corners of the sky in Persian tradition

References

  1. ^ a b Mikučionis 2017, pp. 82–88.
  2. ^ Gould 1929, pp. 942, 952–954.
  3. ^ a b Sturluson 2018, Gylfaginning, chapter 8.
  4. ^ Simek 2008, pp. 25, 236, 302, 358.
  5. ^ Gylfaginning (ON), Chapter 8.
  6. ^ a b c d Simek 2008, p. 358.
  7. ^ a b c Mikučionis 2017, p. 65.
  8. ^ Sturluson 2018, Skáldskaparmál, chapter 31.
  9. ^ Scheuer 2017, p. 16.
  10. ^ Mikučionis 2017, pp. 66.
  11. ^ Mikučionis 2017, pp. 65–66.
  12. ^ Gunnell 2005, pp. 20–21.
  13. ^ Gunnell 2005, p. 21.
  14. ^ a b Gunnell 2005, p. 22.
  15. ^ Gunnell 2005, pp. 22–24.

Bibliography

Primary

  • Sturluson, Snorri (2018). The Prose Edda. Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. Franklin Classics Trade Press.
    ISBN 9780344335013
    .
  • "Gylfaginning (Old Norse)". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 4 October 2022.

Secondary

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