Hakea
Hakea | |
---|---|
Hakea laurina (pin-cushion hakea) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Proteales |
Family: | Proteaceae |
Subfamily: | Grevilleoideae |
Tribe: | Embothrieae
|
Subtribe: | Hakeinae |
Genus: | Hakea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl.[1][2] |
Type species | |
Hakea teretifolia | |
Species | |
See text |
Hakea (
Description
Plants in the genus Hakea are shrubs or small trees. Some species have flat leaves, whilst others have leaves which are needle-like, in which case they are sometimes divided and sometimes have a groove on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in groups in leaf axils and are surrounded by
Hakeas are similar to other plants in the Family Proteaceae, but have undivided leaves arranged alternately, sessile flowers arranged in loose groups in the axils of leaves or bracts, unlike those in the Banksia. Hakeas are similar to species of Grevillea but are distinguished from them in having persistent, woody fruits. (Those of grevilleas are not persistent and not woody. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves of hakeas are similar (dissimilar in grevilleas), and the ovary and style are glabrous (but hairy in grevilleas).[3][7]
Taxonomy and naming
The genus Hakea was first formally described in 1797 by Heinrich Schrader and Johann Christoph Wendland and the description was published in Sertum Hannoveranum.[1][8] The genus is named after Baron Christian Ludwig von Hake, an 18th-century German patron of botany.[9][10]
Distribution
Hakea are endemic to Australia, where they can be found in all six states.[3] Some species, such as Hakea sericea, have been introduced elsewhere, where they have become naturalized and may be considered invasive.[11][12] Introduced Hakea populations occur in New Zealand, Norfolk Island, South Africa and Portugal.
Horticulture
Hakeas are popular ornamental plants in gardens in Australia, and in many locations are as common as grevilleas and banksias. Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed, including Hakea 'Burrendong Beauty'. They are best grown in beds of light soil which are watered but still well drained.
Some showy western species, such as Hakea multilineata, H. francisiana and H. bucculenta, require grafting onto hardy stock such as Hakea salicifolia for growing in more humid climates, as they are sensitive to dieback.
Many species, particularly eastern Australian species, are notable for their hardiness, to the point they have become weedy. Hakea gibbosa, H. sericea, and H. drupacea (previously H. suaveolens) have been weeds in South Africa,[13][14][15] Hakea laurina has become naturalized in the eastern states of Australia and is considered an environmental weed,[16] and Hakea salicifolia, Hakea gibbosa, and Hakea sericea are invasive weeds in New Zealand.[17][18][19]
List of species
The following is a list of Hakea species recognised by the Australian Plant Census, except for Hakea asperma which is recognised by the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria:[20][21]
- Hakea actites W.R.Barker – mulloway needlebush, wallum hakea
- A.S.George– column hakea
- Hakea acuminata Haegi
- R.Br.
- Hakea aenigma W.R.Barker & Haegi – enigma hakea
- Meisn.
- R.Br.– prickly hakea
- Hakea anadenia Haegi
- R.Br.– common hakea, yellow hakea
- Hakea archaeoides W.R.Barker
- Molyneux & Forrester– native dog hakea
- Meisn.
- F.Muell. & Maiden
- R.Br.– fan hakea
- Hakea bicornata R.M.Barker
- Meisn.– short-winged hakea
- Meisn.– fan-leaf hakea
- C.A.Gardner– red pokers
- Meisn.
- Meisn.
- R.Br.– horned-leaf hakea, staghorn hakea
- F.Muell.– bootlace oak, bootlace tree, corkwood, bull oak
- A.S.George & R.M.Barker
- R.Br.
- Meisn.
- Labill.– coastal hakea
- C.T.White
- F.Muell.
- Hook.f.– shell-leaved hakea
- L.A.S.Johnson
- R.Br.– cauliflower hakea
- Meisn.– ribbed hakea
- R.Br.
- R.Br.– hood-leaved hakea, scallop hakea
- Lindl.– ramshorn hakea
- R.Br.
- Hakea cygna Lamont
- Hakea dactyloides Gaertn. – finger hakea
- R.Br.
- Hakea decurrens R.Br.subsp. decurrens
- Hakea decurrens subsp. physocarpa W.R.Barker
- Hakea decurrens subsp. platytaenia W.R.Barker
- Hakea decurrens
- R.Br.– stinking Roger
- L.A.S.Johnson– needlewood, corkbark tree, fork-leaved corkwood
- Hakea dohertyi Haegi
- Schult.
- Hakea ednieana Tate – Flinders Range hakea, yandena
- R.Br.– oval-leaf hakea
- Hakea eneabba Haegi
- Labill.
- Hakea epiglottis Labill.subsp. epiglottis
- Hakea epiglottis subsp. milliganii (Meisn.) R.M.Barker
- Hakea epiglottis
- Hakea erecta Lamont
- R.Br.– tree hakea
- Meisn.– hedgehog hakea, porcupine hakea
- S.Moore) McGill– straggly corkbark
- R.Br.– sickle hakea
- Hakea ferruginea Sweet
- Meisn.– fan-leaved hakea, wedge hakea
- R.Br.
- Meisn.
- F.Muell.– emu tree, grass-leaf hakea, bottlebrush hakea
- R.Br.– corkwood oak
- Cav.– hairy hakea, rock hakea
- Kippist
- F.Muell.) F.Muell.
- Hakea hastata Haegi
- Meisn.– Barren Range hakea
- Hakea horrida R.M.Barker
- R.Br.
- R.Br.– marble hakea
- B.L.Burtt
- F.M.Bailey– Ivory's hakea, corkwood, corkbark tree
- Meisn.
- Gand.
- Hakea laevipes subsp. graniticola Haegi
- Hakea laevipes Gand.subsp. laevipes
- R.Br.– woolly-flowered hakea
- Hakea lasianthoides Rye
- R.Br.– long-styled hakea
- R.Br.– kodjet, pin-cushion hakea, emu bush
- Meisn.– blue hakea
- R.Br.– silver needlewood, needle hakea, pin bush, water tree, booldoobah
- R.Br.
- R.Br.– honey bush, honeybush hakea
- R.Br.– needle bush, mountain needlewood
- Benth.) R.M.Barker
- Meisn.
- R.Br.) R.Br. – bootlace oak, cork tree
- Hakea lorea subsp. borealis W.R.Barker
- Hakea lorea (R.Br.) R.Br. subsp. lorea
- Hakea maconochieana Haegi
- F.Muell.– willow needlewood, Macrae's hakea
- R.Br.– dogwood hakea
- Hakea macrorrhyncha W.R.Barker
- R.Br.
- Hakea megadenia R.M.Barker
- Meisn.– Lesueur hakea
- Kippist
- R.Br.– small-fruit hakea
- Hakea minyma Maconochie
- Meisn.
- Meisn.– grass-leaf hakea
- Meisn.– myrtle hakea
- Hakea neospathulata (formerly spathulata)
- Meisn.– pink-flowered hakea
- Hakea newbeyana R.M.Barker
- R.Br.– frog hakea, shining hakea
- R.Br.– yellow hakea
- R.Br.– needles and corks
- Hakea obliqua R.Br.subsp. obliqua
- Hakea obliqua subsp. parviflora R.M.Barker
- Hakea obliqua
- Meisn.
- Hakea ochroptera W.R.Barker
- Benth.
- R.Br.– dungyn, olive-leaf hakea
- Hakea oligoneura K.A.Sheph. & R.M.Barker
- F.Muell.– bird beak hakea
- Hakea orthorrhyncha var. filiformis Benth.
- Hakea orthorrhyncha Benth.var. orthorrhyncha
- Hakea orthorrhyncha var. filiformis
- Spreng.
- R.Br.
- Hakea pandanicarpa subsp. crassifolia (Meisn.) R.M.Barker
- Hakea pandanicarpaR.Br.subsp. pandanicarpa
- Hakea pandanicarpa subsp. crassifolia (
- F.Muell.
- Hakea pendens R.M.Barker
- F.Muell.
- Meisn.– sea-urchin hakea
- Hook.– cricket ball hakea, woody peach
- Hakea polyanthema Diels
- Meisn.– needle tree, needle bush, Christmas hakea
- Hakea pritzelii Diels
- A.Cunn.
- R.Br.– harsh hakea
- Hakea psilorrhyncha R.M.Barker
- L.A.S.Johnson- Lake Keepit hakea
- Hook.
- Meisn.
- Meisn.– djarnokmurd
- Hakea recurva subsp. arida (Diels) W.R.Barker & R.M.Barker
- Hakea recurva Meisn.subsp. recurva
- Hakea repullulans H.M.Lee
- F.Muell.– walukara
- C.A.Gardner ex Haegi
- Meisn.
- R.Br.– wrinkled hakea
- Labill.– candle hakea
- B.L.Burtt– willow-leaved hakea
- Hakea salicifolia subsp. angustifolia (A.A.Ham.) W.R.Barker
- Hakea salicifolia (B.L.Burttsubsp. salicifolia
- Meisn.
- Hakea scoparia Meisn.subsp. scoparia
- Hkea scoparia subsp. trycherica Haegi
- Hakea scoparia
- J.C.Wendl.– needlebush, silky hakea
- Meisn.
- Hakea standleyensis Maconochie
- R.Br.
- R.Br.
- Hakea stenophylla subsp. notialis R.M.Barker
- Hakea stenophylla R.Br.subsp. stenophylla
- Meisn.
- Meisn.
- R.Br.
- R.Br.– hooked needlewood
- Salisb.) Britten– dagger hakea
- Hakea teretifolia subsp. hirsuta (Endl.) R.M.Barker
- Hakea teretifolia (Salisb.) Brittensubsp. teretifolia
- R.Br.– two-leaf, two-leaved hakea, kerosine bush
- F.Muell.F.Muell.
- R.Br.
- R.Br.- furze hakea (W.A.)
- R.Br.– wavy-leaved hakea
- R.Br.–variable-leaved hakea
- F.Muell.
- J.Drumm.– lantern hakea, royal hakea
- R.Br.
References
- ^ a b "Hakea". APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ Schrader, H.A. & Wendland, J.C. (1798), Sertum Hannoveranum 3: 27
- ^ a b c Barker, Robyn Mary; Harden, Gwen J.; Haegi, Laurence Arnold Robert; Barker, William Robert. "Genus Hakea". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ "Hakea". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ "Hakea". Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ "Hakea". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ISBN 0730104001.
- ^ Schrader, Heinrich; Wendland, Johann C. (1797). Sertum Hannoveranum. New York: Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht. p. 27. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ "Hakea propinqua". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ "Hakea costata". Australian Native Plants Society, Australia. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- . Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ Pasiecznik, Nick. "Hakea sericea (silky hakea)". CABI Digital Library. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Invasive Weeds Compendium Hakea sericea". CABI. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ "Weed Risk Assessment for Hakea gibbosa (Sm.) Cav. (Proteaceae) – Rock hakea" (PDF). CABI. USDA. 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ "Invasive species compendium Hakea drupacea sweet hakea". CABI. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ "Weeds of Australia Factsheet Hakea laurina". Biosecurity Queensland Edition. Queensland Government. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ "Flora of New Zealand Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl". Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua.
- ^ "Flora of New Zealand Hakea gibbosa Cav". Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua.
- ^ "Flora of New Zealand Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B.L.Burtt". Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua.
- ^ "Hakea". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ Messina, Andre; Walsh, Neville. "Hakea asperma". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
Further reading
- Barker WR, Barker RM, Haegi L (1999). "Hakea". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 1–170. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- Holliday Ivan (2005). Hakeas:a field and garden guide. Reed New Holland. ISBN 1-877069-14-0.
- Young, JA (2006). Hakeas of Western Australia : a field and identification guide. ISBN 978-0-9585778-2-3.
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Hakea corymbosa from southwest WA
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Hakea petiolaris from southwest WA
-
Hakea bakeriana from NSW Central Coast
-
Hakea archaeoides, from NSW North Coast
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Hakea seed pod, ACT, Aust.
-
Flower of Hakea laurina (Pincushion Hakea) in Bonbeach, Victoria, Australia
External links
- "Hakea". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
- "Hakea". Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- The Hakea Page: index Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants