Haplogroup E-M75
Haplogroup E-M75 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 52,300 years BP[1] |
Coalescence age | 37,400 years BP[1] |
Possible place of origin | Africa |
Ancestor | E-M96 |
Descendants | E-M41, E-M54 |
Defining mutations | M75, P68 |
Haplogroup E-M75 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with haplogroup E-P147, it is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96.
Ancient DNA
Within Africa
Kenya
At Prettejohn's Gully, in
At Ilkek Mounds, in
At Kisima Farm/C4, in
Outside of Africa
United States of America
At an Anson Street burial site, in
Distribution
Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.
Population | Region | Size | E-M75+ | M41+ | M54+ | E-M75+M41-M54- |
Alur[5] | East Africa | 9 | 66.67% | 66.67% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Hema[5] | East Africa | 18 | 38.89% | 38.89% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Xhosa[5] | South Africa | 80 | 27.50% | 0.00% | 27.50% | 0.00% |
Rimaibe[6] | Western Africa | 37 | 27.03% | ? | 27.03% | ? |
Mbuti Pygmies[6] | Central Africa | 12 | 25.00% | ? | 25.00% | ? |
Daba[6] | Central Western Africa | 18 | 22.22% | ? | 22.22% | ? |
Eviya[7] | Central Western Africa | 24 | 20.83% | ? | ? | ? |
Zulu[5] | South Africa | 29 | 20.69% | 0.00% | 20.69% | 0.00% |
Bantu (Kenya)[8] | East Africa | 29 | 17.24% | 3.45% | 13.79% | 0.00% |
Ethiopia[9] | East Africa | 88 | 17.05% | 17.05% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Ganda[5] | East Africa | 26 | 15.38% | 7.69% | 3.85% | 3.85% |
S.Africa[9] | South Africa | 53 | 15.09% | 0.00% | 15.09% | 0.00% |
Comorian Shirazi[10] | East Africa | - | 14.00% | 0.00% | 14.00% | 0.00% |
Akele[7] | Central Western Africa | 50 | 12.00% | ? | ? | ? |
Eshira[7] | Central Western Africa | 42 | 11.90% | ? | ? | ? |
Dama[5] | South Africa | 18 | 11.11% | 0.00% | 5.56% | 5.56% |
Mixed Nilo-Saharan[6] | Central Western Africa | 9 | 11.11% | ? | 11.11% | ? |
Obamba[7] | Central Western Africa | 47 | 10.64% | ? | ? | ? |
Orungu[7] | Central Western Africa | 21 | 9.52% | ? | ? | ? |
Shake[7] | Central Western Africa | 43 | 9.30% | ? | ? | ? |
Senegalese[11] | West Africa | 33 | 9.09% | ? | ? | ? |
Hutu[8] | East Africa | 69 | 8.70% | 4.35% | 4.35% | 0.00% |
Duma[7] | Central Western Africa | 46 | 8.70% | ? | ? | ? |
Malagasy[12] | Madagascar | 35 | 8.57% | 0.00% | 8.57% | 0.00% |
Teke[7] | Central Western Africa | 48 | 8.33% | ? | ? | ? |
C.Africa[9] | Central Africa | 37 | 8.11% | 0.00% | 8.11% | 0.00% |
Mandara[5] | Central Africa | 28 | 7.14% | 0.00% | 7.14% | 0.00% |
Ngoumba[5] | Central Africa | 31 | 6.45% | 0.00% | 6.45% | 0.00% |
!Kung[6] | South Africa | 64 | 6.25% | ? | 6.25% | ? |
Ndumu[7] | Central Western Africa | 36 | 5.56% | ? | ? | ? |
African Americans[11] | North America | 199 | 5.53% | ? | ? | ? |
Fon[8] | West Africa | 100 | 5.00% | 0.00% | 5.00% | 0.00% |
Sudan[9] | East Africa | 40 | 5.00% | 5.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Tsogo[7] | Central Western Africa | 60 | 5.00% | ? | ? | ? |
Ambo[5] | South Africa | 22 | 4.55% | 0.00% | 4.55% | 0.00% |
Mbuti Pygmies[5] | East Africa | 47 | 4.26% | 0.00% | 4.26% | 0.00% |
Tutsi[8] | East Africa | 94 | 4.26% | 0.00% | 4.26% | 0.00% |
Galoa[7] | Central Western Africa | 47 | 4.26% | ? | ? | ? |
Ngumba[7] | Central Western Africa | 24 | 4.17% | ? | ? | ? |
Mossi[6] | Western Africa | 49 | 4.08% | ? | 4.08% | ? |
Khwe[6] | South Africa | 26 | 3.85% | ? | 3.85% | ? |
Sotho-Tswana[5] | South Africa | 28 | 3.57% | 0.00% | 3.57% | 0.00% |
Nzebi[7] | Central Western Africa | 57 | 3.51% | ? | ? | ? |
Punu[7] | Central Western Africa | 58 | 3.45% | ? | ? | ? |
Bakola Pygmies[5] | Central Africa | 33 | 3.03% | 0.00% | 3.03% | 0.00% |
Wolof[5] | West Africa | 34 | 2.94% | 0.00% | 2.94% | 0.00% |
Senegalese[13] | West Africa | 139 | 2.88% | ? | ? | ? |
Mandinka[5] | West Africa | 39 | 2.56% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2.56% |
Kikuyu & Kamba[5] | East Africa | 42 | 2.38% | 0.00% | 2.38% | 0.00% |
Wairak[8] | East Africa | 43 | 2.33% | 2.33% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Makina[7] | Central Western Africa | 43 | 2.33% | ? | ? | ? |
Benga[7] | Central Western Africa | 48 | 2.08% | ? | ? | ? |
Shona[5] | South Africa | 49 | 2.04% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2.04% |
Kota[7] | Central Western Africa | 53 | 1.89% | ? | ? | ? |
Dogon[5] | West Africa | 55 | 1.82% | 0.00% | 1.82% | 0.00% |
Arabs (Oman)[8] | Near East/Asia | 121 | 1.65% | 0.00% | 1.65% | 0.00% |
Ethiopian (Oromo)[13] | East Africa | 78 | 1.28% | ? | ? | ? |
Subclades
E-M75*
Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal,[5] and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona from Zimbabwe.[5]
E-M41
Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the
E-M54
Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of
It has been suggested that haplogroup E-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.[6][7]
E-M98*
E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.[6]
E-M200
E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-P29 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E* | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E |
E-M33 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1* | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1 | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a |
E-M44 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 |
E-M75 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2a | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 |
E-M54 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2b | E2b | E2b | E2b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
E-P2 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E3* | E3 | E1b | E1b1 | E3 | E3 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 |
E-M2 |
8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a* | E3a | E1b1 | E1b1a | E3a | E3a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 |
E-M58 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1a1a | E1b1a1a1a |
E-M116.2 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E1ba12 | removed | removed |
E-M149 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a1a1c | E1b1a1a1c |
E-M154 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a1a1g1c | E1b1a1a1g1c |
E-M155 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a1a1d | E1b1a1a1d |
E-M10 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a1a1e | E1b1a1a1e |
E-M35 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b* | E3b | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E3b1 | E3b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | removed | removed |
E-M78 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1* | E3b1 | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E1b1b1a1 |
E-M148 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E3b1a3a | E3b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E1b1b1a1c1 |
E-M81 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2* | E3b2 | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E3b1b | E3b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a |
E-M107 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2a | E3b2a | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E3b1b1 | E3b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E1b1b1b1a1 |
E-M165 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2b | E3b2b | E1b1b1b2 | E1b1b1b1b1 | E3b1b2 | E3b1b2 | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b1a2a |
E-M123 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3* | E3b3 | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E3b1c | E3b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1b2a |
E-M34 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3a* | E3b3a | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1b2a1 |
E-M136 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3ba1 | E3b3a1 | E1b1b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E3b1c1a | E3b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1b2a1a1 |
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[17] and subsequent published research.
- E-M75 (M75, P68)
- E-M41 (M41/P210)
- E-M98 (M98)
- E-M54 (M54, M90)
- E-M85 (M85)
- E-M200 (M200)
- E-P45 (P45)
- E-P258 (P258)
- E-M200 (M200)
- E-M85 (M85)
- E-M54 (M54, M90)
See also
Genetics
- African admixture in Europe
- Genetic genealogy
- Haplogroup D
- Haplogroup DE
- Haplogroup
- Haplotype
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Molecular phylogenetics
- Paragroup
- Subclade
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
Y-DNA E subclades
- Haplogroup E-L485
- Haplogroup E-M123
- Haplogroup E-M180
- Haplogroup E-M215
- Haplogroup E-M33
- Haplogroup E-M521
- Haplogroup E-M75
- Haplogroup E-M96
- Haplogroup E-P147
- Haplogroup E-P177
- Haplogroup E-P2
- Haplogroup E-V12
- Haplogroup E-V13
- Haplogroup E-V22
- Haplogroup E-V38
- Haplogroup E-M2
- Haplogroup E-V65
- Haplogroup E-V68
- Haplogroup E-Z820
- Haplogroup E-Z827
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
- ^ a b "E-M75 YTree".
- ^ PMID 31147405.
- ^ PMID 31147405.
- ^ S2CID 255568252.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Wood et al. (2005)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cruciani et al. (2002)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Berniell-Lee et al. (2009)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Luis et al. (2004)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Underhill et al. (2000)
- ^ PMID 20700146. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ a b Stefflova et al. (2009)
- ^ PMID 15793703
- ^ a b Semino et al. (2004)
- ^ Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75
- ^ Platt, D.E., Artinian, H., Mouzaya, F. et al. Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 581–592 (2021). 10.1038/s41431-020-00765-x
- ^ Cadenas et al. (2007)
- ^ Karafet et al. (2008)
Bibliography
- Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Bosch, Elena; Heyer, Evelyne; Sica, Lucas; Mouguiama-Daouda, Patrick; van Der Veen, Lolke; Hombert, Jean-Marie; et al. (2009), "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26 (7): 1581–9, PMID 19369595
- Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", European Journal of Human Genetics, 16 (3): 374–86, PMID 17928816
- Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan; et al. (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 70 (5): 1197–214, PMID 11910562
- Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (5): 894–901, PMID 15793703
- Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, PMID 18385274
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Sources for conversion tables
- Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. PMID 11170891.
- Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. .
- Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, PMID 10904265
- Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. .
- Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. PMID 11481588.
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- Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. PMID 10577926.
- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685.