Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

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The proportions of various

language group to another in Africa
.

Data in the table below are based on genetic research. The second column designates linguistic affiliation of the sampled population (Semitic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, etc.), the third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of particular haplogroups.

Population Language group n A
B
E1a
E1b1a
E1b1b
E2
 J
R1b
T
 Reference
Alur Nilo-Saharan 9 22 0 0 11 0 67 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Amhara (Ethiopia) Semitic 48 14.6 2.1 0 45.8 0 33.3 0 4.2 Hassan 2008[2]
Bamileke
Niger-Congo
 85 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Bantus (Gabon)
Niger-Congo
 795 0.5 6.7 0.2 79.4 0.1 6.2 0 5.5 0 Berniell 2009[4]
Bantus (Kenya)
Niger-Congo
 29 13.8 3.4 0 51.7 13.7 17.2 0 0 0 Hurles 2005[5]
Bantus (Tanzania)[nb 1]
Niger-Congo
 110 2.7 9.1 48.2 21.8 16.4 0 0 1.8 [3][6]
Bantus (South Africa)[nb 2]
Niger-Congo
 137 5.1 10.9 0 54.7 4.4 21.2 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Bantus (South-Eastern)
Niger-Congo
 343 5.0 16.3 66.2 1.5 10.2 0 Naidoo 2010[7]
Beja Cushitic 42 4.8 0 0 0 52.4 0 38.1 4.8 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Benin (Fon)
Niger-Congo
 100 0 0 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Berbers Berber 64 3 0 2 5 80 0 6 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Bissagos Islands
Niger–Congo
 21 76.2 14.3 Rosa 2007[9]
Burkina Faso[nb 3] Niger–Congo 106 0 0.9 3.8 81.1 2.8 11.3 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Burunge Cushitic 24 0 25 4 33 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Cameroon (North)[nb 4]
Niger-Congo
 72 1.4 12.5 4.2 54.2 0 0 0 27.8 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Cameroon (North)[nb 5]
Chadic
 54 1.8 3.7 0 13.0 3.7 7.4 0 70.4 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Cameroon (South)[nb 6]
Niger-Congo
 89 0 5.6 0 93.3 0 0 0 1.1 0 Cruciani2002[8]
R.D. Congo (East)[nb 7]
Niger-Congo
 36 2.8 0 0 63.9 13.9 19.4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Copts (Sudan) Semitic 33 0 15.2 0 0 21.2 0 45.5 15.2 Hassan 2008[2]
Cross River (Nigeria)
Niger-Congo
 1113 0 87 0 0 0 Veeramah2010[10]
Datog Nilo-Saharan 35 3 3 11 54 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Daza (Chad
)
Nilo-Saharan
 11.1 5.6 33.3 44.4

Shriner 2018[11]

Dinka
Nilo-Saharan
 26 62 23 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Dogon Dogon 55 1.8 7.3 45.5 43.6 0 1.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Ethiopians
 Semitic 242 17.8 0.8 0 48.8 0.4 26.9 0 3.7 Moran 2004[12]
Ethiopian Jews
 Semitic 22 41 0 0 0 50 0 5 0 5 Cruciani2002[8]
Fulbe (Burkina Faso & Cameroon
)
Niger-Congo
 37 5.4 0 29.7 48.6 0 0 8.1 Cruciani2002[8]
Fulbe (Guinea-Bissau
)
Niger-Congo
 59 13.6 1.7 Rosa 2007[9]
Fulbe
(Sudan)
Niger-Congo
 26 0 0 0 0 34.6 0 0 53.8 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Fulbe
(Niger)
Niger-Congo
 7 14.3 Cruciani2010[13]
Fur Nilo-Saharan 32 31.3 3.1 0 0 59.4 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Ghana[nb 8]
Niger-Congo
 91 0 0 2.2 92.3 1.1 0 0 1.1 0 Wood 2005[1]
Guinea-Bissau
Niger-Congo
 282 3.2 0.4 15.6 72.0 6.0 0.7 0 0.7 0 Rosa 2007[9]
Hadza Hadza (Isolate) 80 0 57.5 26.2 15.0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Hausa (Sudan) Chadic 32 12.5 15.6 0 12.5 3.1 0 0 40.6 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Hema
Niger-Congo
 18 6 0 2.2 28 28 39 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Herero
Niger-Congo
 24 4.2 70.8 12.5
R1a = 4.2%. (Wood 2005)[1]
Hutu (Rwanda)
Niger-Congo
 69 0 4 0 83 3 8 0 1 0 Luis 2004[3]
Igbo[nb 9]
Niger-Congo
 209 A3b2=0 89.3 0 0 Veeramah 2010[10]
Iraqw Cushitic 9 0 22 0 11 56 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Kanembu Nilo-Saharan 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 Shriner 2018[11]
Khoisan[nb 10] Khoisan 90 47.7 14.4 0 24.4 6.7 2.2 1.1 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Khoisan Khoisan 183 44.3 11.5 0 23.0 16.4 1.6 0 1.6 0 Naidoo 2010[7]
Khoisan (South Africa)[nb 11] Khoisan 129 33.3 12.4 0 35.7 14.7 3.9 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Kikuyu & Kamba
Niger-Congo
 42 2 2 0 73 19 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1][dead link]
ǃKung Khoisan 64 36 8 0 39 11 6 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Luo
 Nilo-Saharan 9 11 22 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Maasai Nilo-Saharan 26 27 8 0 16 50 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Malagasy Austronesian 35 0 8.6 0 34.3 0 8.6 5.7 0
O = 34.3% (Hurles 2005)[5]
Mandinka
Niger-Congo
 39 5 3 3 79 8 3 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Mandinka (Guinea-Bissau)
Niger-Congo
 45 86.7 4.4 Rosa 2007[9]
Masalit Nilo-Saharan 32 18.8 3.1 0 0 71.9 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Mossi
Niger-Congo
 49 0 2 90 2 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Namibia (Nama) Khoisan 11 64 0 0 18 9 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nande
Niger-Congo
 18 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Niger–Congo[nb 12]
Niger-Congo
 705 2.7 9.6 4.5 68.2 3.9 6.9 0.1 1.4 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nilo-Saharan[nb 13] Nilo-Saharan 91 12.1 35.2 0 29.7 14.3 8.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nilo-Saharan[nb 14] Nilo-Saharan 345 23.2 17.4 9.9 33.9 2.6 6.1 Wood 2005,[1] Hassan 2008,[2]
Tishkoff 2007,[6] Cruciani 2002[8]
Nubians
 Nilo-Saharan, Semitic 39 0 7.7 0 0 23.1 0 43.6 10.3 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Nuba
 Nilo-Saharan 28 46.4 14.3 0 0 39.3 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Nuer Nilo-Saharan 12 33.3 50 0 0 16.7 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Oromo (Ethiopia) Cushitic 78 10.3 1.3 0 62.8 1.3 3.8 0 5.1 Hassan 2008[2]
Ouldeme Chadic 13 95.5 Cruciani2010[13]
Mbuti
) 		Nilo-Saharan 47 2 59 0 34 0 4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Western)[nb 15]
Niger-Congo
 60 5 53.3 28.3 0 0 3.3 0 Berniell 2009[4]
São Tomé and Príncipe Indo-European 150 1.3 0 0 84.0 0 0 8.7 0 Gonçalves 2008[14]
Sandawe Sandawe (Isolate) 68 4 14 43 34 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Senegalese
Niger-Congo
 139 0 0 5.0 81.3 6.5 2.9 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Shilluk Nilo-Saharan 15 53.3 26.7 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Shuwa Arabs Semitic 5 40 Cruciani2010[13]
Isaaq and Dir people
Cushitic
 201 0.5 1.0 0 1.5 81.1 0.5 3.0 0 10.4 R1a=1, Sanchez2005[15]
South African Whites
 Indo-European 157 0 0 0.6 0.6 9.6 0 3.8 51.6 Others=33.8[7]
Sudanese Arabs[nb 16] Semitic 102 2.9 0 0 0 16.7 0 47.1 15.7 0 Hassan 2008[2]
South Sudan (Nilotic)[nb 17] Nilo-Saharan 81 50.6 24.7 0 0 24.7 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
West Sudan (Darfur)[nb 18]
 Nilo-Saharan 90 27.8 2.2 0 0 62.2 0 4.4 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Tuareg (Burkina Faso)[nb 19] Berber 38 0 16.7 77.8 0 0 Pereira 2010[16]
Tuareg (Mali)[nb 20] Berber 21 0 9.1 90.9 0 0 Pereira 2010[16]
Tuareg (Niger)[nb 21] Berber 31 0 44.4 16.7 0 33.3 Pereira 2010[16]
Tutsi (Rwanda)
Niger-Congo
 94 0 15 0 80 1 4 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Wolof
Niger-Congo
 34 0 0 12.0 68.0 12.0 3.0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Yoruba
Niger-Congo
 13 0 8 0 92 0 0 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Yoruba
Niger-Congo
 28 93.1
IHC 2005[17]
Yoruba
Niger-Congo
 21 4.8 Cruciani 2010[13]
Xhosa
Niger-Congo
 80 5 5 0 54 5 28 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Zulu
Niger-Congo
 29 3 20 0 55 0 21 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Tanzania: Turu, Mbugwe, Wairak, Sukuma.
  2. ^ South Africa: Sotho–Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu.
  3. ^ Burkina Faso ethnic groups: Mossi, Rimaibe, Fulbe.
  4. ^ Adamawa Cameroon: Fali, Tali, mixed.
  5. ^ Chadic Cameroon: Ouldeme, Daba, mixed.
  6. ^ Southern Cameroon: Bamileke, Ewondo, Bakaka.
  7. ^ RDC: Nande, Hema.
  8. ^ Ghana: Ewe, Ga, Fante.
  9. ^ Calculated by averaging the haplogroup frequencies of the IG-C (Calabar), IG-E (Enugu) and IG-N (Nenwe) Igbo samples (see Table 1) in Table 4.
  10. ^ Khoisan: !Kung/Sekele, Tsumkwe San, Dama, Nama.
  11. ^ Khoisan from South Africa: Khwe, !Kung, and mixed.
  12. ^ Niger–Congo from: Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
  13. ^ Nilo-Saharan: Alur, Mbuti (R.D.Congo), Massai, Luo (Kenya). Clade was exclusively carried by the Maasai amongst the Nilo-Saharan speakers - Appendix A
  14. ^ Nilo-Saharan: 14 populations from R.D.Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and Cameroon
  15. ^ Pygmies: Baka, Bakola.
  16. ^ Northern Sudan: Gaalien, Meseria, Arakien.
  17. ^ South Sudan: Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer.
  18. ^ Western Sudan: Fur, Masalit, Borgu. Clade introduced from North Africa. High frequencies likely due to a population bottleneck.
  19. ^ Tgor: Tuareg from Burkina Faso, around the village of Gorom-Gorom.
  20. ^ Tgos: Tuareg from Mali, near Gossi.
  21. ^ Ttan: Tuareg from Niger, in the vicinity of Tanut.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Wood, Elizabeth T et al 2005 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Eur J Hum Genet 13, 867–876 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hassan, Hisham Y. et al. 2008 Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History, 2008
  3. ^ a b c d e J. R. Luis et al 2004, The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations
  4. ^ a b Berniell-Lee, Gemma et al 2009 Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages
  5. ^ a b Hurles, Matthew E. et al 2005, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tishkoff, Sarah A. et al 2007 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation
  7. ^ a b c Naidoo, Thijessen et al 2010, Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cruciani, Fulvio et al 2002, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
  9. ^
    PMID 17662131
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 20356404. & Supplementary material
  11. ^ a b Shriner, Daniel, and Charles N Rotimi. “Genetic history of Chad.” American journal of physical anthropology vol. 167,4 (2018): 804-812. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23711
  12. ^ Moran CN et al 2004, Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners.
  13. ^ a b c d Cruciani, Fulvio et al. “Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.” European journal of human genetics : EJHG vol. 18,7 (2010): 800-7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231
  14. ^ Rita Gonçalves, Hélder Spínola & António Brehm (2010) Y-chromosome lineages in São Tomé e Príncipe and Cabo Verde islands: Different input of European influence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2008, Pages 210-211
  15. ^ Sánchez, Juan J et al 2005, High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males
  16. ^
    PMID 20234393
    .
  17. ^ International HapMap Consortium, 2005, "A haplotype map of the human genome", Nature, no. 437 (27 October), pp. 1299-1320.

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